Deck 14: Reform in the Western Church,1490-1570

Question 1

Anabaptist separatism was considered deeply subversive because it

A) refused to recognize the Peace of Augsburg.
B) refuted the idea that good works could contribute to salvation.
C) refused baptism of children, arguing that they were untainted by Original Sin.
D) rejected the idea that everyone in society should be a member of a common church.
E) refrained from participating in religious holidays.

Answer 1

rejected the idea that everyone in society should be a member of a common church.

Question 2

The four major points that separated Martin Luther from the Catholic Church included his opinions on all of these except

A) salvation through faith alone.
B) the priesthood of all believers.
C) the necessity of sacraments.
D) the role of the pope.
E) the authority of the Bible.

Answer 2

the necessity of sacraments.

Question 3

What was the main theme of Sir Thomas More's Utopia?

A) It described how a King could be a just ruler.
B) It described the reforms the Church needed to make.
C) It argued that good works should count as much as faith in determining salvation.
D) It commented on foibles and greed in English society.
E) It told tales to distract refugees from the Plague.

Answer 3

It commented on foibles and greed in English society.

Question 4

Girolamo Savonarola of Florence attempted to initiate reform there by

A) arresting and deposing the Medici clan.
B) initiating the Inquisition against heretics.
C) holding public trials of corrupt clergy.
D) holding large public burnings of luxury items.
E) forming a lay society to hold their own church services.

Question 5

The third major community of Protestants in Europe in the sixteenth century were the

A) Lutherans.
B) Anabaptists.
C) Mennonites.
D) Calvinists.
E) Zwinglis.

Question 6

Zwingli's opinions differed from Luther's because he

A) thought that, in addition to baptism and Communion, one needed the sacrament of last rites.
B) believed that only the New Testament was relevant to Christians.
C) argued that Communion was only a symbolic gesture.
D) argued that local government and town councils should oversee church matters.
E) said that anyone could preach from the gospel.

Question 7

One area in which popular support for Luther's denunciation of the Church was found was among

A) Anabaptists.
B) rural parishes where priests were preaching in conflict with Dominicans.
C) Christian Humanists.
D) urban reformers.
E) Jesuits.

Question 8

Martin Luther's challenge to the church was largely over his objection to

A) indulgences.
B) the concept of transubstantiation.
C) whether naturally sinful humans could choose to do good works.
D) the idea that priests were free of sin and thus able to offer sacraments.
E) any Biblical requirement of communion.

Question 9

At the Diet of Worms,Martin Luther

A) was forced to renounce his teachings.
B) was excommunicated.
C) refused to recant his teachings.
D) was burned at the stake as a heretic.
E) declared that the pope was a fraud.

Question 10

The final conflict of the Münster Anabaptists in 1535 was provoked by

A) polygamy.
B) banning money.
C) declaring all real estate common property.
D) executions of non-Anabaptists.
E) calling Münster New Jerusalem.

Question 11

To invoke the pure gospel,German peasants invoked all of the following demands except

A) lowered rent payments.
B) abolition of serfdom
C) greater access to common lands.
D) religious freedom of choice.
E) All of these.

Question 12

To condemn the corruption of Pope Alexander VI,Savonarola pushed for

A) a council of the church to judge the pope.
B) a public demand for Alexander's resignation.
C) a new papacy located in Florence.
D) a restructuring of the entire clerical hierarchy.
E) electing himself as pope.

Question 13

Which of these was not one of the reforming steps taken by the Catholic Church?

A) An increase of preachers within local parishes
B) Formation of lay societies to do charitable work
C) A campaign of devotion by popes concerned with being good spiritual leaders
D) Religious tracts being printed and distributed more widely
E) Temporal rulers effecting changes to correct abuse

Question 14

According to Catholic doctrine,forgiveness of sin could be accomplished by

A) doing good works.
B) receiving the sacraments.
C) borrowing against the righteousness of saints.
D) doing penance for sins confessed.
E) All of these.

Question 15

The major means by which Luther's ideas were spread was

A) underground dissenters.
B) printing press.
C) folk hymns like "A Mighty Fortress is Our God."
D) missionaries
E) popular revolt.

Question 16

The premise of Martin Luther's argument for salvation was that

A) an individual needed a priest to achieve salvation.
B) justification depended on sacraments.
C) free will could not be determined by humans.
D) grace was a gift to be found by faith.
E) clergy members were unworthy to be in charge of people's salvation.

Question 17

What did John Calvin write that provided the fundamentals of Calvinism?

A) In Defense of the Catholic Church.
B) In Praise of Folly.
C) "Letter to the German Nobility".
D) Spiritual Exercises.
E) Institutes of the Christian Religion.

Question 18

To Christian humanists,one of the most important means of reforming religion was

A) overhauling the upper ranks of the clergy.
B) education of the laity.
C) instituting strict qualifications of ecclesiastic members.
D) broadening participation of the laity in the sacraments.
E) doing works of charity to emulate the early fathers.

Question 19

Between 1531─1556,Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was involved in religious and secular wars with all of the following except

A) France
B) German Protestants
C) Spain
D) England.
E) The Ottoman Empire

Question 20

Under terms of the Peace of Augsburg,what was accomplished?

A) Charles V accepted defeat from France,
B) Regional leaders could choose whether to be Lutheran or Catholic.
C) A marriage alliance was healed with conflict between France and the Holy Roman Empire.
D) The eastern part of the Holy Roman Empire was ceded to the Ottomans.
E) The Habsburg dynasty was removed from power in the Holy Roman Empire.

Question 21

Martin Luther's position on marriage included all of the following except that it

A) was intended only for procreation.
B) was done by the exchange of vows between spouses.
C) was the foundation of all social order.
D) required only the consent of the individuals and their families to be valid.
E) was necessary for men to have an outlet for sexual urges.

Question 22

According to Calvin's theory of double predestination,what would happen to an individual?

A) One could be saved through repentance and a second baptism as an adult.
B) Good works were a critical measure of salvation.
C) One was saved or damned by God before birth.
D) All who embraced Calvinism would be saved.
E) One was either saved or damned, and there was no such thing as Purgatory.

Question 23

At the end of the Council of Trent,the Catholic Church argued that

A) through the doctrine of papal infallibility, there was no need to change course.
B) all Protestants were heretics who should be brought back to the church by persuasion or force.
C) salvation was accomplished through faith, works, and sacraments.
D) indulgences were not religiously valid.
E) None of these.

Question 24

Who was the missionary that had the most influence in China?

A) Matteo Ricci
B) Francis Xavier
C) Ignatius Loyola
D) Bartolome de las Casas.
E) Juan Luis Vives

Question 25

In the Act of Supremacy,Henry VIII declared

A) that any contradiction of the king's law was treason.
B) his marriage to Catherine of Aragon void.
C) the king was the head of the Church of England.
D) parliament must concede to the wishes of the king.
E) all church property and land in England was forfeit.

Question 26

The largest of the reformed male orders was the

A) Dominicans
B) Capuchins
C) Jesuits
D) Albigensians.
E) Benedictines

Question 27

Ignatius Loyola wrote which treatise on religion?

A) "In Defense of the Catholic Faith"
B) The First Blast Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women
C) In Praise of Folly
D) "The Thirty-nine Articles"
E) Spiritual Exercises

Question 28

How did local populations respond to European missionary efforts in the Americas and Asia?

A) They resisted cultural assimilation.
B) Some converted to Christianity and European customs.
C) Some compromised between indigenous religion and Catholicism in a type of syncretism.
D) They actively rejected foreign ways.
E) All of these.

Question 29

One of the figures in the Catholic reform movement,Teresa of Avila,sought to improve the women's order known as the

A) Ursalines.
B) Carmelites.
C) Poor Clares.
D) Benedictines.
E) Lendines.

Question 30

Pope Paul III's response to defend Catholicism against Protestantism included all of the following except

A) overseeing the Council of Trent.
B) excommunicating Queen Elizabeth I.
C) initiating the Roman Inquisition.
D) compiling The Index of Prohibited Books.
E) recognizing the Jesuits for outreach to the masses.

Question 31

According to Calvin,what were the signs from God that a person was a member of "the elect"?

A) Hard work and thrift
B) Accumulation of wealth
C) Successful completion of education
D) Pilgrimages and dedication to relief of the poor
E) You would never know and must live an exemplary life just in case.

Question 32

Among the Catholic responses to the Reformation was the founding of the Jesuits,whose chief goal was

A) missionary work.
B) education.
C) creating an army for the Catholic Church to fight for Christ.
D) to convert Muslims in the Ottoman Empire and alleviate the threat to the Holy Roman Empire.
E) relief of poverty.

Question 33

The three major areas targeted for social reform in the sixteenth century by Protestants and Catholics were

A) children's education, catechism, and urban poverty.
B) poverty, sexual vice, and alcoholism.
C) labor exploitation, high taxes, and education.
D) education, poverty, and family life.
E) women's rights, religious hierarchy, and vice.

Question 34

In order to come to terms with the Reformation,the Catholic church convened the

A) Council of Constance.
B) Seventh Lateran Council.
C) Council of Trent.
D) Ecumenical Convocation of Nantes
E) Contraheretical Diocese.

Question 35

Most Calvinists in France were from which of the following backgrounds?

A) poor peasants.
B) wealthy tradesmen.
C) urban middle class.
D) nobility.
E) underground Lutherans.

Question 36

The first real move toward Reformation in England came with

A) the seizure of Catholic properties in England.
B) Henry's so-called Reformation by Statute.
C) Elizabeth I issuing the Thirty-nine Articles.
D) Mary Tudor re-instituting Catholicism to coexist with the Church of England.
E) the Regency Council imposing the Book of Common Prayer under Edward VI.

Question 37

A significant change to the attitude of the poor in the sixteenth century was that Protestants

A) believed that the poor had brought their fate upon themselves through predestination.
B) rejected the idea that good works brought salvation, therefore charity was the responsibility of the local government.
C) thought only widows and orphans should be given poor relief.
D) believed everyone should work to achieve their own economic freedom.
E) should join religious orders.

Question 38

What aspect of Protestantism led to an increase in literacy?

A) Egalitarianism said there was no difference between the rich and the poor.
B) Luther's belief in the priesthood of all believers encouraged reading the Bible.
C) Catholicism's ban on education for females.
D) Greater trade between formerly adversarial regions after the Peace of Augsberg.
E) Uprooting the traditional hierarchy that said the lower classes should know their place.

Question 39

Queen Elizabeth I's position on religion was

A) ardently in support of the Church of England.
B) sympathetic toward Catholicism.
C) strongly leaning toward Calvinism.
D) in favor of a middle way to achieve compromise.
E) completely neutral because she was an agnostic.

Question 40

John Knox,founder of Presbyterianism in Scotland,argued that

A) a different form of Protestantism was necessary in Scotland to combat the Church of England.
B) Scotland needed a real reformation because Henry VIII's conversion to Protestantism was for political purposes only.
C) England had no business in Scotland, religious or political.
D) women were not empowered to rule in the government because it was unnatural.
E) Scotland must rely on France to expel the English, even if they were Catholic.

Question 41

How did the Reformation in England differ from that of continental Europe?

Question 42

All of the following were seen as results of the Reformation movements except

A) increased literacy.
B) better living conditions for women.
C) social networks for the poor provided by municipal governments.
D) increased anti-Semitism.
E) changing standards of family living.

Question 43

The deciding factors for what type of religious reforms would be made in Europe were chosen by

A) individual religious leaders.
B) community consensus.
C) nobles, rulers, and local communities.
D) the Treaty of Cateau Chambresis.
E) none of these.

Question 44

After the expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal at the end of the fifteenth century,

A) there was a Diaspora to eastern Europe.
B) many emigrated to England.
C) Switzerland offered haven regardless of religious persuasion.
D) there were almost no Jews in western Europe.
E) many Jews practiced their religion secretly in France.

Question 45

Where were Jews most likely to be found living in relative safety in sixteenth-century Europe?

A) France
B) Germany
C) England
D) Switzerland
E) Italy

Question 46

Explain the distinction between Protestantism and Lutheranism.How is this difference significant?

Question 47

Why did many couples in Germany believe that sexual relations could begin when an engagement had been announced?

A) Because marriage was no longer seen as a sacrament.
B) Because as long as the bann had been announced, it was recognition enough of commitment.
C) To prevent any obstacle to pregnancy
D) Because in the Middle Ages, many peasants did not have access to formal recognition of marriage.
E) Because many women would die in childbirth.

Question 48

Explain the way Christianity dealt with taking care of the poor.

Question 49

Analyze the intentions and effects of the missionary movement overseas within the Catholic Church.

Question 50

What preconditions in western Europe in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries contributed to the call for the Reformation?

Question 51

Why was the missionary work by Jesuits working in Asia considered a mixed success?

Question 52

The Catholic perspective on sexuality at this time taught that

A) a life of total abstinence was best.
B) a marriage must be based on reproduction and faithfulness.
C) all physical temptations were sinful.
D) sexual relations could occur only on certain days and in certain positions.
E) All of these.

Question 53

Protestant beliefs on marriage,sexuality,and religion

A) viewed marriage more positively as a partnership.
B) abolished all convents and monasteries insisting on celibacy.
C) could be seen as limiting women's choices in society.
D) allowed divorce in some rare cases.
E) All of these.

Question 54

How did Martin Luther come to the conclusion that the current church structure was unnecessary?

Question 55

What was the Catholic response to the charges raised by various offshoots of Protestantism?

Question 56

Protestant marriages in Germany

A) allowed for divorce to be easily obtained.
B) generally took place at a young age to avoid sexual temptations.
C) were usually delayed until later in life to allow couples better financial footing.
D) had to be approved by an entire community of Lutherans.
E) were seen as a sacrament that required officiation by clergy.

Question 57

The predominant form of Protestantism in northern Germany was

A) Lutheranism.
B) Calvinism.
C) Anabaptist.
D) Mennonism.
E) Presbyterianism.

Question 58

How was Protestantism seen as having a more equal approach in its treatment of women?

Question 59

What role did Erasmus play in the Reformation?

Question 60

At the end of the sixteenth century in Italy,all of the following restrictions were placed on Jews except they

A) had to live in prescribed areas.
B) could not sell meat or unleavened bread.
C) could not work in certain professions.
D) were expelled from Venice.
E) were required to wear identifying yellow badges on clothing.

Question 61

The Peace of Augsburg recognized Lutheranism as a religious option within the Holy Roman Empire.

Question 62

How was the creation of new religious orders for men and women within Catholicism different in the sixteenth century than in the earlier church reforms?

Question 63

Under Calvin's theory of double predestination,only those who had forsaken Catholicism would be among the Elect and receive Salvation.

Question 64

In what ways did the new Protestant churches allow greater participation by their congregations than Catholicism? How is this a reaction to the fusion of political and religious authority of the time?

Question 65

Ignatius Loyola's Spiritual Exercises was designated at the Council of Trent as a means for former heretics to regain their standing in the Catholic Church.

Question 66

Believers of the "true gospel" felt that the Bible should be in Latin and protected by the Church.

Question 67

The Council of Trent met for a series of sessions to reaffirm the Catholic Church's position and counter the points of Protestantism.

Question 68

Strong Popes of the late fifteenth century were able to challenge conciliarism's position that Councils had more authority than Popes.

Question 69

Savonarola's prophesies were interpreted as heresy and his execution was termed "bonfire of the vanities."

Question 70

Luther retained marriage as one of the necessary sacraments within Lutheranism.

Question 71

One of Martin Luther's greatest protests against the church was the selling of indulgences.

Question 72

The Thirty-Nine Articles is a statement of theology for the Church of England.