Deck 20: Restoration and Reform: Conservative and Liberal Europe,1814-1847

Question 1

Slavophilism in nineteenth-century Russia advocated all of the following except

A) liberation of the serfs.
B) rejection of foreign cultural influences.
C) reverence for the Orthodox Church.
D) a conservative and paternalistic tsar.
E) unifying people under sobornost by widening representation in the parliament.

Answer 1

unifying people under sobornost by widening representation in the parliament.

Question 2

Which of the following did liberals in nineteenth-century Europe not believe?

A) The government should not interfere in the private affairs of its citizens.
B) The government should not intervene in economic matters.
C) The best government was one moderated by a constitution and a parliament.
D) The government had a responsibility to alleviate the conditions of the poor and unemployed.
E) The government should promote the success of individuals and protect their civil rights.

Answer 2

The government had a responsibility to alleviate the conditions of the poor and unemployed.

Question 3

The guiding principle of the Congress System proposed by Tsar Alexander I was termed the

A) Union of Equals.
B) League of Europe.
C) Quadruple Alliance.
D) Christian Coalition.
E) Holy Alliance.

Answer 3

Holy Alliance.

Question 4

What territorial dispute posed the greatest controversy at the Congress of Vienna?

A) England's possession of the Straits of Gibralter
B) The division of Poland and its relationship to Russia
C) The creation of the autonomous kingdoms in northern Italy
D) Who would maintain control of the throne of Spain
E) Whether Austria should be awarded complete control of Hungary

Question 5

Liberalism originated in

A) France.
B) Germany.
C) England.
D) Russia.
E) Austria.

Question 6

A significant characteristic among Romanticist writers was their support of

A) liberalism
B) feminism.
C) conservativism.
D) rationalism.
E) nationalism.

Question 7

Who was the German artist in Romanticism who painted stark landscapes to express God in nature?

A) Conrad von Hearst.
B) Eugene Delacroix.
C) Francisco Goya
D) Caspar David Friedrich
E) Johannes Kepler

Question 8

Liberalism contains all of the following features except

A) emphasis on freedom of the individual.
B) embracing civil liberties.
C) extension of equality to women as partners of men.
D) reverence for the law as a unifying standard.
E) a laissez-faire approach to the economy.

Question 9

What form did the territories of the German states take in the redrawing of the map at the Congress?

A) All territories were restored to pre-1800 boundaries.
B) The German states were put under the rule of the Prussian King.
C) Lichtenstein was granted sovereignty.
D) A confederation of states was organized into a group of thirty-nine.
E) Austro-Hungary was divided but incorporated territories in the Balkans.

Question 10

Romanticism in Poland was exemplified by which composer?

A) J.S. Bach.
B) George Handel
C) Frederic Chopin
D) Franz Liszt
E) Sergei Poliakov

Question 11

Conservativism can best be described as

A) opposing change.
B) preferring autocratic monarchy.
C) believing human nature is corrupt.
D) endorsing traditional organized religion.
E) all of these.

Question 12

The Romantic movement is best described as

A) a reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment.
B) a movement to restore traditional religious values outlawed in the Revolution.
C) a cooperative arrangement of art and literature to support the restoration of prerevolutionary governments in Europe.
D) a strongly pacifist movement ideologically opposed to nationalism.
E) none of these.

Question 13

The most extreme political conservative of the post-Napoleonic period was

A) Edmund Burke.
B) Adam Mickiewicz.
C) Joseph de Maistre.
D) Robert Castlereagh.
E) Jeremy Bentham.

Question 14

A defining trait of Romanticism's philosophy and politics can be described as

A) nihilistic.
B) humanistic.
C) atheistic.
D) utopian.
E) ambivalent.

Question 15

Liberalism advocated voting rights for all of the following except

A) property owners.
B) people of moderate education.
C) women.
D) bourgeoisie.
E) middle classes.

Question 16

Who were the two other major participants in the Congress of Vienna (after Austria)?

A) Russia and England.
B) France and Russia.
C) Prussia and Russia.
D) Prussia and France.
E) France and England.

Question 17

Which of the following was not a condition of returning France to the Congress System?

A) France had to pay an indemnity.
B) France had to give up lands seized during the Napoleonic Wars.
C) The Bourbons were restored to a conservative monarchic rule.
D) The Constitution was revoked.
E) The legislative body remained in place.

Question 18

The Romantic movement embodied all of the following characteristics except

A) glorification of nature.
B) celebration of individualism.
C) rejection of mysticism.
D) embracing emotionalism and sentiment.
E) rejection of middle-class values.

Question 19

The peace conference to end the Napoleonic Wars and achieve a balance of power was held in

A) London.
B) Ghent.
C) Berlin.
D) Vienna.
E) Austerlitz.

Question 20

To prevent Europe from expanding its realm of influence and power,the United States countered in 1820 with

A) the Treaty of Ghent.
B) the Monroe Doctrine
C) the Treaty of Paris.
D) the Oregon Letter.
E) none of these.

Question 21

John Stuart Mill was unusual in this era for his political support of whom?

A) peasants
B) proletariats
C) the poor
D) criminals
E) women

Question 22

The one area in which Adam Smith did admit the government must be involved in the economy pertained to

A) taxes.
B) military.
C) tariffs on trade.
D) infrastructure.
E) None of these.

Question 23

Nationalism in nineteenth-century Europe

A) was rejected by liberals after 1848.
B) proposed thinking about a common identity based on cultural affiliations.
C) maintained an optimistic view of human nature.
D) urged people to place their loyalty to the state instead of the individual leader.
E) emphasized all of these.

Question 24

The Bourbon Restoration under Louis XVIII was characterized by all of the following except

A) a political compromise including a legislature and constitution.
B) conservative economic policies.
C) close relations with the Catholic Church.
D) a buildup of military power.
E) close participation in the Congress of Vienna.

Question 25

What was the main impediment to creating nationalism in the Balkan region?

A) language diversity
B) Ottoman sovereignty
C) Serfdom.
D) lack of a free market economy
E) religious oppression by Muslims

Question 26

What was the purpose of the Wartburg Festival?

A) to celebrate Prussian military supremacy.
B) to recognize the efforts of the Grimm Brothers in preserving German heritage.
C) To present a display of German cultural accomplishments through history.
D) To crown Wilhelm I King of Bavaria.
E) To negotiate terms of the creation of a German Confederation.

Question 27

Nationalism to unify Italy was initially promoted most strongly by

A) Giuseppe Mazzini.
B) Leonardo de Cavour.
C) the Papal States.
D) the kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
E) Giuseppe Garabaldi.

Question 28

Charles X abdicated because he

A) was voted out by popular referendum.
B) refused to allow free worship for Catholics in France.
C) delegated too much authority to the Chamber of Deputies.
D) attempted to dissolve the legislature and restrict voting criteria.
E) was thwarted by the legislature in implementing a modern economy under central control.

Question 29

The Grimm brothers' interest in promoting German culture through their collection of fairy tales is an example of

A) jingoism.
B) nationalism.
C) cultural assimilation.
D) regionalism.
E) high culture.

Question 30

Nineteenth-century nationalists believed that

A) the king must embody the state as a continuation of tradition and heritage.
B) power rested in the authority of the nation, comprised of people.
C) all members of a nation should participate in government.
D) there must be unification of all disparate populations under one standard of culture.
E) the nation was an organic entity and could not be subjected to contracts like a constitution.

Question 31

The Carlsbad Decrees of 1819 were an attempt to

A) promote a liberalist agenda in Germany.
B) unify the German states through the radical activities of Young Germany.
C) enforce German as the primary language among the Confederation.
D) restrict political expression in the press and universities in Germany.
E) restrict foreign influences (particularly French) on German culture.

Question 32

Who were the Carbonari?

A) Piedmontese conservatives who wanted to retain a monarchy.
B) Radical Catholics who demanded Italian unification be based around the Vatican.
C) A secret underground society fighting for liberal political reform.
D) Constitutionalists among the aristocracy.
E) Supporters of medieval guilds who resorted to burning factories in opposition to labor unions.

Question 33

The economic principles argued by Smith said that a country would prosper if all of these conditions were met except

A) the government did not set prices.
B) taxes were kept low.
C) nations restricted their exports.
D) government expenditures were minimal.
E) governments did not impose tariffs.

Question 34

Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations argued for promotion of liberalism in an economic model that emphasized

A) mercantilism.
B) capitalism.
C) communism.
D) socialism.
E) none of these.

Question 35

Political liberalism is best embodied by the work of

A) David Hume.
B) Adam Smith.
C) John Stuart Mill.
D) Jeremy Bentham.
E) Thomas Malthus.

Question 36

According to Jeremy Bentham,a practical application of law was one that

A) rewarded the individual for contributing to the common good.
B) reduced poverty as a moral injustice.
C) created the greatest happiness for the greatest number of citizens.
D) transformed society in a widely meaningful way.
E) avoided disruption of the market economy.

Question 37

Which was the group that Mazzini organized to fight for Italian unification?

A) Carbonari
B) Risorgimento
C) Roman Brotherhood
D) Young Italy
E) Nihilists

Question 38

The primary motivation for Belgian independence was

A) nationalism.
B) religious differences with the Netherlands.
C) restrictions on free-market trade.
D) seeking a constitution and parliament as a satellite nation under Prussian domain.
E) rejection of the Congress System.

Question 39

According to definition,the state is a political entity which does all of the following except

A) collect taxes.
B) finance armies.
C) issue passports.
D) emphasize common culture.
E) demand obedience of laws.

Question 40

Utilitarianism places the main emphasis on

A) practical reforms.
B) social programs for alleviation of poverty.
C) morality.
D) democratic reforms.
E) traditional family values.

Question 41

All of the following were reforms within British society that granted privileges to Jews except

A) knighting of Jews such as Moses Montefiore.
B) Jews were admitted to the bar to practice law.
C) the Catholic Emancipation Act allowed Jews to hold office except as lord chancellor.
D) Jews were elevated to the hereditary nobility.
E) Jews were allowed to take an oath using the Hebrew Bible.

Question 42

How was language a significant social and political component of unrest within the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century? Use the case of Serbia as a focus.

Question 43

What is the difference between the nation and the state,according to nineteenth-century European standards?

Question 44

In what ways did the French Revolution continue to influence politics and culture?

Question 45

The key promoters of the Reform Bill of 1832 were

A) the Whigs.
B) the Tories.
C) the abolitionists.
D) the bourgeoisie.
E) none of these.

Question 46

Russian society under the rule of Nicholas I after December 1825 became

A) a compromise of liberal and conservative powers to promote Russian traditions within a multiethnic empire.
B) divided between compromise factions in the north and south.
C) increasingly entrenched in European politics and economics.
D) a conservative police state to suppress any reform movements or political liberalism.
E) a constitutional monarchy with a progressive legislature.

Question 47

What factors in England prevented significant social unrest there in the nineteenth century? Use the examples of social reform to explain the avoidance of unrest.

Question 48

A violent confrontation between protesters and the military took place in 1819 in England at

A) Waterloo.
B) Peterloo.
C) Manchester.
D) Peterstown.
E) Yorkshire.

Question 49

Greek independence was finally resolved in 1830 with the diplomatic support of

A) England and Prussia.
B) France and England.
C) France and Russia.
D) Russia and Prussia.
E) Austria and Prussia.

Question 50

Analyze the causes for revolution and social unrest in the 1830s.

Question 51

The Corn Laws in Britain were intended to

A) reduce the price of grain for the poor.
B) limit the amount of grain purchased by any one merchant.
C) promote capitalist agriculture.
D) protect British farmers from foreign competition.
E) reduce the use of potatoes as a staple crop.

Question 52

By nineteenth-century standards,why was the French Revolution seen as a failure?

Question 53

Which ruler in nineteenth-century Europe could be accurately described as politically moderate?

A) Nicholas I of Russia
B) Louis Philippe of France
C) Charles X of France
D) Frederick William III of Prussia
E) None of these

Question 54

What were the problems that undermined the Congress System in achieving a balance of power?

Question 55

The most decisive factor in repealing the Corn Laws was the

A) outbreak of revolution in France in 1848.
B) potato famine in Ireland.
C) radical activities of the Manchester Underground.
D) implementation of a minimum wage.
E) pressure from the Factory Acts.

Question 56

Compare the uses of nationalism as a means to foster unification in German and Italy in the nineteenth century.

Question 57

Nicholas I attempted to crush any political opposition with his secret police force,known as

A) Militsia.
B) Carbonari.
C) the Third Section.
D) Area 51.
E) Pravoslavia.

Question 58

How did the concept of nationalism transform the European political landscape in the nineteenth century?

Question 59

The Reform Bill of 1832 accomplished all of the following except

A) strengthening the position of the bourgeoisie.
B) benefitting and empowering the growing middle classes.
C) encouraging the participation in party politics.
D) serving as a compromise to prevent political unification of the workers and middle classes.
E) establishing universal suffrage.

Question 60

What were the major ideas of Romanticism,and how were they expressed in opposition to earlier traditions?

Question 61

Romanticism embraced rationalism and the logic of the enlightenment,seeking a return to those intellectual ideas of the past.

Question 62

Great Britain is the homeland of "classical liberalism."

Question 63

The Carlsbad Decrees relaxed intellectual and political restrictions in Germany in 1819.

Question 64

The Decembrists in Russia in 1825 staged a revolt in favor of a Constitutional Monarchy.

Question 65

How was Russia's transformation to participate in European politics met with the social realms of Russian society?

Question 66

One of the greatest speakers for conservativism in Britain was Edmund Burke.

Question 67

The Congress System was formed to suppress revolution and liberalism.

Question 68

A significant source of contention at the Congress of Vienna had to do with the partitioning of Poland.

Question 69

Using Italy as an example,how did the model of the French Revolution and Enlightenment ideals bring about political reforms for the better?

Question 70

John Stuart Mill wrote in support of women being recognized as equal in intelligence and political understanding to men.

Question 71

Johann Herder argued that German unification relied upon a singular,common culture and language.

Question 72

What was the argument fostered by the Utilitarians for reformation of modern society?

Question 73

Louis XVIII was known as the "bourgeoise king" because of his political modernism and appeal to the middle classes.