Deck 3: Living Primates

Question 1

Flexible and changing behavioral patterns among non-human primates interest scientists because they provide clues about:

A) the earliest development of human cultural behavior
B) the psychological challenge that non-human primates face
C) migration behavior and possible human physical developments
D) the evolution of the great apes

Answer 1

the earliest development of human cultural behavior

Question 2

Which of the following statements best describes the primate brain?

A) it has an increasingly integrated cerebellum that restricts primates to only the most adaptive environments
B) it has an increasingly integrated cerebral cortex that restricts primates to only the most adaptive environments
C) it has an enlarged cerebral cortex that provides the basis for flexible behavior patterns
D) it has an enlarged cerebellum that is responsible for flexible behavior patterns

Answer 2

it has an enlarged cerebral cortex that provides the basis for flexible behavior patterns

Question 3

What do we call the ability to grasp and manipulate objects between the thumb and other digits?

A) Opposability
B) Prehensility
C) Brachiation
D) Radiation

Answer 3

Opposability

Question 4

Evidence from ancient skeletons suggests that the first mammals appeared over _______________ million years ago, while the earliest primates first evolved approximately _______________ million years ago.

A) 200/65
B) 265/150
C) 175/65
D) 100/5

Question 5

Which of the following is the most accurate statement? Humans are considered to be part of the Primate Order because:

A) we descend from apes
B) we are considered to be ancestors to the primates
C) primates are considered to be our first ancestors
D) we share a recent common ancestry

Question 6

Which of the following are not considered hominoids?

A) humans
B) lemurs
C) siamangs
D) bonobos

Question 7

Which of the following is not a common part of the evolutionary journey of a species?

A) patterned adaptation
B) convergence into a common species
C) divergence from a common ancestor
D) random change

Question 8

All of the following favored the emergence of the Primate Order except:

A) extinction of dinosaurs
B) mild climate
C) glaciation
D) spread of dense tropical forests

Question 9

What British primatologist is most known for studies of chimpanzees?

A) Jane Goodall
B) Frans de Waal
C) Stephen Jay Gould
D) Dian Fossey

Question 10

What do we call vision that allows three-dimensional perception?

A) prehensile
B) opposable
C) binocular
D) stereoscopic

Question 11

Mammals have all of the following characteristics except:

A) a diaphragm to assist in breathing
B) a four-chambered heart
C) a combination of nasal and mouth cavities
D) milk from mother's mammary glands

Question 12

What statement best describes the role of ethics in field research of non-human primates?

A) field research is unethical for primatologists
B) ethics is not as significant an issue for primatologists as for cultural anthropologists
C) ethics is more important to research on primates in captivity than those in nature
D) field studies raise important ethical issues for primatologists

Question 13

Which of the following does not accurately describe the primate visual system?

A) nerve cells integrate the images derived from each eye
B) visual field is three-dimensional, registering height, width, and depth
C) nerve connections in the back of the eyes process visual information
D) eyes sit next to each other on the same plane with overlapping visual fields

Question 14

Which of the following is not an evolutionary trend in primate skeletons?

A) Eyes rotated more forward
B) Reduction of size of snout
C) More forward position for the opening at the base of the skull
D) Hands and feet have five radiating digits

Question 15

Approximately what percentage of the primate species is considered to be endangered today?

A) 25
B) 40
C) 50
D) 100

Question 16

The sense of smell is vital for _______________ in their location of food sources.

A) ground-dwelling, nocturnal mammals
B) tree-dwelling, diurnal mammals
C) ground-dwelling, diurnal mammals
D) tree-dwelling, nocturnal mammals

Question 17

Which of the following causes is not a primary reason today for primate endangerment?

A) habitat destruction
B) collection for souvenirs
C) hunting for bush-meat
D) use of animals in medical labs

Question 18

Which of the following topics would best be approached by studying primates in their natural habitat?

A) language-learning skills
B) social dynamics
C) comparative intelligence
D) conceptual capacity

Question 19

A creature that is active at night is considered to be:

A) arboreal
B) diurnal
C) noxious
D) nocturnal

Question 20

For an arboreal primate, which sense is most important in locating food?

A) hearing
B) taste
C) vision
D) smell

Question 21

Frans de Waal, in his study of bonobos, has found that _______________ that occurs after an attack may be more important that the attack itself.

A) migration
B) food sharing
C) reconciliation
D) display

Question 22

Which of the following best describes gorillas?

A) They are the largest ape, bipeds, carnivores, and big "bluffers."
B) They are the largest ape, knuckle-walkers, vegetarians, and big "bluffers."
C) They are the largest ape, knuckle-walkers, vegetarians, and aggressive.
D) They are the largest ape, knuckle-walkers, carnivores, and big "bluffers."

Question 23

Approximately how many years of evolutionary history are shared by Old World monkeys and apes, including humans?

A) 4-5 million years
B) 8-10 million years
C) 40 million years
D) 65 million years

Question 24

Jane Goodall was the first to scientifically document what kind of behavior among chimpanzees?

A) male dominance hierarchies
B) mother-infant bonding
C) hunting behavior
D) social cooperation

Question 25

Among chimpanzees and bonobos, grooming serves all of the following purposes except:

A) to beautify the animal
B) for reconciliation
C) to show affection
D) for hygienic purposes

Question 26

What have studies of non-human primates revealed about the researchers themselves?

A) that researchers are biased and compete to have their data recognized
B) that researchers are only looking for new and exciting discoveries
C) that researcher perspectives may affect the nature of the data gathered
D) that researchers have political agendas and rarely let the field data speak for itself

Question 27

Among primates, adolescence is generally marked by:

A) migration of males or females to new social groups
B) onset of extremely aggressive behavior towards new members
C) display threats and "bluffing" behavior to mark territory
D) changing behavior that has no pattern

Question 28

Genetically, tarsiers are most closely related to:

A) lemurs
B) apes
C) lorises
D) prosimians

Question 29

Which of the following is more arboreal?

A) baboons
B) orangutans
C) gorillas
D) chimpanzees

Question 30

What did the field studies of Japanese primatologist Kinji Imanishi reveal about bonobos?

A) importance of social ranking and competition
B) importance of social cooperation
C) importance of father-child bonds
D) importance of male dominance hierarchies

Question 31

Today, from a molecular approach, primates are frequently divided into two groups:

A) rhinoceros/rhinencephalon
B) strepsirhines/haplorhines
C) strepsirhini/diodarhini
D) hominids/prosimians

Question 32

Where are lemurs found today?

A) Sub-Saharan Africa
B) Malaysia
C) Indonesia
D) Madagascar

Question 33

Which of the following is the most solitary ape?

A) human
B) gibbon
C) bonobo
D) orangutan

Question 34

Which statement best describes the foraging behavior of chimpanzees?

A) constantly shifting, they break into sub-groups and smaller units
B) fixed and changing infrequently, they forage together as a group
C) chimpanzees forage together in family units headed by the mother
D) chimpanzees always forage alone

Question 35

Which of the following represent the primate group, Prosimians?

A) loris, tarsier, marmoset
B) siamang, tarsier, lemur
C) tarsier, loris, lemur
D) lemur, loris, siamamg

Question 36

Which group of primates is most associated with having a prehensile tail?

A) prosimians
B) apes
C) New World monkeys
D) Old World monkeys

Question 37

A second toe, called a "grooming claw," is found on:

A) bonobos
B) baboons
C) marmosets
D) lemurs

Question 38

Monkeys, apes, and humans are grouped together as:

A) hominoids
B) anthropoids
C) prosimians
D) hominids

Question 39

Which of the following is a true statement?

A) the shape of the primate collarbone varies between species
B) the collarbone (clavicle) in primates is long and narrow allowing flexible movements
C) the collarbone (clavicle) in primates is short and stout allowing for firm posture
D) primates do not have collarbones

Question 40

Which Old World monkey is of special interest to paleoanthropologists because it lives in savannahs like those in which we expect ancestral humans may have lived?

A) baboons
B) chimpanzees
C) lemurs
D) bonobos

Question 41

How can we best characterize the physical differences between humans and apes?

A) differences of degree
B) differences of kind
C) differences of size
D) differences of definition

Question 42

Researchers at Gombe, Tanzania have found that annually chimpanzees kill what percentage of red colobus monkeys within their habitat?

A) 5
B) 10
C) 20
D) 25

Question 43

Scientists argue that there is a _______________ evolutionary heritage between humans and apes.

A) questionable
B) punctuated
C) unclear
D) clear

Question 44

Apes generally nurse their young for _______________ years.

A) 5
B) 4
C) 3
D) 2

Question 45

What modified mammalian facial feature most contributes to increased expression among monkeys and apes?

A) forward eyes
B) high cheekbones
C) free upper lip
D) eyebrows

Question 46

No primates today are currently endangered.

Question 47

GG rubbing stands for:

A) genitor-genital
B) genuine-genito
C) genito-genital
D) genitor-genito

Question 48

Which form of contemporary technology most threatens gorilla habitats in the Democratic Republic of Congo?

A) cars
B) televisions
C) microwaves
D) cell phones

Question 49

Which is the only animal group to use mediators in conflict resolution?

A) Orangutans
B) Gorillas
C) Chimpanzees
D) Bonobos

Question 50

What does Stephen Jay Gould mean by the term "golden barriers"?

A) geographical areas that are set apart for conservation of non-human primates
B) tendency to separate humans from the rest of the primate order as unique
C) enclosures used in zoos to facilitate communication between apes and humans
D) the set of communication skills that pertain only to apes and humans

Question 51

Chimpanzee hunts are frequently characterized by:

A) intra-group attacks and cannibalism
B) male-female involvement and teamwork
C) solitary hunting
D) quick and opportunistic attack only

Question 52

What is unique about bonobo sexual activity among non-human primates?

A) they are promiscuous within their social groups
B) they do not limit their sexual behavior to times of female fertility
C) they restrict themselves to male-female sexual activity
D) they do not form pair bonds among sexual partners

Question 53

Regarding apes' communicative capacity exhibited in the wild, scientists have found that captive apes exhibit:

A) less interest in communication
B) a lower capacity to communicate
C) completely different kinds of calls
D) a greater capacity to communicate

Question 54

A slow period of growth and development among primates provides for all of the following except:

A) built-in behavioral responses
B) tight social bonds within the community
C) flexible and changeable behavioral patterns
D) close mother-infant bonds

Question 55

Conservation efforts have had greatest success among all of the following species except:

A) bonobos
B) tamarins
C) mountain gorillas
D) lowland gorillas

Question 56

Which of the following is a common mechanism used by many primates when relationships need to be maintained despite occasional conflict?

A) vocalization
B) reconciliation
C) gathering calls
D) GG rubbing

Question 57

Chimpanzees are the only apes to:

A) vocalize
B) reconcile
C) negotiate
D) mediate

Question 58

In his experiment with stumptail monkeys and rhesus macaques, Frans de Waal showed that:

A) stumptail monkeys are more aggressive than rhesus macaques
B) mediation is more significant to stumptail monkeys
C) monkeys can learn and modify behavior
D) stumptails learn behavioral modifications more than rhesus

Question 59

How do primatologists define a "tool"?

A) an object used to facilitate some task or activity
B) a modified natural object
C) an object which has been changed in a permanent way
D) primatologists do not have a definition for "tool"

Question 60

Chimpanzees use which type of vocalization for group protection, coordination of group efforts, and general social interaction?

A) howls
B) whistles
C) pant-hoots
D) lip-smacking

Question 61

Bonobos are the only primate species, besides humans, to routinely engage in sexual behavior when females are not ovulating.

Question 62

Chimpanzees throw objects as weapons.

Question 63

Among tarsiers, the largest social organizational unit is the community.

Question 64

Humans and gorillas are in the same superfamily.

Question 65

The varied diet available to arboreal primates required specialized teeth.

Question 66

Most of the great apes are endangered.

Question 67

All New World monkeys are arboreal.

Question 68

There are dominance hierarchies among chimpanzees.

Question 69

Binocular and stereoscopic vision developed as a response to arboreal life.

Question 70

Chimpanzee females hunt.

Question 71

Because they have retained so many ancestral characteristics, lemurs are considered to be less evolved than humans.

Question 72

Chimpanzee females reach sexual maturity around the age of 10.

Question 73

In the primate brain, it is the cerebral cortex that underwent the most changes.

Question 74

Nearly _______________ percent of all primate species face extinction within the next decade.

Question 75

Humans and apes are classified as strepsirhines.

Question 76

Closely related species have shared part of their evolutionary history.

Question 77

Tree-living primates have an acute sense of touch.

Question 78

Among primates, the limb pattern structure allows for speed.

Question 79

All primates have single births.

Question 80

Lemurs and lorises have "grooming claws."