Deck 2: Biology and Evolution

Question 1

The "Great Chain of Being" was first developed by:

A) Herodotus
B) Aristotle
C) Galileo
D) Sophocles

Answer 1

Aristotle

Question 2

Darwin's theory was known as the theory of:

A) natural selection
B) natural variation
C) animal evolution
D) circumnavigation

Answer 2

natural selection

Question 3

Homo describes a human _______________.

A) order
B) homology
C) genus
D) species

Answer 3

genus

Question 4

How would you best describe a genus?

A) a group of like species
B) a subdivision of species
C) a sub-species
D) archaic forms of species

Question 5

Which of the following statements is false?

A) evolution explains diversity through scientific language using hypotheses
B) evolution explains diversity through scientific language using theories
C) evolution can explain diversity and creation myths cannot
D) creation myths and evolutionary accounts do not differ

Question 6

A reproductively isolated population or group capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring is a:

A) genus
B) category
C) family
D) species

Question 7

Which scientist developed the Systema Naturae?

A) Aristotle
B) Carolus Linnaeus
C) Jean Lamarck
D) Charles Darwin

Question 8

What was unique about the "system of nature" classification when it was first proposed?

A) Aristotle classified humans just below angels
B) von Linné classified humans just below angels
C) Linnaeus classified humans with other primates
D) Aristotle classified humans with other primates

Question 9

The comparison of the anatomical structures of a human arm to the wing of a bat is an example of:

A) homology
B) taxonomy
C) analogy
D) phylogeny

Question 10

Animals with a generalized anatomy, relatively large brain, and grasping hands and feet are known as:

A) chordates
B) mammals
C) vertebrates
D) primates

Question 11

Where are the Nez Perce located?

A) eastern Oregon and Idaho
B) Washington and western Montana
C) Tennessee and eastern Kentucky
D) Massachusetts and New York

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the "Great Chain of Being" approach?

A) a creation myth discovered by the Greeks in the 1ˢᵗ century AD
B) an early scientific description of the inanimate world based on form
C) a classification of animate life-forms only, with humans at the very top
D) a categorization of animate and inanimate forms based on observable similarities

Question 13

Of those listed below, which is the widest (most broad) taxonomic category?

A) family
B) order
C) phylum
D) species

Question 14

Charles Darwin was hired as a _______________ on the H.M.S Beagle.

A) botanist
B) navigator
C) traveling companion
D) medical doctor

Question 15

Anatomical features that have evolved from a common ancestral feature are called:

A) homologies
B) taxonomy
C) morphology
D) adaptation

Question 16

The comparison of the anatomical structures of wings on a bat to the wings on a butterfly is an example of:

A) homology
B) taxonomy
C) analogy
D) phylogeny

Question 17

How do anthropologists classify the Nez Perce story about Coyote and Wishpoosh?

A) apocalyptic myth
B) salvation myth
C) children's myth
D) creation myth

Question 18

Which of the following is not a criterion that Linneaus used to determine classification of species?

A) sequence of bodily growth
B) body function
C) prior classification
D) body structure

Question 19

Evolution can be described as:

A) an anti-Creationist account of the origin of life
B) the foundation of culture in contemporary society
C) the major organizing principle of the biological sciences
D) the major organizing principle of the social sciences

Question 20

What is the difference between evolution and theories of evolution?

A) evolution is a fact, but some people prefer to see it as theory
B) biologists accept evolution as a fact, but theories explain how it works
C) evolution explains all change and the theories explain contemporary change
D) there is no difference between these two

Question 21

What was different (or unique) about Gregor Mendel's approach to gardening?

A) he was a scientist and worked to create commercial plants
B) he took systematic notes and was able to identify patterns of heredity
C) he bred garden plants to obtain higher yields
D) he worked to breed garden plants in order to obtain better varieties

Question 22

Geneticists believe that humans have approximately how many functioning genes?

A) 1,062
B) 25,000
C) 15,000
D) scientists have no idea how many genes humans have

Question 23

Mendel discovered that inheritance was particulate, not:

A) blended
B) separated
C) molded
D) selected

Question 24

Cell division that involves exact replication of parent cells is called:

A) mitosis
B) mitochondriosis
C) meiosis
D) cloning

Question 25

The cellular structures that contain genetic information are called:

A) alleles
B) genes
C) chromosomes
D) heritable units

Question 26

Most of the advances in heredity at the molecular level have occurred during what time period?

A) latter part of the 20th century
B) early part of the 20th century
C) latter part of the 19th century
D) early part of the 19th century

Question 27

During meiosis, genes are divided into:

A) 2 new cells
B) 4 new cells
C) 6 new cells
D) 8 new cells

Question 28

Which of the following represents an existing base pair?

A) guanine and adenine
B) thymine and guanine
C) guanine and cytosine
D) cytosine and thymine

Question 29

Which of the following is not one of the four base pairs?

A) glucosamine
B) cytosine
C) adenine
D) thymine

Question 30

Who was responsible for providing the principles of heredity?

A) Gregor Mendel
B) Charles Lyell
C) Thomas Malthus
D) Charles Darwin

Question 31

Which of the following is not routinely associated with new reproductive technologies, such as genetic testing?

A) a shift in cultural practices surrounding pregnancy
B) potential to label disabled people as undesirable
C) increased incidence of genetic assessments
D) lowered incidence of pregnancy

Question 32

Who proposed that animal populations remained stable over time because of the high proportion of animal offspring not surviving to maturity?

A) Gregor Mendel
B) Charles Darwin
C) Thomas Malthus
D) Charles Lyell

Question 33

The principle that variants of genes for a particular trait retain their separate identities through the generations is called:

A) natural selection
B) law of segregation
C) law of heredity
D) law of independent assortment

Question 34

A portion of the DNA molecule containing a sequence of base pairs that encodes a particular protein is known as a:

A) gene
B) allele
C) double helix
D) chromosome

Question 35

What does Rayna Rapp's bio-cultural study of reproduction illustrate?

A) the phenomenon of aggression among non-human primates
B) the effect of genetic drift on rates of sickle-cell anemia transmission
C) the complex interplay between biological knowledge and cultural practices
D) the genetic similarity between humans and chimpanzees

Question 36

Invoking natural events, such as the Great Flood in the Book of Genesis, to account for species disappearance is an example of:

A) exploitation
B) system of nature
C) Great Chain of Being
D) catastrophism

Question 37

Alleles are:

A) the cell nucleus
B) structures that carry specific proteins
C) alternate forms of a single gene
D) pieces of DNA

Question 38

Sex cell division is called:

A) independent assortment
B) segregation
C) meiosis
D) mitosis

Question 39

Today, Darwin's evolutionary theory is supported by data from all of the following except:

A) population genetics
B) comprehensive understanding of heredity
C) molecular genetics
D) proto-genetics

Question 40

What kind of theory is "catastrophism"?

A) 17th-century scientific hypothesis
B) 18th-century scientific theory
C) 19th-century humanistic idea
D) 20th-century scientific concept

Question 41

What variable force is most important to adaptation over time?

A) founder's effect
B) genetic drift
C) random mutation
D) gene flow

Question 42

A person's hair color is determined by at least two genes. Hair color is an example of:

A) polygenetic inheritance
B) genotype
C) genome
D) DNA

Question 43

Adaptation can best be described as:

A) an inherited form of anemia caused by a mutation
B) dominant characteristics in the gene pool
C) a series of beneficial adjustments to the environment
D) the introduction of alleles from the gene pool of a non-native population

Question 44

If a young man has Type A blood, this is his:

A) DNA
B) genome
C) phenotype
D) genotype

Question 45

What is the evolutionary force that has kept populations from developing into separate species?

A) founder's effect
B) mutation
C) random genetic drift
D) gene flow

Question 46

Interbreeding allows for

A) gene flow
B) genetic drift
C) founder's effect
D) guanine

Question 47

A small group of people with several colorblind individuals move from the mainland move to a previously uninhabited, secluded island. Two hundred years
Later 5% of the people of the island have colorblindness. This is an example of:

A) founder effects
B) population bottleneck
C) mutation
D) gene flow

Question 48

The chimp's genome is estimated to be _______________ % larger than the human's.

A) 50
B) 75
C) 10
D) 25

Question 49

Chimpanzees and humans share what percentage of DNA similarity?

A) 90%
B) 95%
C) 97%
D) 98%

Question 50

Founder's Effect is a type of:

A) gene flow
B) genetic drift
C) natural selection
D) environmental selection

Question 51

If a young woman has blue eyes, this is her:

A) DNA
B) genome
C) phenotype
D) genotype

Question 52

Chance fluctuations of allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population are evidences of:

A) genetic drift
B) gene flow
C) mutation
D) directional selection

Question 53

All of the following are evolutionary forces except:

A) genetic drift
B) gene flow
C) genetic cloning
D) mutation

Question 54

A painful disease in which oxygen-carrying red blood cells change into abnormal shapes is called:

A) anemia
B) natural blood selection
C) Trisomy 21
D) sickle-cell anemia

Question 55

The average rate of mutation per million is:

A) 100
B) 20
C) 1000
D) 30

Question 56

An example of polygenetic inheritance is:

A) blood type
B) skin color
C) weight
D) sex

Question 57

Since Type O Blood is co-dominant, a woman with Type O blood knows that OO is her:

A) DNA
B) genome
C) phenotype
D) genotype

Question 58

The main structural protein for skin, bones, and teeth is:

A) thymine
B) adenine
C) collagen
D) guanine

Question 59

In evolutionary terms, what kind of force is mutation?

A) negative because mutation decreases chances for survival
B) positive because it provides variation for selection
C) neutral because variation does not matter in the long run
D) mutation cannot be evaluated in these terms

Question 60

Can some physical traits be dominant, while others are recessive?

A) only during a mutation
B) sometimes
C) no
D) yes

Question 61

Sickle-cell anemia is found in highest frequencies in populations from:

A) western Africa
B) central Arica
C) southern Africa
D) Scandinavia

Question 62

The "system of nature" is an approach to classify all of animate and inanimate nature.

Question 63

A sustained directional shift in a population's average characteristics is called:

A) cladogenesis
B) genetic drift
C) anagenesis
D) speciation

Question 64

A bat's wing is homologous to a butterfly's wing.

Question 65

Genera are subdivisions of species.

Question 66

Scientists have found that carrying sickle-cell anemia (meaning, one is heterozygous) protects the individual from:

A) chicken pox
B) malaria
C) pneumonia
D) common cold

Question 67

_______________ is the formation of a new species and _______________ focuses on the evolutionary relationships between species.

A) Macroevolution/microevolution
B) Macroevolution/speciation
C) Speciation/microevolution
D) Speciation/macroevolution

Question 68

In humans, climatic adaptation involves:

A) body build only
B) body build and cultural adaptation
C) diet only
D) none of the above

Question 69

Historical processes can shape evolutionary theory.

Question 70

A bat's wing is analogous to a human hand.

Question 71

Humans are primates.

Question 72

Evolution is the central organizing principle of the biological sciences.

Question 73

The continuous gradation over space in the form or frequency of a genetic trait is known as a:

A) homozygote
B) polygene
C) cline
D) adaptive trait

Question 74

Speciation through adaptation is generally believed to occur at a pace called:

A) homeobox adaptation
B) punctuated equilibria
C) Darwinian gradualism
D) adaptive evolution

Question 75

Why does a bulky body tend to conserve more heat than a slender one?

A) it has less surface area relative to volume
B) it has more surface area relative to volume
C) it has more fat regulation
D) it is more layered, with fat covering muscles

Question 76

What do we call the factors that separate two breeding populations?

A) fission factors
B) isolating factors
C) punctuated equilibria
D) cladogenesis

Question 77

Humans are hominids.

Question 78

If two populations of primates were separated for a substantially long period of time by geographical changes, causing them, over time, to begin developing characteristics that distinguished them from each other, it could result in:

A) allelic homogeneity
B) gene flow
C) anagenesis
D) cladogenesis

Question 79

Taxonomy is an ancient form of classification created by Linnaeus that is no longer used today.

Question 80

The allele for sickle-cell anemia is found primarily in areas where there are large populations of mosquitoes bearing:

A) falciparum malaria
B) parasitic dysentery
C) smallpox
D) yellow fever