Deck 13: Bandura: Performance in Cognitive Social Learning Theory

Question 1

Research suggests that self-efficacy beliefs have the greatest effect on task performance at the __________ of the task.

A) beginning
B) middle
C) end
D) none of the above

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A person who is dressed in distinctive, eye-catching clothes is assured at least of meeting the requirements of the __________ process of learning.

A) retention
B) attentional
C) motivational
D) motor reproduction

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which physiological variable has been found to be correlated with self-efficacy?

A) immune system functioning
B) brain waves
C) temperature
D) REM sleep patterns

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A person high in self-efficacy

A) is high in overall intelligence.
B) believes he or she can act effectively in a situation.
C) is popular.
D) is healthy.

Question 5

Optimism is

A) similar to efficacy in its effects on behavior.
B) the opposite of efficacy in its effects on behavior.
C) immature and unhealthy.
D) an early form of efficacy.

Question 6

Various cognitive techniques, such as symbolic coding, enhance

A) attentional processes.
B) motivational processes.
C) motor reproduction processes.
D) retention processes.

Question 7

A student who believes he or she can memorize all the definitions in the book, but still will not get a good grade, has

A) low self-efficacy expectations.
B) low outcome expectations.
C) both low efficacy expectations and low outcome expectations.
D) a phobia.

Question 8

Bandura's concept of __________ describes the mutual influences of the person, the environment, and behavior.

A) attentional processes
B) self-regulation
C) reciprocal determinism
D) symbolic coding

Question 9

The term "retention process" refers to

A) noticing a model.
B) remembering what a model has done.
C) doing what a model has done.
D) deciding whether it is worthwhile to behave as a model has done.

Question 10

A high level of self-efficacy is associated with

A) pessimism.
B) improved immune functioning.
C) being female.
D) all of the above

Question 11

A baseball player who repeatedly practices batting a ball, trying to improve, is working on the __________ phase of learning.

A) attentional
B) retention
C) motor reproduction
D) motivational

Question 12

A student has just started working on a term paper, which is supposed to be 40 pages long. One way to increase a sense of efficacy is to

A) sleep on it.
B) think about something else.
C) realize that writing 4 pages a week for 10 weeks will complete the task.
D) think of how important this paper is for the course grade.

Question 13

Outcome expectations are

A) the same as self-efficacy.
B) beliefs about how much effort is required to achieve a desirable outcome.
C) beliefs about what will happen if a behavior is performed.
D) not important in Bandura's theory.

Question 14

The concept of reciprocal determinism involves all of the following variables except which one?

A) behavior
B) environment
C) person
D) society

Question 15

The main function of the self-system, as described by Bandura, is to

A) enhance self-esteem.
B) regulate behavior.
C) ensure that behavior is moral.
D) keep homeostatic balance.

Question 16

Students high in self-efficacy

A) get better grades.
B) give up easily.
C) don't need to study very much.
D) are more anxious about tests.

Question 17

Bandura recommends that self-efficacy should be measured

A) globally.
B) separately for each area of behavior.
C) by projective tests.
D) by an interview.

Question 18

"Attentional processes" refers to

A) what we observe or pay attention to.
B) what we remember.
C) what we are motivated to do.
D) what we are able to do.

Question 19

Self-efficacy has been found to help treatment programs for

A) phobias.
B) weight loss.
C) AIDS prevention.
D) all of the above

Question 20

Research shows that we are more likely to strive toward goals if

A) we concentrate on the distant goal, not immediate short-term goals.
B) no one else has succeeded.
C) we are working alone.
D) we expect to be able to reach them.

Question 21

Bandura's studies of modeling in children were designed to investigate the psychoanalytic concept of

A) Oedipal rivalry.
B) sibling rivalry.
C) superego development.
D) identification.

Question 22

Bandura's research suggests that parents who wish to have children who aim for high goals should

A) model high standards for behavior.
B) punish low performance.
C) tell their children about the difficulties of the real world.
D) be nurturant.

Question 23

What recommendation does Bandura offer to make people behave more morally?

A) Teach them moral lessons in childhood.
B) Provide models of moral behavior.
C) Increase social control over behavior.
D) Appeal to their religious sentiments.

Question 24

People with high self-efficacy try harder.

Question 25

A coach may offer a prize for the most-improved player of the season. This would affect learning because of

A) attentional processes.
B) motor reproduction processes.
C) retention processes.
D) motivational processes.

Question 26

Based on research by Bandura, Ross, and Ross (1963), we would expect that

A) children will identify with the father in a two-parent family, whether he works or stays at home.
B) children will identify with the mother in a two-parent family, whether she works or stays at home.
C) children will identify with the working parent in a two-parent family, whether that parent is the mother or the father.
D) children will identify with the caretaking parent in a two-parent family, whether that parent is the father or the mother.

Question 27

Bandura and colleagues demonstrated that children can learn __________ through modeling.

A) aggression
B) performance standards
C) arbitrary playful behaviors
D) all of the above

Question 28

In their research on modeling, Bandura, Ross, and Ross (1963) found that children are most likely to imitate adults who are

A) the same sex as the child.
B) nurturant.
C) high status.
D) powerful.

Question 29

Learning by watching models is called

A) extinction.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) transitory learning.
D) vicarious learning.

Question 30

Outcome expectations are the same, theoretically, as self-efficacy.

Question 31

Why do individuals behave immorally, according to Bandura?

A) Society offers temptations for immoral behavior.
B) People are fundamentally selfish.
C) People conform to social pressures.
D) People fail to regulate their behavior toward moral standards, because of moral disengagement.

Question 32

In his studies of aggressive behavior, Bandura found that

A) boys were more aggressive than girls.
B) children increased their aggression if the model was punished for being aggressive.
C) children stopped their aggression if it led to physical injury.
D) children imitated live models, but not models seen on film.

Question 33

According to Bandura's research, children who have observed aggressive models may not behave aggressively, even if they have learned to do so, if they lack

A) incentives.
B) courage.
C) an audience.
D) toys.

Question 34

In his studies of aggression, Bandura found that

A) children are most aggressive when they are tired.
B) children are most aggressive when they are with their siblings.
C) children can learn aggressive behavior by watching adult models in a film.
D) children can learn aggression by watching television news programs.

Question 35

The concept of self-efficacy has few implications outside of psychotherapy.

Question 36

In his studies of film-mediated aggression, children watched models behave aggressively toward

A) other adults.
B) children.
C) animals.
D) a Bobo doll.

Question 37

Bandura expanded learning theory by his work on the importance of

A) extinction.
B) generalization.
C) modeling.
D) punishment.

Question 38

According to the concept of reciprocal determinism, behavior can influence personality, as well as the
opposite.

Question 39

Bandura said that therapy should be based upon

A) insight.
B) an analysis of childhood experience.
C) learning principles.
D) physiological interventions.

Question 40

The most important determinant of therapeutic effectiveness, according to Bandura, is the development of

A) insight.
B) self-efficacy.
C) identification.
D) motivation.

Question 41

Children sometimes imitate aggression less if they see the model punished for being aggressive.

Question 42

Efficacy is a cognitive concept that has no known relationship to physiological variables.

Question 43

Parents who set high standards for their own behavior are likely to have children who also set high
standards.

Question 44

In real life, modeling produces only socially desirable behavior.

Question 45

Children are more likely to imitate the parent who is more nurturing, rather than the parent who has
more power.

Question 46

Describe the contributions of cognitive social learning theory to psychotherapy.

Question 47

Paying attention is the first phase of learning.

Question 48

According to Bandura, effective psychotherapy requires that a person gain insight into the
developmental origins of problem behavior.

Question 49

To ensure moral behavior, we must consider society and not only the individual, according to
Bandura.

Question 50

List and explain the four processes that influence learning, as described by Bandura. Give an
example of each.

Question 51

Summarize Bandura's research on modeling. List some of his important findings. Explain the
relevance of this research for personality development.

Question 52

A person high in self-efficacy

A) is high in overall intelligence.
B) believes he or she can act effectively in a situation.
C) is popular.
D) is healthy.

Question 53

According to Bandura, people automatically model what they have observed.

Question 54

Bandura asserted that learning can occur by observing models.

Question 55

Define "self-efficacy." Why are self-efficacy expectancies important?

Question 56

Explain Bandura's concept of "reciprocal determinism." Diagram it. Discuss how this concept is
different from Skinner's concept of environmental determinism.

Question 57

Bandura's research shows that modeling can be an effective therapeutic intervention for phobias.

Question 58

Motivation can come from processes within a person, as well as from external sources, according to
Bandura.

Question 59

Research finds that in the real world, as well as in the laboratory, aggression is increased by
modeling.

Question 60

Aggressive behavior can be learned by modeling.

Question 61

Which of the following is not one of the efficacy expectations that an individual's self efficacy is based upon Performance Accomplishments
Vicarious Experience
Physical Arousal
Verbal Persuasion

Question 62

The most important determinant of therapeutic effectiveness, according to Bandura, is the development of

A) insight.
B) self-efficacy.
C) identification.
D) motivation.

Question 63

Bandura and colleagues demonstrated that children can learn __________ through modeling.

A) aggression
B) performance standards
C) arbitrary playful behaviors
D) all of the above

Question 64

Which of the following is not one of the four processes required for learning to take place according to Bandura! Attentional Processes
Detention Processes
Motor Reproduction Processes
Motivational Processes

Question 65

Learning by watching models is called

A) extinction.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) transitory learning.
D) vicarious learning.

Question 66

Research shows that we are more likely to strive toward goals if

A) we concentrate on the distant goal, not immediate short-term goals.
B) no one else has succeeded.
C) we are working alone.
D) we expect to be able to reach them.

Question 67

Bandura expanded learning theory by his work on the importance of

A) extinction.
B) generalization.
C) modeling.
D) punishment.

Question 68

Optimism is

A) similar to efficacy in its effects on behavior.
B) the opposite of efficacy in its effects on behavior.
C) immature and unhealthy.
D) an early form of efficacy.

Question 69

The concept of reciprocal determinism involves all of the following variables except which one?

A) behavior
B) environment
C) person
D) society