Deck 5: Anxiety,Trauma-Related,and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

Question 1

Which of the following psychological disorders is anxiety most closely related to?

A) psychosis
B) depression
C) schizophrenia
D) dementia

Answer 1

depression

Question 2

Roberta is standing in a shopping mall when she begins having difficulty breathing.She feels her heart pounding,feels weak and dizzy,and notices that she is perspiring heavily.She thinks she might be having a heart attack.At the very least,she senses she is losing control and is afraid that if she's not having a heart attack,she is going "crazy." What does this situation illustrate?

A) alarm response
B) a panic attack
C) dissociation
D) anxiety

Answer 2

a panic attack

Question 3

According to British neuropsychologist Jeffrey Gray,what part of the brain regulates the fight/flight system?

A) the hippocampus
B) the amygdala
C) the brain stem
D) the temporal lobe

Answer 3

the brain stem

Question 4

What does research by Johnson and colleagues (2000)on cigarette smoking by teenagers and anxiety disorders suggest?

A) the possibility that brain circuits are permanently "wired"
B) the possibility that sensitivity of brain circuits can be affected by environmental factors
C) the possibility that respiratory disorders cause changes in neurotransmitter systems
D) the possibility that neurotransmitter systems operate independently of nonbiological influences

Question 5

Which physiological measure consistently distinguishes individuals with generalized anxiety disorder from nonanxious normal subjects?

A) increased heart rate
B) decreased EEG beta activity
C) increased muscle tension
D) heightened autonomic arousal

Question 6

Why are the rates of comorbidity (co-occurrence)among various anxiety disorders and depression high?

A) because the same psychological interventions should be used on all of them
B) because they share some of the same biological and psychological vulnerabilities for developing them
C) because the diagnostic criteria for these disorders are too ambiguous
D) because they may not be distinct disorders at all

Question 7

Which of the following terms is MOST associated with generalized anxiety disorder?

A) depression
B) panic
C) emotion
D) worry

Question 8

What area of the brain is most often associated with anxiety?

A) the reticular activating system
B) the left frontal lobe
C) the temporal lobe
D) the limbic system

Question 9

What is the risk of someone with panic disorder attempting suicide?

A) It is comparable to that for individuals with major depression.
B) It is less than that for individuals with panic disorder who also demonstrate agoraphobic avoidance.
C) It is higher than that for individuals with major depression.
D) It is less than that for individuals with agoraphobia alone.

Question 10

Research by Barlow (2002)and others suggests that parents may play an important role in helping to reduce their children's risk of developing anxiety disorders.How do parents do this?

A) by receiving treatment for their own problems with anxiety
B) by ensuring that their children experience as few unexpected negative events as possible
C) by teaching their children early in life that they have control over their environment and thereby increasing their sense of control
D) by praising their children frequently and thereby increasing their self-esteem

Question 11

George has episodes of sheer terror when riding on subway trains.He breaks into a cold sweat and often feels like he is about to have a heart attack.George imagines he is losing control of himself during these attacks.What is George most likely experiencing?

A) compulsion
B) alarm response
C) panic
D) anxiety

Question 12

Johnson and colleagues (2000)found an increased risk of developing anxiety disorders among certain teenagers.What was significant about these teenagers?

A) They smoked 20 or more cigarettes daily.
B) They used anabolic steroids for six months or more.
C) They drank alcohol every day.
D) They smoked marijuana more than once per week.

Question 13

An individual who suffers from panic disorder might become anxious about climbing stairs,exercising,or being in hot rooms because these activities produce sensations similar to those accompanying a panic attack.In psychological terms,what have the exercise and hot rooms become?

A) conditioned stimuli
B) unconditioned responses
C) conditioned responses
D) unconditioned stimuli

Question 14

Recent research has increasingly focused on the role of a neurotransmitter system associated with both anxiety and depression.What neurotransmitter system is this?

A) the GABA-benzodiazepine system
B) the corticotropin-releasing factor system
C) the serotonergic system
D) the noradrenergic system

Question 15

In an interview,performer Alanis Morissette said she was once returning home from Los Angeles to Canada for the holidays,when she suddenly began crying and shaking uncontrollably,and she felt as if she was going to faint.What was she most likely experiencing?

A) an unexpected panic attack
B) a situationally bound panic attack
C) a specific panic attack
D) a situationally predisposed panic attack

Question 16

A teenage girl had been feeling depressed and having panic attacks.Her doctor prescribed medication. She was sitting in her room feeling very depressed,so to cheer her up,a friend suggested that they go to an exercise class.Shortly after the warm-up started,however,she had another panic attack.What is the best explanation for this occurrence?

A) She was angry with the friend for insisting that she go out.
B) The physical sensations experienced during exercise had become an internal cue for panic to occur.
C) The medication that had been prescribed for her was treating only the depression not the anxiety.
D) The exercise class was an unconditioned stimulus that resulted in a panic attack.

Question 17

Which of the following is a symptom of generalized anxiety disorder?

A) impulsivity
B) muscle tension
C) multiple specific phobias
D) paranoia

Question 18

When a person feels intense fear,which of the following will activate to cause a surge of energy?

A) the somatic nervous system
B) the parasympathetic nervous system
C) the peripheral nervous system
D) the autonomic nervous system

Question 19

According to your textbook,how is fear experienced?

A) as a neurotic response
B) as culturally specific phenomenon
C) as a future-oriented mood state
D) as an immediate emotional reaction to danger

Question 20

Eddie is walking down a dark alley.Suddenly,a dark figure jumps out from behind a trash bin and points a gun at him.Eddie turns and runs away extremely quickly.What does this example illustrate?

A) anxiety
B) compulsion
C) panic
D) alarm response

Question 21

According to Barlow (2002)and others,all the evidence now points to what conclusion about agoraphobic avoidance behaviour?

A) It is conceptually unrelated to panic disorder; it is a coincidence that they often occur together.
B) It is similar to the behaviour of people with generalized anxiety disorder.
C) It is a complication of severe unexpected panic attacks.
D) It is a principle cause of panic disorder.

Question 22

Your friend Samantha has been diagnosed with a generalized anxiety disorder.Which category of drugs is the typical pharmacological treatment for her condition?

A) SSRIs
B) benzodiazepines
C) phenothiazines
D) MAO inhibitors

Question 23

A university student was attending a horror movie when he started to experience anxiety symptoms (rapid heartbeat,sweating,and shallow breathing).He was so upset that he went to a psychologist who told him that he probably had had a panic attack.In the following weeks,he became apprehensive about sitting in lecture halls,crowded rooms,and even classrooms.To be diagnosed with panic disorder,what also would have to happen?

A) He would also need to become severely depressed about his problem.
B) He would also need to interpret unexpected physical sensations as dangerous to his well-being.
C) He would also need to repress the anxious feelings and pretend the experience never happened.
D) He would also need to achieve a high score on the anxiety sensitivity index.

Question 24

Which of the following groups is generalized anxiety disorder most prevalent in?

A) teenage girls
B) young adult males
C) middle-aged males
D) the elderly

Question 25

Mandeep had a panic attack while he was asleep last night.What sleep event was Mandeep MOST likely experiencing when the attack occurred?

A) a dream
B) a nightmare
C) deep sleep
D) REM sleep

Question 26

Which of these is an example of an interoceptive avoidance activity that may be observed in someone with agoraphobia?

A) eating heavy meals
B) fishing from docks but not in lakes or streams
C) standing slowly from a sitting position
D) staying indoors in nice weather

Question 27

What does agoraphobic avoidance behaviour appear to be determined by?

A) the number of panic attacks the person has had in the past
B) the extent to which the person expects another panic attack to occur
C) how recently the last panic attack occurred
D) how severe the panic attacks have been

Question 28

In Barrett and colleagues' (1996)research of children with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD),they found that after using a certain type of treatment,95 percent of the children no longer met the criteria for a GAD diagnosis.What type of treatment did they use?

A) cognitive-behavioural procedures combined with family therapy
B) family therapy combined with benzodiazepines
C) benzodiazepines combined with play therapy
D) benzodiazepines combined with cognitive-behavioural procedures

Question 29

What kind of factors determine whether agoraphobia actually develops following panic attacks and how severe it becomes?

A) biological factors
B) psychological factors
C) medical factors
D) sociocultural factors

Question 30

Which of the following people is at greatest risk of having panic attacks with agoraphobia?

A) A male who is between the ages of 25 and 40
B) A female who is between the ages of 25 and 40
C) A female who is over the age of 60
D) A male who is over the age of 60

Question 31

Jason has just recently been diagnosed as having panic disorder.Which of the following describes what we will know about Jason?

A) Jason is rare because only a small percentage of individuals with this disorder are male.
B) Jason is in his late 50s.
C) Jason will cope with the panic associated with agoraphobia by drinking alcohol because men choose this as a means of coping more so than women.
D) Jason will be much more fearful of anxiety symptoms, compared to a woman.

Question 32

What does "interoceptive avoidance" refer to?

A) the phenomenon in which individuals with severe agoraphobia reduce panic-like symptoms through the use of alcohol
B) the phenomenon in which individuals with severe agoraphobia avoid internal physical sensations
C) the phenomenon in which individuals with severe agoraphobia avoid situations where panic attacks may occur
D) the phenomenon in which individuals with severe agoraphobia avoid new situations because they are unsure if panic-like symptoms will occur

Question 33

Jack constantly worries about his health,finances,job security,and the stability of his marriage.Often,his worries keep him awake at night,causing him so much fatigue he cannot perform his work duties adequately.His preoccupation with his worries has left his wife feeling frustrated.What would be the most likely diagnosis of Jack's problem?

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) simple phobia
D) panic disorder

Question 34

Rob reports being terrified to go anywhere that does not have a bathroom,for fear that he will begin vomiting and not be able to stop.He had one panic attack,and a week later,he felt no residual effects from the attack.Which of the following DSM 5 diagnoses would Rob most likely receive?

A) agoraphobia
B) interoceptive agoraphobia
C) panic disorder
D) panic disorder and agoraphobia

Question 35

"Something might go wrong,and I'm not sure I can deal with it,but I've got to be ready to try." Which aspect of anxiety does this statement reveal?

A) future-oriented mood state
B) immediate control reaction
C) fight/flight response
D) panic attack

Question 36

How does cognitive-behavioural treatment help someone with generalized anxiety disorder?

A) It helps the patient confront anxiety-provoking thoughts and images.
B) It helps the patient analyze the unconscious sources of the anxiety.
C) It helps the patient avoid feelings of anxiety as well as the negative images associated with those feelings.
D) It helps the patient adjust medication levels as needed to cope with the anxiety.

Question 37

The term "agoraphobia" is derived from the Greek word agora.What does agora mean?

A) home
B) workplace
C) people
D) marketplace

Question 38

Studies have found that individuals with panic disorder may be more susceptible than others to the anxiety-reducing effects of alcohol when they are experiencing panic-like bodily sensations.Which of the following might this finding explain?

A) why alcohol-based medications are so effective in treating panic disorder
B) why these individuals are more likely to experience panic attacks while they are consuming alcohol
C) why these individuals are more likely to develop alcohol abuse and dependence
D) why people with a history of alcoholism rarely go on to develop panic disorder

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT included in the model of generalized anxiety disorder developed by researchers Dugas,Ladouceur,and others?

A) intolerance of uncertainty
B) erroneous beliefs about worry
C) poor problem orientation
D) focus on internal images of the threat

Question 40

Mary has a fear of snakes and is having a panic attack because her science teacher is handling a snake in class as part of a lesson on reptiles.Mary claims she feels like she is going to faint.What is the likelihood that Mary will pass out in class?

A) zero
B) about 50/50
C) about 70/30
D) 100%

Question 41

For which type of phobia does the age of onset peak at about seven years of age?

A) social phobia
B) agoraphobic avoidance
C) choking and illness phobias
D) animal and natural environment phobias

Question 42

A culture-bound syndrome in Chinese cultures is known as Pa-leng.What characterizes those who have this disorder?

A) They appear naked in public.
B) They wear many layers of clothing.
C) They exercise compulsively.
D) They hoard food.

Question 43

At what age does social phobia usually begin,and when does it end?

A) It usually begins in young adulthood and ends in middle age.
B) It usually begins in childhood and ends in middle age.
C) It usually begins in middle age and ends in old age.
D) It usually begins in adolescence and ends in old age.

Question 44

What is the most prevalent psychological disorder in the general population?

A) panic disorder
B) agoraphobia
C) school phobia
D) social phobia

Question 45

Even though phobias may interfere with an individual's functioning,only the most severe cases come for treatment.Why?

A) Affected people tend to arrange their life to avoid the phobic object or situation.
B) Less extreme phobias tend to fade over time without treatment.
C) The continuing shame and stigma surrounding mental disorders results in affected people avoiding treatment.
D) Most people with less severe cases tend to believe their fears are normal and reasonable.

Question 46

A relative who suffers from panic disorder asks you what treatment would have the most long-lasting benefits.Because you have just read about the double-blind NIMH research study evaluating psychological treatments with and without medication,what would you say?

A) First, try any available treatment, since patients in all treatment conditions achieved the same long-lasting gains.
B) First, try the drug imipramine.
C) First, try psychological treatment along with medication.
D) First, try panic-control treatment that includes cognitive-behavioural therapy.

Question 47

What is the approximate sex ratio of individuals who experience social phobia at some point in their lives?

A) Slightly more males than females experience social phobia.
B) About twice as many males as females experience social phobia.
C) Slightly more females than males experience social phobia.
D) About three times as many females as males experience social phobia.

Question 48

To address panic symptoms,a panic-control treatment (PCT)was developed at one of Barlow's clinics.Which of the following would be included in this therapy?

A) exposure to the interoceptive sensations
B) minimizing heart rate at all times
C) anti-anxiety medication
D) psychoanalysis

Question 49

What is the main difference between situational phobia and panic disorder with agoraphobia?

A) People with situational phobia experience phobias at random times, and people with panic disorder with agoraphobia experience panic attacks only at specific times.
B) People with situational phobia experience panic attacks when confronted with the phobic situation as well as at other times, and people with panic disorder with agoraphobia only experience panic when in public places.
C) People with panic disorder with agoraphobia experience panic attacks only in specific situations, and people with situational phobia can experience phobias anywhere.
D) People with situational phobia never experience panic attacks outside the context of the phobic situation, and people with panic disorder with agoraphobia can experience panic even when not in a public place.

Question 50

Which of the following "normal" childhood fears correctly matches the corresponding approximate age of onset?

A) age ten: fear of evaluation by others and anxiety over physical appearance
B) age five: fear of separation from parents, of animals, and of the dark
C) age four: fear of loud noises and strangers
D) infancy: fear of monsters and other imaginary creatures

Question 51

A man who has an extreme snake phobia was told repeatedly as a child about the dangers of snakes in high grass.He also was encouraged to wear rubber boots to protect himself,even on city streets.What mode of developing a phobia does this example illustrate?

A) adaptive preparedness
B) interoceptive communication
C) developmental shaping
D) information transmission

Question 52

Which of the following is an example of how a phobia may develop?

A) experiencing a panic attack in a variety of settings
B) observing someone else experience severe fear
C) inheriting a gene related to the phobia
D) having a terrifying experience and not talking about it very much

Question 53

In a major double-blind NIMH research study looking at the separate and combined effects of both psychological and drug treatments (Barlow et al.,2000),patients were randomized into five different treatment conditions.Which of the following was one of these treatment conditions?

A) psychoanalysis
B) hypnosis
C) flooding
D) placebo

Question 54

Which of the following would be considered an example of social phobia?

A) a student who is reluctant to ride in elevators
B) a male who has difficulty urinating in a public washroom when others are present
C) an individual who is invited to a party but decides to stay home because she's afraid she will embarrass herself
D) a person who has a fear of blood

Question 55

A friend stated that when she went to a clinic,she had to spend 30- to 60-second sessions shaking her head from side to side,spinning in a chair,tensing all her muscles,hyperventilating,or breathing through a narrow straw.What is she receiving treatment for?

A) post-traumatic stress disorder
B) specific phobia
C) social phobia
D) panic disorder

Question 56

While more women than men experience fear of snakes,for which of the following phobias is the sex ratio approximately equal?

A) fear of flying
B) fear of heights
C) fear of illness
D) fear of water

Question 57

Cedella just fainted as a result of her phobia.What type of phobia does Cedella have?

A) a blood-injury-injection phobia
B) a situational phobia
C) a natural environment phobia
D) an animal phobia

Question 58

In the type of specific phobia called "blood-injury-injection," there is an inherited vasovagal response and a tendency to faint.What causes this tendency?

A) a decrease in blood pressure
B) an increase in blood pressure
C) a decrease in body temperature
D) an increase in body temperature

Question 59

What psychological disorder in children is characterized by unrealistic and persistent worry that something will happen to the child's parents,and may result in a child refusing to leave home?

A) separation anxiety
B) school phobia
C) situational phobia
D) globus hystericus

Question 60

Amy was just given a prescription.Her father,who is a psychiatrist,asks for the name of the drug. Amy tells him,and he says,"But I thought you were getting treatment for your panic disorder?" Which of the following drugs would Amy have been prescribed?

A) a tricyclic antidepressant
B) a benzodiazepine
C) a phenothiazine
D) an SSRI

Question 61

Your friend was a recent victim of a sexual assault.According the DSM 5,at what point can a diagnoses of PTSD be made?

A) immediately following the traumatic event
B) one month after the trauma
C) three months after the trauma
D) six months after the trauma

Question 62

What is the minimum time needed to treat most specific phobias?

A) a day
B) two days
C) a week
D) a month

Question 63

Compulsions can be behavioural in nature.What else could they be?

A) mental
B) emotional
C) positive
D) unconscious

Question 64

What is the term for behaviours that people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)perform because they believe they will help their obsession,when in reality the behaviours have no effect?

A) imagined
B) superstitious
C) magical
D) placebo

Question 65

According to research,what area of the brain was activated in people with social anxiety disorder who viewed angry and contemptuous faces?

A) the temporal lobe
B) the frontal lobe
C) the hippocampus
D) the amygdala

Question 66

What are the most common traumatic events experienced by the 8 percent of the Canadian population who have experienced post-traumatic stress disorder?

A) sexual assault and auto accidents that included fatalities
B) combat and sexual assault
C) aggravated assault and sexual assault
D) aggravated assault and combat

Question 67

What do we call actions,or sometimes thoughts,that an individual with obsessive-compulsive disorder uses to reduce anxiety?

A) perseverative movements
B) conditioned responses
C) compulsions
D) obsessions

Question 68

Darrel is a Vietnam veteran.He wakes up in the middle of the night in a cold sweat due to dreams in which he relives his most frightening war experiences.He refuses to talk about the war with anyone and is constantly fidgety and "on edge." He is unable to enjoy himself or develop intimacy with friends or romantically.What disorder does Darrel appear to have?

A) adjustment reactive disorder
B) dissociative disorder
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) post-traumatic stress disorder

Question 69

Which of the following symptoms often accompanies obsessive-compulsive disorder?

A) panic attacks
B) delusions
C) specific phobia
D) social anxiety disorder

Question 70

Which of the following is a common symptom of people with post-traumatic stress disorder?

A) memories and nightmares of the event
B) chronic worrying
C) excessive emotional responsiveness
D) difficulty learning to do new things

Question 71

What did the Heinrichs and colleagues (2006)cross-cultural study of social phobia find?

A) The more that attention-avoiding behaviours were accepted in a given culture, the greater were the levels of social anxiety.
B) There was no relationship between social acceptance of attention-avoiding behaviours and levels of social anxiety.
C) The more that attention-avoiding behaviours were accepted in a given culture, the lower were the levels of social anxiety.
D) The less that attention-avoiding behaviours were accepted in a given culture, the greater were the levels of social anxiety.

Question 72

Why were there lower rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)in citizens who endured bombing and shelling in wartime England compared to victims of crime?

A) Many people may not have directly experienced the horrors of death or direct attack during the wartime air raids.
B) Social cohesion during wartime minimizes its traumatic impact.
C) Effective treatments for PTSD were made available immediately following the bombings.
D) Crime is perceived as more personal than war.

Question 73

The "alarm reactions" experienced in both post-traumatic stress disorder and panic disorders are very similar and result in conditioned responses.However,which of the following describes the alarm in panic disorder?

A) It is more prolonged.
B) It is physically painful.
C) It is more intense.
D) It is false.

Question 74

In Japan,what does the anxiety syndrome termed taijin kyo fusho involve?

A) a fear of embarrassing oneself
B) a fear of personally offending others
C) a fear of performing onstage
D) a fear of speaking to females

Question 75

What is an important factor in determining whether an individual will develop post-traumatic stress disorder following a traumatic event?

A) the individual's gender
B) the individual's age at time of the trauma
C) the number of relatives with psychological disorders
D) the extent of emotional support from family and friends

Question 76

Who is most likely to avoid all contact with other people?

A) someone with a situational phobia
B) someone with panic disorder
C) someone with blood-injury phobia
D) someone with an illness phobia

Question 77

Which of the following is a diagnostic symptom associated with social phobias?

A) strong and persistent feeling of worry
B) significant attempts by the anxious individual to avoid going outdoors
C) recognition by the person with the phobia that the anxiety is excessive or unreasonable
D) heightened activity of the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 78

For months,Greg has been plagued by worries as he drives to work.He thinks he forgot to lock the door,close the windows,or turn off the stove.Often,he returns home and double-checks the house before he can rid himself of these worries.Which of the following describes Greg's worries?

A) obsessive
B) impulsive
C) compulsive
D) magical

Question 79

The obsession in tic-related OCD is almost always related to:

A) self-harm
B) cleaning
C) symmetry
D) unacceptable behaviour

Question 80

When they are part of post-traumatic stress disorder,what are symptoms such as feelings of unreality and/or amnesia for all or part of the traumatic event called?

A) psychotic symptoms
B) neurotic symptoms
C) dissociative symptoms
D) reactive symptoms