Deck 16: Motivating Employees

Question 1

Herzberg's two-factor theory divides work-related needs into two categories: hygiene factors and reward factors.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Three categories of motivation theories are content theories, process theories, and reinforcement theories.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Hygiene factors are the same as satisfiers and are based on fulfillment of higher level needs including responsibility.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Physiological needs are the most basic human physical needs, which are reflected in the workplace as needs for adequate heat, air, and base salary to ensure survival.

Question 5

Esteem needs are those needs that relate to the desire for a positive self-image and to receive attention, recognition, and appreciation from others.

Question 6

A need for power, a need for accomplishment and a need for superior power is proposed by David McClelland's acquired needs theory.

Question 7

Two ways to classify rewards are extrinsic and monetary.

Question 8

Hygiene factors are the same as dissatisfiers and include company policies and procedures.

Question 9

Extrinsic rewards refers to the satisfaction a person receives in the process of performing a particular action.

Question 10

External and relatedness are the first two groups of needs in Aldefer's ERG theory.

Question 11

Employee motivation affects productivity, and part of a manager's job is to channel motivation toward the accomplishment of organizational goals.

Question 12

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, freedom from violence is an example of physiological needs.

Question 13

Many companies are finding that creating a humane work environment that allows people to achieve a balance between work and personal life is also a great high-level motivator.

Question 14

According to MANAGER'S SHOPTALK in Chapter 16, a criticism of carrot-and-stick approaches is that extrinsic rewards assume people are driven by higher-level needs.

Question 15

The arousal, direction and persistence of behavior refers to motivation.

Question 16

Factors that influence job satisfaction based on fulfillment of high-level needs such as achievement, recognition, and opportunity for growth are called motivators.

Question 17

The implication of the two-factor theory for managers is clear. Providing hygiene factors will eliminate employee dissatisfaction but will not motivate workers to high achievement levels.

Question 18

A high need for power often is associated with successful attainment of top levels in the organizational hierarchy.

Question 19

Process theories emphasize the needs that motivate people.

Question 20

Rewards given by another person are intrinsic rewards.

Question 21

Goal specificity, in goal-setting theory, refers to the difficulty level of goals.

Question 22

Behavior that is positively reinforced tends to be repeated, and behavior that is not reinforced tends not to be repeated, as stated in the Law of Effect.

Question 23

Punishment is the imposition of an unpleasant outcome following undesirable behavior.

Question 24

The expectancy theory attempts to define specific types of needs or rewards to establish that they exist and may be similar to other individuals.

Question 25

The equity theory focuses on individual's perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative to others.

Question 26

Goal-setting theory proposes that managers can increase motivation by setting specific, challenging goals that are accepted as valid by subordinates, then helping people track their progress toward goal achievement by providing timely feedback.

Question 27

Expectancy theory is a process theory that focuses on individuals' perception of how fairly they are treated in comparison to other people.

Question 28

Job rotation systematically moves employees from one job to another, thereby increasing the number of different tasks an employee performs without increasing the complexity of any one job.

Question 29

The group of theories that explain how employees meet their needs and determine their success are called process theories.

Question 30

Valence is the perceived value of a reward or outcome.

Question 31

Expectancy theory is based on the relationship among the individual's effort and performance and not on the desirability of outcomes.

Question 32

The administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior is positive reinforcement.

Question 33

The equity theory, by J. Stacy Adams, states that equity exists when the ratio of outcomes to inputs for one person is equal to the same ratio for another person.

Question 34

The imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee is avoidance learning.

Question 35

Extinction is defined as the withdrawal of positive reward.

Question 36

Goal acceptance, in goal-setting theory, means that employees have to "buy into" the goals and be committed to them.

Question 37

One weakness of the use of punishment in organizations is that it fails to indicate the correct behavior.

Question 38

According to expectancy theory, for an employee to be highly motivated, E-P expectancy and valence must be maximized.

Question 39

Punishment increases the likelihood that behavior will be repeated.

Question 40

Motivation increases, according to the expectancy theory, when the worker believes that the successful performance will result by putting effort into a given task. This is called E-P expectancy.

Question 41

Employee engagement means that people enjoy their jobs and are satisfied with their work conditions, contribute enthusiastically to meeting team and organizational goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization.

Question 42

Gain sharing rewards employees with part ownership of the organization based on achieving performance goals.

Question 43

Empowering employees means giving them four elements that enable them to act more freely to accomplish their jobs: information, knowledge, power, and rewards.

Question 44

Job enlargement is a job design that incorporates achievement, recognition, and other high-level motivators into the work.

Question 45

Employee stock ownership plans give employees part ownership of the organization, enabling them to share in improved profit performance.

Question 46

Organizations that empower employees often reward them based on the results shown in the company's bottom line.

Question 47

Job enlargement combines a series of tasks into one new, broader job.

Question 48

Which of the following theories emphasize the needs that motivate people?

A) Process
B) Reinforcement
C) Content
D) Contingency
E) Situational

Question 49

Skill variety, task identity, and task significance tend to influence the employee's psychological state of experienced meaningfulness of work.

Question 50

A(n)_____ refers to a reward given by another person.

A) intrinsic reward
B) internal reward
C) extrinsic reward
D) valued reward
E) charity

Question 51

_____ focus on employee learning of desired work behaviors.

A) Contingency theories
B) Situational theories
C) Content theories
D) Process theories
E) Reinforcement theories

Question 52

Katie dislikes almost everything about her job. The only reason she continues to work at Mace Autobody is the excellent benefits package she receives. Katie is motivated by:

A) extrinsic rewards.
B) intrinsic rewards.
C) variable rewards.
D) all of these.
E) none of these.

Question 53

A(n)_____ is an example of an intrinsic reward.

A) employee's feelings of self-worth
B) pat on the back from your boss
C) pay raise
D) promotion
E) bonus

Question 54

Which of the following is the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior?

A) Commitment
B) Motivation
C) Satisfaction
D) Rewarding behavior
E) Behavior modification

Question 55

Which of the following is a content theory that proposes that people are motivated by physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization needs?

A) Reinforcement theory
B) Process theory
C) Situational theory
D) Hierarchy of needs theory
E) Contingency theory

Question 56

Which of the following theories focuses on employee learning of desired work behaviors?

A) Reinforcement theory
B) ERG theory
C) Hierarchy of needs theory
D) Experiential learning theory
E) Content theory

Question 57

The degree to which the job is perceived as important and having an impact on the company or customers refers to task significance.

Question 58

Sally enjoys her job as a teacher, not because of the pay or benefits, but because she feels good about shaping the minds of tomorrow's leaders. Sally is motivated by:

A) power factors.
B) leadership factors.
C) hygiene factors.
D) extrinsic rewards.
E) intrinsic rewards.

Question 59

The job characteristic of autonomy influences the worker's experiencing meaningfulness of work.

Question 60

Which motivation theory proposes that needs must be satisfied in sequence?

A) Reinforcement theory
B) ERG theory
C) Hierarchy of needs theory
D) Experiential learning theory
E) Social learning theory

Question 61

According to Herzberg, _____ is an example of a hygiene factor.

A) achievement
B) recognition
C) pay
D) responsibility
E) opportunity for growth

Question 62

In goal-setting theory, which term refers to the need to get information to people about how well they are doing in progressing toward goal achievement?

A) Goal specificity
B) Goal difficulty
C) Goal acceptance
D) Feedback
E) Goal motivation

Question 63

According to Maslow, the highest order needs are:

A) self-actualization needs.
B) physiological needs.
C) esteem needs.
D) belongingness needs.
E) safety needs.

Question 64

Alden is a recent college graduate. He is unsure about his future. A counselor in his university's career resources office recently told Alden that he had a high need for achievement. Based on this, what type of career should Alden pursue?

A) He should look for work as a project manager.
B) He should think about starting his own business.
C) He should look for work in "corporate America," he is sure to climb to the top.
D) He should play the Lotto.
E) None of these.

Question 65

_____ have the greatest impact, according to Herzberg, on job satisfaction.

A) Hygiene factors
B) Reinforcers
C) Motivators
D) Dissatisfiers
E) All of these

Question 66

Nelson is motivated by a strong need for recognition and is continually seeking credit for his contributions to the organization. According to Maslow, Neil is motivated by which category of needs?

A) Physiological
B) Safety
C) Belongingness
D) Esteem
E) Self-actualization

Question 67

Highroller Casinos provides good salaries and benefits, including bonuses of up to 25 percent of annual salaries. However, the company has been criticized for not establishing an achievement or recognition program for its employees. Which of the following best describes the company in terms of the two-factor theory?

A) Good motivators and inadequate hygiene factors
B) Good hygiene factors and inadequate motivators
C) Good hygiene factors and motivators
D) Inadequate hygiene factors and motivators
E) None of the above

Question 68

The majority of hourly workers at Formatting Unlimited are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. What would Herzberg recommend if your goal were to increase their level of satisfaction?

A) Increase the level of hygiene factors
B) Increase the level of motivators
C) Decrease the level of motivators
D) Decrease the level of hygiene factors
E) None of these

Question 69

Which need describes the desire to be accepted by one's peer, have friendships, be part of a group, and be loved?

A) Self-actualization needs
B) Physiological needs
C) Esteem needs
D) Belongingness needs
E) Safety needs

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT a need proposed by Maslow in his hierarchy of needs theory?

A) Safety needs
B) Compensation needs
C) Physiological needs
D) Esteem needs
E) Self-actualization needs

Question 71

Denise has a desire to influence others, be responsible for them, and have authority over them. It can be described as her:

A) need for power.
B) need for achievement.
C) need for affiliation.
D) need for relatedness.
E) none of these.

Question 72

A high need for _____ is associated with successful attainment of top levels in the organizational hierarchy, according to McClelland.

A) power
B) achievement
C) affiliation
D) success
E) expertise

Question 73

The frustration-regression principle is most closely related with _____.

A) Maslow
B) Herzberg
C) McClelland
D) Alderfer
E) Adam

Question 74

Alderfer referred to the needs for physical well being as _____ needs.

A) physiological
B) existence
C) belongingness
D) relatedness
E) growth

Question 75

_____ describe the most basic human physical needs, including food, water and oxygen.

A) Self-actualization needs
B) Physiological needs
C) Esteem needs
D) Belongingness needs
E) Safety needs

Question 76

The desire to form close personal relationships, avoid conflict, and establish warm friendships, describes:

A) a need for affiliation.
B) a need for power.
C) a need for achievement.
D) a need for authority.
E) all of these.

Question 77

Which of the following are high-level needs, according to Herzberg, and include achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunity for growth?

A) Hygiene factors
B) Extrinsic factors
C) Motivators
D) Dissatisfiers
E) All of these

Question 78

Which term, in goal-setting theory, refers to the need to make goals highly ambitious but achievable?

A) Goal specificity
B) Goal difficulty
C) Goal acceptance
D) Feedback
E) Goal motivation

Question 79

In goal-setting theory, _____ refers to the idea that employees have to "buy into" the goals.

A) goal specificity
B) goal difficulty
C) goal acceptance
D) feedback
E) goal motivation

Question 80

Frank is primarily driven by a need to establish close social relationships with other people. Alderfer would say he is motivated by:

A) growth needs.
B) existence needs.
C) relatedness needs.
D) self-actualization needs.
E) physiological needs.