Deck 5: States of Conciousness

Question 1

You are aware of the thoughts running through your mind and the emotions triggered by some of those thoughts. You are also aware of the sounds you hear and the things you see in the room and outside the window, and of the smell of coffee brewing in the kitchen and the smell of freshly cut grass coming in the window. You would be considered to be in a state of

A) consciousness.
B) transcendence.
C) divided perception.
D) metacognitive thought.

Answer 1

consciousness.

Question 2

Marcie knows that she must study longer for her math exam than her psychology exam, because math is an area where she struggles. What element of consciousness is she exhibiting?

A) arousal
B) awareness
C) metacognition
D) insight

Answer 2

metacognition

Question 3

Three-year-old Missy and her four-year-old brother Bob are watching a movie. In the movie, a "monster" sneaks into the closet while the little boy is sleeping. While Missy says nothing, Bob begins to shout at the screen telling the little boy not to open the closet door. Their different reactions reflect

A) struggles with nonconscious monitoring.
B) the theory of mind.
C) problems with perception.
D) insight discrepancies.

Answer 3

the theory of mind.

Question 4

Thinking about thinking is referred to as

A) metacognition.
B) a stream of consciousness.
C) an altered state of awareness.
D) consciousness.

Question 5

Thomas seems unaware that his mom has been calling him for the last five minutes. He is playing his video game and about to move to the last level. What is Thomas demonstrating?

A) arousal
B) automaticity
C) daydreaming
D) selective attention

Question 6

An individual's awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal is called

A) perception.
B) a stream of consciousness.
C) consciousness.
D) the sub-conscious.

Question 7

It is the end of the month and Cindy has several bills yet to pay, but she is very low on money. She spends most of the day pondering how she is going to make the payments. Later, while watching TV, a solution comes to her. Cindy is demonstrating

A) metacognition.
B) awareness.
C) controlled processing.
D) incubation.

Question 8

Due to drug use, Juan sometimes displays higher than his usual levels of awareness while Terri sometimes displays lower than her usual levels of awareness. These conditions are best referred to as

A) daydreaming.
B) automatic processes.
C) altered states of consciousness.
D) waking subconscious awareness.

Question 9

States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other activities are called

A) controlled processes.
B) automatic processes.
C) altered state of consciousness.
D) awareness.

Question 10

The teacher has called on Sarah four times, yet she has not responded or acknowledged the teacher in anyway. She has a slight smile on her face. What is Sarah demonstrating?

A) awareness
B) daydreaming
C) selective abstraction
D) unconsciousness

Question 11

According to Freud, ________ mental processes occur without a person being aware of them.

A) metacognitive
B) unconscious
C) metaphysical
D) conscious

Question 12

What represents the most alert state of human consciousness?

A) controlled processes
B) automatic processes
C) altered state of consciousness
D) subconscious awareness

Question 13

What do drugs, trauma, fatigue, hypnosis, and sensory deprivation have in common?

A) They produce the same brain wave activity.
B) They produce extreme negative emotional states.
C) They produce high levels of metacognitive thought.
D) They produce altered states of consciousness.

Question 14

The 24 hour biological cycle that regulates our pattern of sleep is referred to as

A) circadian rhythm.
B) lunar rotational effects.
C) non-REM sequencing.
D) the range of consciousness.

Question 15

Who is most likely daydreaming?

A) Ken is doing his calculus homework.
B) Ben is just learning to drive.
C) Mary is putting on makeup.
D) Melissa is learning a new dance.

Question 16

For most adults, driving is an example of a(n) ________ process.

A) controlled
B) unconscious
C) automatic
D) metacognitive

Question 17

Mrs. Goldman was a little startled when she realized that while driving home, she didn't really remember driving the last mile. For Mrs. Goldman, driving has probably become a(n)

A) controlled process.
B) metacognitive process.
C) time to engage in selective attention.
D) automatic process.

Question 18

The concept of "theory of mind" is best described as

A) thinking about thinking.
B) an understanding that everyone thinks, feels, perceives, and has private experiences.
C) one's misinterpretation of subconscious thoughts.
D) the principles that govern controlled processing.

Question 19

William James described the human mind as a

A) state of heightened awareness.
B) subconscious machine.
C) stream of consciousness.
D) metacognitive processor.

Question 20

Kathy says that when she meditates, she feels like she becomes one with the universe. Kathy experiences ________ during her meditative sessions.

A) an altered state of consciousness
B) latent mesmerism
C) a peak experience
D) a period of divided consciousness

Question 21

Merry is working the graveyard shift at the local convenience store. As a result, she is having trouble getting a sufficient amount of sleep. We might expect Merry to

A) feel like she has a lot of energy despite her lack of sleep.
B) start talking in her sleep.
C) show increased concentration at work but less at home.
D) start walking in her sleep.

Question 22

Circadian rhythm refers to

A) the pattern of emotional ups and downs we routinely experience during the day.
B) a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour schedule.
C) the jet lag experienced following an extensive transoceanic flight.
D) the five stage cycle that we experience during a normal night of sleep.

Question 23

A class project required a student nurse to make hourly records of her own blood pressure and body temperature over a 30-day period. When the data were graphed, it became clear that these readings changed in a predictable way on a daily basis. The reason for this regularity is that many physiological processes are

A) determined by subconscious expectations.
B) governed by circadian rhythms.
C) controlled by daily lunar cycles.
D) correlated with lunar rotation.

Question 24

Dreams occurring during ________ sleep are briefer, less vivid, and less emotionally charged compared to those that occur during ________ sleep.

A) REM; non-REM
B) non-REM; REM
C) Stage 2; Stage 1
D) Stage 1; Stage 2

Question 25

Lilia has been battling insomnia so she began taking a medication to help her sleep. After several weeks of taking the drug, she begins to notice that she no longer fits into most of her clothes. Which medication is she most likely taking?

A) Valium
B) Tylenol
C) Ambien
D) Prosom

Question 26

Which of the following best characterizes a night of sleep?

A) We begin the night in light sleep and end in deep sleep.
B) We pass from light sleep to dream sleep to deep sleep.
C) Our depth of sleep alternates up and down many times.
D) We alternate from the waking state to dream sleep about six times.

Question 27

Jorge has a big history exam tomorrow so he has been studying most of the day. If he wants to remember most of what he has been studying, he should

A) go to bed.
B) keep studying through the night.
C) take a break and watch some TV.
D) eat several large meals.

Question 28

When you go to check on your sleeping child, you observe that his eyes are moving back and forth rapidly under his eyelids. It is likely that he is

A) in the deepest level of sleep.
B) dreaming.
C) in a hypnagogic state.
D) awakening.

Question 29

Jordan has decided to go to sleep early. Although her eyes are closed and she is very relaxed, she has not yet fallen asleep. An EEG is most likely to indicate the presence of

A) delta waves.
B) alpha waves.
C) sleep spindles.
D) rapid eye movements.

Question 30

Moesha is always tired. She falls into bed about 10:30 every evening and is asleep in seconds, but she wakes up frequently throughout the night. She is most likely suffering from

A) night terrors.
B) sleep apnea.
C) narcolepsy.
D) insomnia.

Question 31

Your friend Helen works the night shift at the local grocery store every other day. She has trouble sleeping which is most likely due to

A) too much melatonin.
B) the fact that her circadian rhythms do not follow a 24-hour cycle.
C) fewer than normal periods of REM sleep per night.
D) damage to her suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Question 32

Rebecca lives in Boston. Her friend, Serena, just flew in from Denver. To help Serena adjust to the new time zone, Rebecca should

A) give Serena a lot of coffee.
B) let her sleep all day.
C) offer her a dose of melatonin.
D) take her to a movie to keep her out of the sunlight.

Question 33

Jerry is in the process of getting a divorce and he is also having trouble at his job. Previously to these problems, he had not had any sleep disorders but he is bothered by one now. Which disorder is he most likely having difficulty with?

A) sleep apnea
B) narcolepsy
C) insomnia
D) sleep-talking

Question 34

Jet lag may be explained by

A) the elevation of serotonin in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
B) the dramatic changes in environmental stimuli.
C) dietary changes.
D) the affect of time shifts on circadian rhythm.

Question 35

Sleep deprivation has been shown to

A) increase the inability to sustain attention.
B) impair the storage and maintenance of memories.
C) increase the difficulty in making moral decisions.
D) All of these.

Question 36

You participate in a sleep study at a university clinic. The researchers measure your body chemistry while you are sleeping. Which hormone do they find follows a circadian rhythm and peaks just before you wake?

A) melatonin
B) growth
C) cortisol
D) prolactin

Question 37

When given the chance, most adolescents will sleep an average of ________ hours per night.

A) 7 to 8
B) 9 to 10
C) 5 to 6
D) 11 to 12

Question 38

At first the subject had difficulty falling asleep in the sleep lab, but finally drifted into sleep and was not awakened when a student researcher knocked a can of soda off of the desk. The EEG is displaying a slow regular pattern with occasional sleep spindles. The researchers feel confident that the subject is

A) about to wake up.
B) now in stage 2 of the sleep cycle.
C) dreaming.
D) in REM sleep.

Question 39

Psychological research on sleep and memory has found that staying up all night to study for an exam is likely to

A) increase memory performance.
B) decrease memory performance.
C) improve test scores.
D) improve brain function but not test scores.

Question 40

Professional baseball players often travel from coast to coast. Which chemical in the body may be responsible for the fatigue that many players face on their first day in the new city?

A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) cortisol
D) acetylcholine

Question 41

Which of the following disorders is characterized by the temporary cessation of breathing while asleep?

A) narcolepsy
B) sleep apnea
C) night terror
D) insomnia

Question 42

After several mornings of waking to find empty food containers on her bedroom floor, Jan learns from her doctor that her sleep eating is likely a side effect of her use of

A) Valium.
B) Ambien.
C) Xanax.
D) Ecstasy.

Question 43

During a heated argument with his teenage daughter, Mr. Reed suddenly lapsed into a stage of REM sleep. Mr. Reed apparently suffers from

A) narcolepsy.
B) insomnia.
C) sleep apnea.
D) REM rebound.

Question 44

Grandpa is napping in his recliner and snoring loudly. When he suddenly stops snoring, you look to see if he is okay. He appears to not be breathing. For a moment you wonder if he's dead, but suddenly he snorts and resumes snoring. Grandpa appears to suffer from

A) insomnia.
B) somnambulism.
C) narcolepsy.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 45

Courtney insisted that her husband see the doctor. She suspected that he had a sinus problem. His snoring was driving them apart and the jumping kept her from getting a good night of sleep. Periodically during the night he would seem to be startled, jump, and change his position. He was always tired regardless of the number of hours he slept. Courtney was surprised when the doctor suggested that her husband was suffering from

A) sleep apnea.
B) narcolepsy.
C) night terrors.
D) sleep deprivation syndrome.

Question 46

Mr. Owens always sleeps restlessly, snoring and gasping during the night. It is most likely that Mr. Owens suffers from

A) sleep apnea.
B) narcolepsy.
C) night terror.
D) insomnia.

Question 47

Gary turned to his wife when he woke up and said, "You won't believe this dream I had. I was being chased by men in suits who were riding horses. They had long narrow briefcases and they were trying to run me down!" If Gary related his dream to a psychodynamic therapist, they would tell him that what he was really dreaming about not being able to pay his bills. Which element in this scenario represents the manifest content of the dream?

A) Gary running for his life
B) Gary's concern over monthly bills
C) the therapist's interpretation of the dream
D) the therapist's plan to help Gary

Question 48

Sleepwalking is

A) usually due to the use of sleeping pills.
B) related to mental illness.
C) not really that abnormal.
D) a symptom of sleep apnea.

Question 49

Kevin suffers from sleep apnea. With this condition, he reawakens as often as 500 times during the night due to

A) reoccurring dreams.
B) ringing in his ears.
C) a hypersensitivity to all sensory stimuli.
D) a lack of oxygen.

Question 50

They were standing in the middle of the kitchen discussing vacation plans when Nolan suddenly crashed to the floor in a deep REM sleep. Nolan's behavior indicates that he is suffering from

A) sleep apnea.
B) insomnia.
C) narcolepsy.
D) night terrors.

Question 51

The sleep disorder narcolepsy occurs when individuals

A) fall unexpectedly into a deep sleep in the middle of daily activities.
B) have difficulty falling asleep at the hour at which they would like.
C) wake up earlier than desired, sometimes several times a night.
D) stop breathing while they are sleeping.

Question 52

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by

A) sleepwalking and sleep-talking.
B) an anxious, panicky feeling.
C) irresistible urges to fall asleep.
D) excessively long periods of sleep.

Question 53

Sleepwalking occurs during ________ of the sleep cycle.

A) Stage 1
B) the REM stage
C) Stages 3 and 4
D) all stages

Question 54

The ________ theory of dreaming proposes that dreaming involves information processing and memory.

A) psychodynamic
B) functionalist
C) cognitive
D) activation synthesis

Question 55

Gary turned to his wife when he woke up and said you won't believe this dream I had. "I was being chased by men in suits who were riding horses. They had long narrow briefcases and they were trying to run me down!" If Gary related his dream to a psychodynamic therapist, they would tell him that what he was really dreaming about was his fear concerning financial issues and not being able to pay all his bills. Which element in this scenario represents the latent content of the dream?

A) the briefcases the men were carrying
B) Gary's concern over monthly bills
C) the horses
D) the therapist's plan to help Gary

Question 56

Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________.

A) REM sleep; Stage 4 sleep
B) Delta waves; alpha waves
C) Stage 4 sleep; Stage 1 sleep
D) Stage 1 sleep; REM sleep

Question 57

According to Sigmund Freud, dreams are

A) our counter-lives which we are unable to endure in the real world.
B) our unconscious desires which we wish to fulfill.
C) pieces of thoughts which have no coherent organization.
D) problems which we have not been able to solve during the day.

Question 58

Narcolepsy is a disorder involving

A) the temporary cessation of breathing during sleep.
B) sudden uncontrollable seizures.
C) periodic attacks of uncontrollable sleep attacks.
D) difficulty staying and going to sleep.

Question 59

Night terrors typically occur

A) among older adults.
B) during non-REM sleep.
C) following sleep apnea.
D) within three hours of falling asleep.

Question 60

According to activation-synthesis theory, dreams

A) reflect the brain's efforts to make sense out of neural activity that occurs during sleep.
B) offer a unique opportunity for problem solving.
C) are the key to the human unconscious.
D) are often, though not always, a sign of mental illness.

Question 61

What is the most common neurotransmitter activated by psychoactive drugs and thought to be related to addiction?

A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) norepinephrine
D) acetylcholine

Question 62

The definition of a binge drinking episode is having more than ________ drinks in a row.

A) 2
B) 5
C) 10
D) 20

Question 63

Kate, a long-time coffee drinker, complains of pounding headaches and lowered mood when she skips her coffee in the morning. What is the likely cause of these complaints?

A) caffeine withdrawal
B) increased blood pressure
C) psychological addiction
D) a placebo effect

Question 64

From 1980 to 1990, drug use among teens

A) increased slightly.
B) increased significantly.
C) decreased.
D) stayed the same.

Question 65

College students who consume large amounts of alcohol on weekends are abusing which type(s) of drugs?

A) depressants
B) stimulants
C) hallucinogens
D) both depressants and stimulants depending on the amount they drink

Question 66

Drugs that create a sense of relaxation and lowered inhibitions by reducing the activity of the central nervous system are called

A) inhalants.
B) stimulants.
C) hallucinogens.
D) depressants.

Question 67

Morphine and heroin are derivatives of

A) coca.
B) ephedra.
C) lithium.
D) opium.

Question 68

Drug addiction occurs when a(n)

A) individual becomes secretive about taking a drug.
B) drug no longer causes a person to get high, but he or she continues taking it.
C) physical or psychological dependence on taking the drug develops.
D) person can be without the drug no longer than five days.

Question 69

You took a drug that decreased your feelings of fatigue, created an elevated mood, and decreased your appetite. Which of the following did you most likely take?

A) amphetamine
B) alcohol
C) heroin
D) Valium

Question 70

Tranquilizers and alcohol belong to a drug category called

A) stimulants.
B) narcotics.
C) depressants.
D) sedatives.

Question 71

Your friend reported feeling greater energy and a sense of well-being after taking a drug. Medical tests reveal increased activity of her central nervous system. The drug she took is most likely some type of

A) depressant.
B) tranquilizer.
C) hallucinogen.
D) stimulant.

Question 72

Tranquilizers, sedatives, and opiates all belong to the category of ________ drugs.

A) stimulant
B) depressant
C) hallucinogenic
D) inhalant

Question 73

Jerry who is fairly a conservative person, stopped at a bar on the way home from work to have a couple of drinks with his friends. On the way home he suddenly pulls into a retail store and buys a new 60 wide screen TV. What is the most likely explanation for his behavior?

A) He really needed a television.
B) The alcohol in the drinks reduced his inhibitions and impulse control.
C) The alcohol in the drinks stimulated the brain centers associated with pleasure.
D) The alcohol in the drinks caused him to hallucinate.

Question 74

The need to take increasing amounts of a drug in order to get the same effect is referred to as

A) dependence.
B) addiction.
C) tolerance.
D) lowered inhibitions.

Question 75

A criticism of activation-synthesis theory is that

A) neural activity begins with the brain.
B) dreams are random.
C) life experiences stimulate and shape dreaming more than the theory acknowledges.
D) dreams are caused by fluctuating levels of neurotransmitters.

Question 76

The most widely used stimulants are

A) marijuana and cocaine.
B) amphetamine and valium.
C) alcohol and ephedra.
D) caffeine and nicotine.

Question 77

Generally, if you feel very relaxed or drowsy after taking a drug, it is likely that the drug is a(n)

A) depressant.
B) hallucinogen.
C) catecholamine.
D) amphetamine.

Question 78

Bethany is experiencing headaches, lethargy, and difficulty concentrating. She most likely stopped using which drug?

A) alcohol
B) caffeine
C) nicotine
D) Ambien

Question 79

Meredith must always have an early morning cup of coffee. She usually has several more cups throughout the day. If she misses one in the afternoon, she gets a headache. Meredith's headache is likely due to

A) psychological addiction.
B) stimulant use/abuse.
C) the placebo effect.
D) lower levels of acetylcholine.

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT associated with the use of nicotine?

A) alertness
B) reduction in anger
C) nausea
D) reduction in anxiety