Deck 21: Industrialization and Society,1800-1850

Question 1

All of these factors mitigated against continental industrialization except

A) a lack of scientific technology.
B) less available internal transportation
C) strength of European guilds.
D) less available natural resources for mechanization.
E) lack of a cash economy to support a capitalist market.

Answer 1

a lack of scientific technology.

Question 2

Social mobility within the middle classes was most often found through

A) education.
B) work experience.
C) risk taking in business.
D) religious cohorts.
E) self-help organizations.

Answer 2

education.

Question 3

The point at which industry becomes self-perpetuating is called

A) the industrial revolution.
B) the market revolution
C) supply and demand.
D) industrial take-off
E) free market economy.

Answer 3

industrial take-off

Question 4

The middle classes found their identification in

A) occupation and education
B) location of housing within the city.
C) religious affiliation.
D) accumulation of goods.
E) participation in skilled occupations.

Question 5

The most significant effect of industrialization throughout Europe was

A) capitalism.
B) impoverishment of the working class.
C) improved communication.
D) urbanization.
E) the creation of the middle classes.

Question 6

What was a significant difference in industrialization in Britain compared to the rest of continent?

A) It was fueled by technology and private capital.
B) It was driven by the transition from mercantilism.
C) It was promoted by government investment.
D) Private entrepreneurialism was outlawed.
E) Like early merchant companies, it relied on joint stock investors.

Question 7

Where was the birthplace of industrialization in Britain?

A) London.
B) Manchester.
C) New Lanark.
D) Yorkshire.
E) Salisbury.

Question 8

To avoid the kind of working-class discontent seen in England,European nations took preventive action in all of the following ways except

A) imposition of child labor laws.
B) actively building and promoting railroads.
C) providing unemployment insurance for workers.
D) government-regulated working conditions.
E) protective tariffs to discourage importation of goods.

Question 9

By 1850,the country with the most miles of railroad tracks was

A) England.
B) France.
C) Russia.
D) Germany.
E) Italy.

Question 10

The rapid spread of the steam engine made England dependent on which natural resource?

A) Water
B) Timber
C) Coal
D) Electricity
E) Copper

Question 11

Industrialization and urban growth negatively affected which of the following?

A) tenements
B) pollution
C) expense of food
D) spread of disease like tuberculosis
E) All of these.

Question 12

Class consciousness can best be attributed to

A) the education of the middle classes.
B) the identification of the urban worker.
C) the privileges of the nobility.
D) the demand for universal male suffrage.
E) one's relationship to the economy.

Question 13

Which was the first region in continental Europe to industrialize?

A) Belgium
B) Germany
C) France
D) Holland
E) Austria-Hungary

Question 14

The development of a locomotive for use in public railways was first attributed to

A) George Stephenson.
B) Werner Siemens.
C) August Börsig.
D) James Watt.
E) Samuel Smiles.

Question 15

Which of the following was not a factor that made French industrialization different than other European countries?

A) Agricultural efficiency
B) Good natural resources
C) Inventive thinkers and scientists
D) Government encouragement of a robust industrial economy
E) France had all of these.

Question 16

What was created by the French inventor Joseph Marie Jacquard?

A) A type of loom that could weave patterned fabric.
B) A system of interchangeable parts.
C) A division of labor known as the factory system.
D) A mechanism for harvesting cotton.
E) Harnessing hydraulic power instead of coal-based steam.

Question 17

What was the primary factor in German industrialization?

A) trade unions.
B) merchant networks.
C) a customs union.
D) a manufacturing consortium.
E) none of these.

Question 18

By the 1830s British reformers argued that solving the problems of industrialization could only be done by

A) factory owners.
B) utilitarians.
C) the government.
D) the Church of England.
E) educating the poor.

Question 19

Which of the following was a significant factor that contributed to the development of the European infrastructure for trade transport?

A) a pan-European postal system
B) the German Zollverein
C) water purification systems
D) development of Macadam road building
E) construction of the Suez canal

Question 20

What was the Eden Treaty of 1786?

A) A treaty within Germany to eliminate tariffs for the thirty-nine states of the Confederation
B) An agreement between the states of western Europe to eliminate monopolies on trade goods from the New World
C) A French repeal of an embargo against British goods
D) An accord between France and America for trade concessions in the wake of the American Revolution
E) The English imposition of a tariff on all goods manufactured in North America

Question 21

The change in university education in nineteenth century Germany was directed by whom?

A) Wilhelm Grieg.
B) Friedrich Engels.
C) Gregory Mendel.
D) Wilhelm von Humboldt
E) Friedrich Nietzsche

Question 22

The first person credited with being a socialist was

A) Friedrich Engels.
B) Charles Fourier.
C) François Babeuf.
D) Giuseppe Mazzini.
E) Flora Tristan.

Question 23

The values promoted as part of middle-class respectability included all of the following except

A) hard work.
B) financial independence
C) a household that emulated the wealthy with servants and home furnishings.
D) strict maintenance of heritage and social exclusivity.
E) moral and ethical guidelines of behavior.

Question 24

The main emphasis on personal behavior in Victorian ideology was on

A) moral behavior.
B) sexual purity.
C) religious devotion.
D) nationalism.
E) charitable activities.

Question 25

Factory workers often preferred to hire women because they

A) could pay lower wages.
B) believed women were less prone to alcoholism.
C) believed that women were less vulnerable to the recruitment efforts of labor unions.
D) believed that women were less apt to be insubordinate.
E) believed all of these were true about female workers.

Question 26

Acceptable activities for middle class women in the nineteenth century included all of the following except

A) marriage.
B) charitable activities.
C) political advocacy.
D) writing novels.
E) being teachers.

Question 27

During the industrial age,the concept of separate spheres meant what for women's area of expertise?

A) Women were a partner in the family business.
B) Women were a source of a second income in working families.
C) Women took on unpaid labor within the household.
D) Women should maintain a domestic environment for her husband that was separate from his work environment.
E) Women attended gender delineated universities.

Question 28

Reform Judaism was seen most strongly in which area?

A) England
B) Germany
C) Poland
D) Russia
E) Austria

Question 29

The condition for peasants in Europe was worst in

A) England.
B) France.
C) Russia.
D) Spain
E) Italy.

Question 30

The author of the formula to success in life,titled Self-Help,was

A) Friedrich Engels.
B) Adam Smith.
C) Josiah Wedgewood.
D) Robert Owens.
E) Samuel Smiles.

Question 31

Artisans who were most drastically affected by being put out of work in industrialization were

A) shoemakers.
B) weavers.
C) glassblowers.
D) clock makers.
E) tailors.

Question 32

Henri de Saint-Simon was considered part of which group of social reformers?

A) communists.
B) radicals.
C) liberals.
D) utopian socialists.
E) Christian humanists.

Question 33

Which of the following was an integral part of the male working class camaraderie?

A) church
B) sporting activities on Sundays.
C) visiting the pub.
D) union meetings.
E) self-improvement societies.

Question 34

The disgruntled workers who destroyed factory machinery in protest were known as

A) Methodists.
B) Luddites.
C) Socialists.
D) Williamettes.
E) Sackers.

Question 35

Among the working classes,the occupation that was predominantly female was

A) weaving.
B) glass blowing.
C) spinning.
D) making china.
E) metalworking.

Question 36

Although the middle classes promoted charitable works to improve the lot of the poor,they felt that poverty was caused by

A) exploitation of the working class.
B) lack of hard work by the urban workers.
C) alcoholism and sexual promiscuity.
D) inadequate government programs to provide tools for social mobility.
E) denial of access to the means of production.

Question 37

What religion found adherents in the working-class in Britain?

A) Methodism
B) Evangelicalism
C) Baptists
D) Oxford movement
E) Revivalism

Question 38

Workers who lost pride and control in individual production of their work were deemed by Marx as suffering from

A) ennui
B) exploitation.
C) mechanization
D) alienation.
E) depression.

Question 39

Who was the most famous working class radical who argued for limitation of child labor and greater division of profit?

A) Karl Marx.
B) Giuseppi Garabaldi.
C) Samuel Smiles.
D) William Cobbett
E) Josiah Wedgewood.

Question 40

Workers received the legal right to organize in unions in which country?

A) England
B) Germany
C) Russia
D) Italy
E) Austria

Question 41

Marx argued that history could be understood through

A) elitist interpretation.
B) power structures.
C) class struggle.
D) political enfranchisement
E) oppression of original ideas.

Question 42

Charles Fourier argued for the existence of harmonious communities organized in

A) communes.
B) phalanges.
C) platoons.
D) unions.
E) consumer cooperatives.

Question 43

How did industrialization differ from one country to the next in continental Europe?

Question 44

What was a result of the publication of the Communist Manifesto?

A) It directly contributed to the growth of trade unionism.
B) It made governments realize that they had to respond to worker demands or risk revolution.
C) Karl Marx became wealthy.
D) Manchester was subject to an environmental overhaul to clean up working conditions.
E) The passage of child labor laws in Britain and Prussia.

Question 45

Who was the first reformer who advocated total equality of the sexes?

A) James Mill.
B) Karl Marx
C) Flora Tristan
D) Zoë Gatti de Gammond
E) Charles Fourier.

Question 46

What role did women play in middle class society?

Question 47

What changes in western Europe had the longest lasting effect in the nineteenth century?

Question 48

How did the emergence of class consciousness in the nineteenth century transform European society?

Question 49

Marx's use of the Hegelian dialectical was unique because

A) he argued that revolution was the new historical inevitability.
B) he engaged the dialectic and applied it to the concepts of materialism.
C) the clash of thesis and antithesis would synthesize a new world system of capitalism.
D) Hegel had argued that history was unchanging, whereas Marx applied it to revolution.
E) of none of these.

Question 50

How was urbanization a characteristic outcome of industrialization rather than a contributing factor?

Question 51

Marx believed that the best means to understand the world was through

A) economics.
B) class structures.
C) philosophy.
D) nationality.
E) cultural orientation.

Question 52

Communism differed from socialism in requiring

A) an educated working class.
B) trade unions as a political organ of representation for the working class.
C) violence in overthrowing the existing system.
D) universal baseline standards of living that allowed for private property.
E) living in organized groups of 1,620 people.

Question 53

What was different about the ideas proposed by socialism and communism?

Question 54

Specific goals outlined in The Communist Manifesto included all of the following except

A) a progressive income tax.
B) free education.
C) state control of credit and transportation.
D) complete abolition of all private ownership.
E) an end to the distinction between urban and rural by spreading culture and education beyond cities.

Question 55

Why was eastern Europe significantly slower to implement industrialization than western Europe? How did this affect the social classes and economy?

Question 56

By what means did the middle classes differentiate themselves and create a self-identity?

Question 57

What were the positive aspects of industrialization? How did industrialization affect people's lives and change them for the better?

Question 58

What was the effect of The Communist Manifesto on the revolutions of 1848?

A) It was highly inflammatory.
B) It was immediately suppressed by all reactionary governments for fear of spreading the revolutions.
C) It was surreptitiously passed around to the radical underground.
D) Its effect was minimal.
E) It was dismissed by serious intellectuals.

Question 59

The Communist Manifesto

A) was a guidebook on how to form workers' unions to become enfranchised.
B) inspired the revolutions of 1848.
C) argued for the historical inevitability of class struggles resulting in revolution.
D) required that workers obtain the right to vote and change society.
E) was none of these.

Question 60

Examining the excerpt from Friedrich Engels in Learning From a Primary Source: Friedrich Engels Describes the Condition of the Working Class in England (page 643),what problems did he point to in industrialization that affected the workers? Why was he concerned?

Question 61

French industrialization was concentrated in the region of Marseille for access to sea transport.

Question 62

Karl Marx engaged a dialectical argument for historical development.

Question 63

Reform Judaism was strongest in Poland.

Question 64

Charles Fourier applied his ideas of egalitarianism within all classes of men,but not women,as he felt they were not sufficiently developed in the capitalist market to be a significant force of change.

Question 65

Middle class young women were raised to see marriage as their main purpose in life.

Question 66

Urbanization was a result of displacement from Enclosure.

Question 67

One of the most significant components of industrialization was development of the transportation infrastructure.

Question 68

Why did Karl Marx believe that now was the time for a revolution,as opposed to any time previously?

Question 69

François Guizot believed that the poor had brought their condition upon themselves.

Question 70

Britain was the first place in Europe that allowed trade unions to form legally.

Question 71

Conditions for peasants were worst in Europe in Ireland after the potato famine.