Deck 11: Subsistence and Exchange

Question 1

What is seen as a unique quality of the human adaptation process?

A) it has an impact on the environment in which we live
B) it leads to biological change
C) it is dynamic and constantly changing
D) it involves the ability to produce and reproduce culture

Answer 1

it involves the ability to produce and reproduce culture

Question 2

People adapted to high altitude tend to have bodies that are:

A) long-legged and barrel-chested
B) short-legged and slender
C) long-legged and slender
D) short-legged and barrel-chested

Answer 2

short-legged and barrel-chested

Question 3

Can human beings be biologically changed by their environment?

A) yes, definitely
B) only when the environment is extreme
C) no, never
D) scientists are not sure

Answer 3

yes, definitely

Question 4

Subsistence, or the means of acquiring resources, is a part of the cultural:

A) social structure
B) substructure
C) superstructure
D) infrastructure

Question 5

The complex of ideas, activities, and technologies that enable people to survive is called:

A) parallel adaptation
B) sociobiological adaptation
C) cultural adaptation
D) social adaptation

Question 6

What is the altiplano?

A) a high plateau in the Andes
B) a form of agriculture
C) a type of economic exchange found in Finland
D) a herd of llamas

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the process of cultural adaptation and evolution?

A) a process of improvement for every individual
B) a process of both stability and change
C) a process of constant change
D) a process which results in progressive development

Question 8

Aymara Indians adapted to high altitude have a pulmonary diffusing capacity to oxygenate blood that is how much greater than someone adapted to the lowlands?

A) 10%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 70%

Question 9

As similar case studies, the Cheyenne and the Comanche are best depicted as examples of:

A) parallel adaptation
B) evolutionary adaptation
C) consequential adaptation
D) convergent adaptation

Question 10

A functioning whole, composed of both the natural environment and all the organisms living within it, is called:

A) culture
B) cultural adaptation
C) cultural ecology
D) ecosystem

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the concept of cultural evolution?

A) cultures may change over the course of time
B) cultures advance over the course of time
C) cultures break into new cultures over the course of time
D) all cultures emerge from a primitive non-animated state

Question 12

In primarily what geographic areas of the world do we find contemporary foragers?

A) arctic areas
B) temporal areas
C) tropical areas
D) marginal areas

Question 13

Which of the following is not considered an attribute of food foraging?

A) fishing
B) collecting
C) planting
D) hunting

Question 14

Which of the following statements is not true?

A) foragers are less likely to experience famine than agriculturalists
B) foraging represents a rational and adaptive mode of subsistence
C) contemporary foragers are all part of larger socio-economic systems
D) foragers have very little leisure time for family and spiritual development

Question 15

In the Andes, llamas and potatoes were domesticated approximately:

A) 500 years ago
B) 2,000 years ago
C) 4,000 years ago
D) 10,000 years ago

Question 16

The unit of adaptation includes both:

A) technology and commerce
B) organisms and their environment
C) people and animals
D) environment and climatic conditions

Question 17

Which of the following statements is most accurate?

A) Andean people have historically been adapted to high altitude, but today they are losing these attributes
B) Andean people have adapted culturally to high altitude, but biological adaptation is not possible
C) Andean people have adapted biologically to high altitude, but cultural adaptation has been extremely difficult
D) Andean people are both culturally and biologically adapted to high altitude

Question 18

Why are anthropologists cautious about using contemporary foragers as ethnographic analogies for our earliest ancestors?

A) they currently subsist in the most marginal geographic regions
B) they all use technology that our earliest ancestors would not have had
C) they did not exist at the time of our ancestors
D) they have evolved too far from the earliest origins

Question 19

Today, approximately what percentage of the world's population subsists through foraging as a primary mode of subsistence?

A) 5%
B) 0.5%
C) 0.05%
D) 0.005%

Question 20

Originally, the Comanche were:

A) warlike horse raiders from the area of what is now Arizona
B) raiders and hunters from the area that is now southern Idaho
C) hunters/gatherers from the area that is now southern Utah
D) hunter/gatherers from the area that is now southern Idaho

Question 21

Ju/'hoansi land ownership is determined by:

A) titled property rights
B) individual influence
C) kinship within the band
D) residence seniority in an area

Question 22

An economic system is:

A) an organizational arrangement for producing and distributing goods
B) an organizational arrangement for producing, distributing and consuming goods
C) a social model for trade within particular societies
D) a social process of distributing products within an industrial society

Question 23

A dual sex configuration pattern is most often found in:

A) certain American Indian societies and West African kingdoms
B) foraging societies such as the Ju/'hoansi
C) Maya peasant societies
D) nomadic and pastoral societies

Question 24

When almost all work in a society is divided along gender lines, it is called:

A) a segregated pattern
B) a flexible/integrated pattern
C) a cooperative pattern
D) a sex configuration pattern

Question 25

Which of the following is not an example of a food-producing society?

A) horticultural
B) foraging
C) pastoralist
D) agricultural

Question 26

Which of the following statements is not true in traditional societies?

A) women's work tends to be work that can be more easily interrupted
B) men's work tends to be work that is more physically demanding
C) women frequently perform tasks that tend to require rapid mobilization of energy
D) men frequently perform tasks that tend to require travel from home

Question 27

Which of the following produces a surplus in order to sell on the market?

A) foragers
B) swidden farmers
C) horticulturalists
D) agriculturalists

Question 28

All of the following routinely affect the mobility of foragers except:

A) availability of water
B) availability of plant resources
C) availability of animal resources
D) availability of fertile land

Question 29

Slash-and-burn cultivation produces approximately how many units of energy per unit expended?

A) 5 to 10 units of energy
B) 10 to 20 units of energy
C) 20 to 25 units of energy
D) -5 to -10 units of energy

Question 30

Why does capitalist market theory have limited applicability to non-state societies?

A) non-state societies do not understand capitalist market theory
B) non-state societies do not have an economic system
C) the economic sphere is not developed among non-state societies
D) the economic sphere is intertwined in other spheres of life in non-state societies

Question 31

Young Maya boys in Guatemala and Mexico commonly begin to make a substantial contribution to the household around age:

A) 7
B) 10
C) 12
D) 15

Question 32

The average weight of an individual's belongings among the Ju/'hoansi is:

A) less than 25 pounds
B) between 25 and 40 pounds
C) less than 15 pounds
D) more than 50 pounds

Question 33

The Neolithic Revolution had many consequences, but it is marked as being the time period in which people began:

A) domesticating plants and animals
B) forming state societies
C) engaging in economic exchange
D) developing electronic technology

Question 34

In what kind of society would you most expect to find the greatest amount of exploitative child labor?

A) foraging society
B) traditional farming society
C) capitalist society
D) horticultural society

Question 35

Among the Ju/'hoansi, land is defined in terms of:

A) national boundaries
B) water holes
C) mongongo fruit trees
D) ethnic boundaries

Question 36

An agricultural way of life involves:

A) draft animals, traders, political centralization
B) traders, pastoralism, simple hand tools
C) a plow, draft animals, no surplus
D) a plow, political centralization, no craft specialization

Question 37

A horticultural way of life involves:

A) a plow, but no irrigation, and a small amount of surplus
B) a plow and irrigation, and a large amount of surplus production
C) simple hand tools, and a fair amount of surplus production
D) simple hand tools and little surplus production

Question 38

Among the Ju/'hoansi, the owner of game is:

A) the individual who hunts the game
B) the individual whose arrow killed it
C) all adult members of the band
D) all adult male members of the band

Question 39

Approximately how many people worldwide practice pastoralism as a mode of subsistence?

A) 8 million people
B) 11 million people
C) 17 million people
D) more than 20 million people

Question 40

In the 19ᵗʰ-century West African kingdom of Dahomey, thousands of women:

A) served in the armed forces of the king
B) worked as hunters for the king
C) were employed in a weapons factory
D) worked as traders along the southern coast of Africa

Question 41

"Hard bargaining" is an example of:

A) balanced reciprocity
B) negative reciprocity
C) generalized reciprocity
D) retributive reciprocity

Question 42

All individuals within a population have the same capacity for adaptation.

Question 43

Cultural adaptation leads to an improvement in the lives of every individual.

Question 44

Mwali is exchanged in what direction?

A) clockwise direction
B) counterclockwise direction
C) northerly direction
D) southerly direction

Question 45

A form of sharp trading in which items from one group are exchanged for goods from another group is called:

A) generalized reciprocity
B) trade
C) balanced reciprocity
D) barter

Question 46

Most generalized reciprocity occurs among:

A) strangers
B) close kin
C) entrepreneurs
D) traders

Question 47

Ju/'hoansi society is known for absolute and restrictive control over their lands.

Question 48

Taxes are a form of:

A) generalized reciprocity
B) balanced reciprocity
C) negative reciprocity
D) redistribution

Question 49

What is different about special-purpose monies?

A) they are only useful in a centralized marketplace
B) only the elite within a society can use them
C) they are only used on ceremonial occasions
D) they have moral restrictions on their use

Question 50

Aymara Indians have a 70% greater pulmonary function than do lowlanders.

Question 51

Episodes of major change may be followed by long periods of relative stability.

Question 52

The traditional market is:

A) regional
B) national
C) local
D) transnational

Question 53

Soulava are:

A) red shell necklaces
B) white shell necklaces
C) red shell armbands
D) white shell armbands

Question 54

For humans, culture is the primary means of adapting to environmental limitations.

Question 55

The Kula ring is an example of:

A) potlatch reciprocity
B) generalized reciprocity
C) negative reciprocity
D) balanced reciprocity

Question 56

Why do indigenous hunters in Australia give away part of their meat?

A) for altruism
B) for social credit
C) for monetary profit
D) they do not give away their meat

Question 57

What is the primary goal of Kula ring partners?

A) to establish and solidify long-term trading partnerships
B) to compete against each other for monetary gain
C) to gain economic advantage over partners in both directions
D) to create a regular trade expedition

Question 58

The cargo system found in Maya Indian villages and towns in highland Guatemala is an example of a:

A) leveling mechanism
B) prestige economy
C) conspicuous consumption
D) informal economy

Question 59

Potatoes were first domesticated in the Andes.

Question 60

Cultural change is always progressive.

Question 61

In the United States we currently live in a postindustrial society.

Question 62

In human cultures, there is most often a division of labor by _______________ and _______________.

Question 63

Food foragers practice a form of resource allocation.

Question 64

Work that involves all members of a community is referred to as ___________________________.

Question 65

All pastoralists are dependent on agricultural groups.

Question 66

With the invention of the __________________________ in England, the industrial revolution began.

Question 67

Each mode of subsistence involves the work arrangements specific to that society, the resources and _______________.

Question 68

The electronic-digital revolution has propelled some societies into the post-industrial stage of development.

Question 69

Labor division among pastoral nomads is usually based on kinship.

Question 70

_________________________ is a complex of ideas, activities, and technologies that enable humans to survive and even thrive.

Question 71

Another name for slash-and-burn horticulture is ________________________.

Question 72

The Kula Ring is an example of balanced reciprocity.

Question 73

The Kula ring is now extinct.

Question 74

Some sort of complex division of labor and centralized political organization is necessary for the appearance of markets.

Question 75

When there are similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions achieved by people whose ancestral cultures were already somewhat alike, it is called __________________________.

Question 76

The number and kinds of tools a society uses is its _______________.

Question 77

A system composed of both the natural environment and all of the organisms living within it is called the _______________.

Question 78

The _______________ are pastoralists in Bolivia who tend llamas.

Question 79

In societies without a money economy, the rewards for labor are usually indirect.

Question 80

In today's postindustrial world, the particular geographical location where something is bought or sold is often not at all important.