Deck 5: The Skeletal System

Question 1

Arrange in the proper sequence the following events as they occur in the ossification of a long bone. 1. Chondroblasts die, and the surrounding matrix breaks down.
2) Osteoblasts secrete osteoid.
3) Blood vessels transport osteoblasts into the area to be ossified.
4) Chondroblasts create a model of long bones from cartilage.
5) Osteoblasts become osteocytes.

A) 3, 2, 5, 4, 1
B) 4, 1, 3, 2, 5
C) 4, 1, 5, 3, 2
D) 5, 2, 3, 1, 4
E) 3, 2, 1, 5, 4

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which one of the following is the correct classification of vertebrae, from the skull to the pelvis?

A) sacral, coccygeal, lumbar, thoracic, cervical
B) cervical, thoracic, lumbar, coccygeal, sacral
C) cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
D) coccygeal, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, cervical
E) coccygeal, thoracic, lumbar, cervical, sacral

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Bones are connected to other bones across a joint by

A) ligaments
B) tendons
C) osteocytes
D) cartilage
E) trabeculae

Answer 3

A

Question 4

All of the following statements about the sinuses are TRUE EXCEPT which one?

A) The sinuses are located in several of the facial bones.
B) The sinuses are lined by a tissue that produces and secretes mucus.
C) The sinuses give the human voice its characteristic resonance and tone.
D) The sinuses add weight and bulk to the skull and facial bones, strengthening them.
E) The sinuses connect to the nasal cavity by small passageways.

Question 5

Which one of the following separates neighboring vertebrae and also functions as shock absorbers?

A) ribs
B) palatine bones
C) intervertebral disks
D) intravertebral disks
E) osteons

Question 6

Even before organs begin to form, rudimentary versions of the shapes of bones begin to form in a fetus due to the

A) activity of growth hormone
B) formation of secondary ossification sites
C) activity of chondroblasts
D) formation of an osteoclast
E) breakdown of hyaline cartilage

Question 7

Osteoporosis is a common condition that essentially results when homeostasis cannot be maintained in ________ and ________.

A) osteoclasts, osteoblasts
B) osteoblasts, osteons
C) chondroblasts, osteoclasts
D) canaculi, chondroblasts
E) canaculi, osteoclasts

Question 8

Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY describes the location of compact bone and spongy bone?

A) Spongy bone is located at the ends, and compact bone is located in the core of the shaft of the bone.
B) Compact bone covers the ends of the bone and forms the shaft, and spongy bone is inside the ends, under the compact bone.
C) Spongy bone is found on the outside of the shaft, and compact bone forms the hard core of the shaft.
D) Spongy bone is found throughout the shaft and ends, covered by a thin layer of compact bone.
E) The ends of long bones are solid compact bone, and the shaft is predominantly spongy bone.

Question 9

Bones continue to lengthen throughout childhood and adolescence because

A) a growth plate is present in each epiphysis until the late teens
B) the production of cartilage for a lengthening bone occurs primarily on the inside of the growth plate
C) ossification cannot occur until after puberty
D) primary ossification occurs until death
E) the activity of osteoblasts cannot be reduced until adulthood

Question 10

In which of the following bones are the teeth anchored?

A) mandible and zygomatic bones
B) mandible and maxilla
C) maxilla and zygomatic bones
D) mandible and sphenoid bone
E) sphenoid bone and maxilla

Question 11

A typical long bone has an epiphysis at each end, which can be thought of as

A) yellow bone marrow
B) a cylindrical hollow shaft
C) a tough layer of connective tissue
D) a site of water storage
E) an enlarged knob

Question 12

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding bone?

A) The epiphysis of a long bone is filled with yellow bone marrow.
B) Bone is not considered to be a living tissue because it does not contain cells or blood vessels.
C) Dense compact bone is located in the center of a long bone.
D) Stem cells responsible for the production of blood cells are located in red bone marrow.
E) The outer surface of a bone is covered with loose connective tissue.

Question 13

Bones of trained athletes may be visibly thicker and heavier than those of nonathletes because

A) athletes have lower blood calcium levels than nonathletes
B) weight-bearing exercise increases bone mass and strength
C) nonathletes have a low parathyroid hormone rate
D) athletes produce more growth plates
E) nonathletes produce fewer osteoids

Question 14

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A) It stimulates the release of growth hormone.
B) It is released when blood calcium levels are high.
C) It has the same function as calcitonin.
D) It causes the breakdown of bone.
E) It causes decreased activity of osteoclasts.

Question 15

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding bone repair?

A) Fibrocartilage degenerates where the two broken ends of the bone were once together.
B) Osteoblasts convert cartilage to bone in the injured area.
C) Immediately after breaking a bone, a hematoma breaks free from the injured area.
D) Bones heal more quickly as individuals age.
E) The repaired area of a bone is much thinner than the original bone.

Question 16

All of the following are functions of bone EXCEPT which one?

A) red blood cell formation
B) serving as an endocrine organ, secreting several different hormones
C) support and protection
D) attachment of muscles, enabling movement
E) mineral storage

Question 17

When a bone breaks, a(n) ________ forms until later being replaced with bone.

A) cyst
B) growth plate
C) hematoma
D) callus
E) pore

Question 18

The type of cell responsible for the production of red and white blood cells in bone marrow is the

A) osteon
B) osteocyte
C) osteoclast
D) stem cell
E) canaliculi

Question 19

In characterizing cartilage, which one of the following is CORRECT?

A) Cartilage is found where support under pressure is required.
B) All types of cartilage are produced by osteocytes.
C) Cartilage functions to link muscles to bone.
D) Cartilage fibers make up ligaments.
E) Cartilage is flexible due to a spongy network of trabeculae.

Question 20

A young man is brought to an emergency room; his diagnosis is a broken cheek bone. Which one of the following bones has been affected?

A) zygomatic
B) mandible
C) frontal
D) sphenoid
E) temporal

Question 21

Which one of the following lists the bones of the arm from the fingertips to the shoulder joint?

A) humerus, radius and ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
B) phalanges, metacarpals, carpals, radius and ulna, humerus
C) phalanges, carpals, metacarpals, radius and ulna, humerus
D) phalanges, metacarpals, carpals, humerus, radius and ulna
E) radius and ulna, humerus, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Question 22

During the last two months of fetal development of the female, sex hormones cause bone remodeling of the pelvic girdle that adapts it for pregnancy and birth.

Question 23

A clear fluid lubricates

A) ligaments
B) suture
C) fibrous joints
D) synovial joints
E) hyaline cartilage

Question 24

Which one of the following bones articulates with the metatarsal bones?

A) phalanges
B) fibula
C) patella
D) tibia
E) femur

Question 25

Individuals can prevent osteoporosis by including sufficient supplies of vitamin C and calcium in their diets and maintaining a consistent exercise program.

Question 26

During normal healing of broken bones, a callus forms between the two broken ends.

Question 27

As bone develops and becomes hard, osteocytes become trapped in hollow chambers called lacunae.

Question 28

Surgically removed growth plates from a child result in no further increases in bone length.

Question 29

Which bone is frequently broken when someone dies of deliberate strangulation?

A) floating ribs
B) maxilla
C) cervical vertebrae
D) hyoid bone
E) mandible

Question 30

Late in puberty, the sex hormones signal the growth plate of a bone to stop growing; once this happens, the bone cannot get longer, but it can grow in width.

Question 31

In which one of the following locations would one find a cartilaginous joint?

A) between the frontal and parietal bones
B) in a hinge joint
C) between the lower ribs and sternum
D) between the scapula and humerus
E) in a ball-and-socket joint

Question 32

In mature compact bone, osteocytes become isolated from one another by the extracellular matrix, making it impossible for them to communicate with each other.

Question 33

Osteoporosis may result if the activity of osteoclasts outstrips the activity of osteoblasts.

Question 34

Cartilage-forming cells are referred to as chondroblasts.

Question 35

Osteoclasts dissolve the hydroxyapatite and digest the matrix during bone remodeling.

Question 36

Bone is composed only of nonliving material.

Question 37

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding fibrous joints?

A) They are freely movable and can bend and rotate.
B) The bones are separated by a fluid-filled cavity that lubricates the joint.
C) Fibrous joints present at birth between bones of the skull develop into sutures in the adult.
D) The bones are held together by cartilage and tendons.
E) They include hinge joints and ball-and-socket joints.

Question 38

The stability of a synovial joint is due largely to the presence of calcium salts.

Question 39

Which one of the following disorders of the skeletal system results from the "wearing out" of the cartilage that covers the ends of bones?

A) bursitis
B) osteoarthritis
C) tennis elbow
D) rheumatoid arthritis
E) sinusitis

Question 40

Each of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton EXCEPT which one?

A) ribs
B) vertebrae
C) sternum
D) maxilla
E) clavicle

Question 41

Using the figure above, match the following.
location of trabeculae

Question 42

Using the figure above, match the following.
epiphysis

Question 43

Tendons attach ________ to bone.

Question 44

Using the figure above, match the following.
location of blood vessels

Question 45

Using the figure above, match the following.
location of yellow bone marrow

Question 46

Using the figure above, match the following.
diaphysis

Question 47

The outer ear and epiglottis have a small amount of flexibility associated with them because of the presence of ________ cartilage.

Question 48

Stem cells in red bone marrow give rise to ________ and ________ blood cells.

Question 49

The foramen ovale is a large opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.

Question 50

Chondroblasts produce ________.

Question 51

________ forms the embryonic structures that later become bone.

Question 52

As osteocytes become enclosed in small chambers called lacunae, they still can communicate via ________.

Question 53

Using the figure above, identify the bones of the appendicular skeleton.

A) scapula
B) phalanges
C) metatarsals
D) radius
E) femur
F) tibia
G) patella
H) humerus
23) Label A represents the ________ bone.
24) Label B represents the ________ bone.
25) Label C represents the ________ bone.
26) Label D represents the ________ bone.
27) Label E represents the ________ bone.
28) Label F represents the ________ bone.
29) Label G represents the ________ bone.
30) Label H represents the ________ bone.

Question 54

________ refers to inflammation of the bursae following an injury.

Question 55

The outer surface of a bone is covered with a tough connective tissue called the ________.

Question 56

Tendons join bones to other bones across a joint.

Question 57

Using the figure above, match the following.
location of red bone marrow

Question 58

The process by which the cartilage of fetal bones is gradually replaced with bone tissue is ________.

Question 59

Vertebrae of the spinal cord are separated from each other by compressible, flat structures called ________.

Question 60

A number of different hormones work together to influence bone growth and integrity. Explain how each of the following hormones affects the development for the maintenance of bone: growth hormone, estrogen, testosterone, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone

Question 61

Immovable joints such as those found between bones of the skull are ________ joints.

Question 62

The ________ bones are pierced by tiny openings through which the tear ducts drain.

Question 63

The coccyx is classified as a(n) ________ structure because it no longer has a function.

Question 64

If a person has a herniated disk, sometimes surgery can relieve the pain that is associated with the condition. However, one side effect can be a loss in spinal flexibility. Why does this loss occur?

Question 65

The coxal bones of the pelvic girdle meet in front at the ________, where they are joined by cartilage.

Question 66

After adolescence, bones stop growing longer. They do, however, continue to grow. Describe how bones remodel or undergo repair.

Question 67

The blood calcium level is regulated by two hormones: ________ causes an increase in blood calcium, whereas ________ causes a decrease in blood calcium.

Question 68

The region of a long bone where cartilage is produced as a model for lengthening bone is the ________.

Question 69

A debilitating disease involving inflammation of the joints caused by an individual's own immune system is ________.

Question 70

When bones undergo repair, the process begins with the formation of a blood clot known as a(n) ________.

Question 71

Osteogenesis imperfecta, also known as "brittle bone disease," is caused by a genetic defect in the gene that encodes ________, the major protein found in bone.

Question 72

If a child needed to have surgery that removed all growth plates, what would be the effect on bone growth?