Deck 14: Understanding Individual Behavior

Question 1

The link between satisfaction and performance, according to research, is generally small and is affected by other factors.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The tendency to see one's own personal traits in other people refers to attribution.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Organizations don't want to lose talented, highly skilled workers, so they try to create an atmosphere of job satisfaction.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Job satisfaction is work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as needed to the organization's success.

Question 5

A change in behavior or performance that occurs as the result of experience refers to perception.

Question 6

The degree to which a person is focused on a few goals, thus behaving in ways that are responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement oriented is conscientiousness.

Question 7

Proximity is the tendency to group sensory data because they are alike in some way.

Question 8

Loyalty to and heavy involvement in one's organization refers to organizational commitment.

Question 9

The degree to which a person is able to get along with others by being good-natured, likable, cooperative, forgiving, understanding, and trusting is agreeableness.

Question 10

From attributions viewpoint, if the behavior is distinctive, the perceiver probably will make an internal attribution.

Question 11

From attributions viewpoint, if the behavior is in consensus, the perceiver will probably respond to similar situations in the same way.

Question 12

An internal attribution says something about the situation has caused the person's behavior.

Question 13

Teresa is highly imaginative and an artistically sensitive individual who displays a high degree of creativity. According to the Big Five personality factors, these qualities describe her openness to experience.

Question 14

Recent surveys indicate that the majority of working individuals strongly trust in their top management.

Question 15

Attribution is the cognitive process people use to make sense out of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information.

Question 16

Organizing the selected data into patterns for interpretation and response is the last step in the perception process.

Question 17

A positive attitude toward one's job is called cognitive attitude.

Question 18

Self-serving bias is when people give themselves too much credit for what they do well and give external forces too much blame when they fail.

Question 19

A halo blinds the perceiver to other attributes that should be used in generating a more complete assessment.

Question 20

The degree to which a person is outgoing, sociable, assertive, and comfortable with interpersonal relationships is called extroversion.

Question 21

Attitudes are judgments about what caused a person's behavior.

Question 22

People have a high external locus of control when they feel in control of their own fate.

Question 23

The three options in getting things done are: doing it, delegating it, or defering it.

Question 24

The degree to which a person is calm, enthusiastic, and self-confident, rather than tense, depressed, moody, or insecure is emotional stability.

Question 25

Locus of control refers to an individual's belief that he or she can successfully accomplish a specific task or outcome.

Question 26

Self confidence refers to a general assurance in one's own ideas, judgment, and capabilities.

Question 27

Extreme competitiveness, impatience, aggressiveness, and devotion to work are included in Type B behavior pattern.

Question 28

Self-management is NOT a component of emotional intelligence.

Question 29

Social awareness is the ability to connect to others, build positive relationships, respond to the emotions of others, and influence others.

Question 30

The last step in getting organized is to empty your head.

Question 31

An emotion can be thought of as a mental state that arises spontaneously within a person based on interaction with the environment rather than through conscious effort and is often accompanied by physiological changes or sensations.

Question 32

According to research, an individual's personality has no affect on how they respond to stressors.

Question 33

Machiavellianism is the tendency to direct much on one's behavior toward the acquisition of power and the manipulation of other people for purely personal gain.

Question 34

People with an external locus of control are harder to motivate but easier to manage.

Question 35

The Sensation-Thinking style prefers dealing with theoretical or technical problems.

Question 36

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a personality test that measures a person's preference for introversion vs. extroversion, sensation vs. intuition, thinking vs. feeling, and judging vs. perceiving.

Question 37

Low Machs are particularly good in jobs that require bargaining skills or that involve substantial rewards for winning.

Question 38

People with an internal locus of control are easier to motivate because they believe the rewards are the result of their behavior.

Question 39

Self-management is being aware of what you are feeling.

Question 40

The ability to connect to others, build positive relationships, respond to the emotions of others, and influence others is referred to as relationship management.

Question 41

The general assurance in one's own ideas, judgment, and capabilities is referred to as:

A) locus of control.
B) self-confidence.
C) self-efficacy.
D) perceptual selectivity.
E) cognitive dissonance.

Question 42

_____refers to loyalty to the heavy involvement in the organization.

A) Organization citizenship
B) Job satisfaction
C) Dissonance
D) Organizational commitment
E) Job involvement

Question 43

Studies have found that the characteristic most common to top executives is:

A) a Type A personality.
B) a workaholic mentality.
C) an unsatisfied worker.
D) an optimistic attitude.
E) an introverted personality.

Question 44

_____is defined as a positive attitude toward one's job.

A) Occupation approval
B) Career fulfillment
C) Job satisfaction
D) Organizational happiness
E) Organizational commitment

Question 45

Research shows that the link between _____ and _____ is small and is influenced by other factors.

A) satisfaction; performance
B) stress; work
C) stress; home
D) stress; performance
E) satisfaction; personality

Question 46

Challenge stress tends to burn people out, while threat stress fires you up.

Question 47

Which of the following describes the last step in the perception process?

A) Observing information
B) Screening the information
C) Selecting what to process
D) Organizing the selected data into patterns
E) Transmitting the observed information

Question 48

Roy is a top executive at a cigarette manufacturing company who believes that cigarettes are dangerous products and they kill people. This condition can be described as:

A) job involvement.
B) extroversion.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) Machiavellianism.
E) job satisfaction.

Question 49

_____is the process by which individuals screen and select the various objects and stimuli that vie for their attention.

A) Person-job fit
B) Perceptual selectivity
C) Organizational citizenry
D) Projection
E) Perceptual grouping

Question 50

Role ambiguity is defined as uncertainty about what behaviors are expected of a person in a particular role.

Question 51

An individual's strong belief that he or she can successfully accomplish a specific task or outcome is referred to as:

A) locus of control.
B) self-confidence.
C) self-efficacy.
D) perceptual selectivity.
E) cognitive dissonance.

Question 52

Organizations that want to challenge their employees and stay competitive can easily be stress-free.

Question 53

The cognitive process people use to make sense out of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information is called:

A) selective retention.
B) dissonance.
C) attitude.
D) perception.
E) personality.

Question 54

All of the following are tactics for promoting stronger organizational commitment EXCEPT:

A) maintaining a secretive culture
B) being honest and trustworthy in business dealings..
C) giving employees a say in business decisions.
D) treating employees fairly.
E) offering employees rewards that they value.

Question 55

People generally experience _____ when their work matches their needs and interests, when working conditions and rewards (such as pay) are satisfactory, and when the employees like their co-workers.

A) job involvement
B) extroversion
C) cognitive dissonance
D) Machiavellianism
E) job satisfaction

Question 56

Which of the following is a way for managers to promote organizational commitment?

A) Making work difficult
B) Punishing poor performance
C) Creating more rules
D) Giving more rewards
E) Being honest

Question 57

A survey by the Conference Board found that _____ percentage of US workers are satisfied with their work.

A) 25
B) 75
C) 45
D) 10
E) 95

Question 58

An evaluation that predisposes a person to act in a certain way is called a(n) _____.

A) attitude
B) authoritarianism
C) perception
D) projection
E) personality

Question 59

Which of the following refers to work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as needed to the organization's success?

A) Job satisfaction
B) Organizational citizenship
C) Cognitive dissonance
D) Job involvement
E) Organizational Commitment

Question 60

_____refers to a positive attitude toward one's job.

A) Organizational citizenship
B) Job satisfaction
C) Cognitive dissonance
D) Organizational commitment
E) Job involvement

Question 61

The first step in the perception process is _____.

A) contrasting
B) attribution
C) reasoning
D) observation
E) stereotyping

Question 62

Which of the following refers to the tendency to place the primary responsibility for one's success or failure either within oneself or on outside forces?

A) Machiavellianism
B) Emotional stability
C) Locus of control
D) Authoritarianism
E) Extroversion

Question 63

Canyon River, Inc. is looking for an individual who has a broad range of interests and is imaginative, creative, artistically sensitive, and willing to consider new ideas. Which of these factors are they emphasizing in their search?

A) Agreeableness
B) Conscientiousness
C) Emotional stability
D) Openness to experience
E) Extroversion

Question 64

Which of the following is the tendency to assign an individual to a group or broad category and then to attribute widely held generalizations about the group to the individual?

A) Stereotyping
B) Projection
C) Figure-ground
D) The halo effect
E) Perceptual defense

Question 65

The tendency to overestimate the contribution of internal factors to one's successes and the contribution of external factors to one's failures is a result of:

A) self-serving bias.
B) openness to experience.
C) over stability.
D) emotional plateau.
E) Machiavellianism.

Question 66

Traits of _____seem to be particularly important in today's collaborative organizations.

A) likability
B) agreeableness
C) friendliness
D) openness
E) sociability

Question 67

_____ refers to the set of characteristics that underlie a relatively stable pattern of behavior in response to ideas, objects, or people in the environment.

A) Dissonance
B) Personality
C) Halo effect
D) Attitude
E) Perception

Question 68

Josh evaluates Kandi's performance and gives her an "outstanding" based on his knowledge that she comes to work every day earlier than anyone else and therefore she is extremely hardworking. Josh is making which of these errors in perceptual judgment?

A) Perceptual defense
B) Projection
C) Stereotyping
D) The halo effect
E) Figure-ground

Question 69

An overall impression of a person or situation based on one attribute, either favorable or unfavorable, is an example of:

A) projection.
B) the halo effect.
C) perceptual defense.
D) stereotyping.
E) attribution.

Question 70

The tendency to overestimate the contribution of external factors is part of which perceptual bias?

A) Projection
B) The fundamental attribution error
C) The halo effect
D) Figure ground
E) Selective perception

Question 71

Blaming the teacher for a poor grade on an exam, and taking credit for good grades could be an example of which perceptual bias?

A) perceptual distortion.
B) closure activity.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) stereotyping.
E) perceptual grouping.

Question 72

Which of the following refers to the degree to which a person is focused on a few goals, thus behaving in ways that are responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement oriented?

A) Agreeableness
B) Conscientiousness
C) Emotional stability
D) Openness to experience
E) Extroversion

Question 73

Bernice is a talkative, assertive, and sociable individual who is very comfortable with interpersonal relationships. Which of the following is applicable to Bernice?

A) Machiavellianism
B) Conscientiousness
C) Agreeableness
D) Emotional stability
E) Extroversion

Question 74

Jay is a trusting and forgiving individual who gets along with others because of being good-natured and cooperative. This describes which of the Big Five personality factors?

A) Agreeableness
B) Conscientiousness
C) Emotional stability
D) Openness to experience
E) Extroversion

Question 75

Individuals who believe that they control their own destiny are described as having a:

A) high external locus of control.
B) high Mach personality.
C) low introversion characteristic.
D) high internal locus of control.
E) low Mach personality.

Question 76

Frank regretfully missed an important deadline at work. His boss, George, thinks to himself, "Frank missed that deadline because he is lazy; I really need to crack down on him more." This is an example of what kind of attribution?

A) External attribution
B) Internal attribution
C) Horizontal attribution
D) Vertical attribution
E) Skewed attribution

Question 77

The Big Five personality factors includes all of these EXCEPT:

A) extroversion.
B) conscientiousness.
C) emotional stability.
D) locus of control.
E) agreeableness.

Question 78

The tendency to overestimate the contribution of internal factors is part of which perceptual bias?

A) Projection
B) Self-serving bias
C) The halo effect
D) Figure ground
E) Selective perception

Question 79

In what stage of the perception process are individuals likely to put things into patterns?

A) Selecting
B) Projecting
C) Organizing
D) Sensing
E) Reasoning

Question 80

If Ben is tense, nervous, depressed and insecure, he would tend to be rated as low on which of these factors?

A) Agreeableness
B) Conscientiousness
C) Emotional stability
D) Openness to experience
E) Extroversion