Deck 15: Maslow and His Legacy: Need Hierarchy Theory and Positive Psychology

Question 1

In order of their emergence, the needs in Maslow's hierarchy are

A) physiological, safety, esteem, love, self-actualization.
B) physiological, esteem, safety, love, self-actualization.
C) physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization.
D) safety, physiological, love, esteem, self-actualization.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The need for self-esteem is

A) a deficiency motivation.
B) a self-actualization motivation.
C) never adequately satisfied.
D) the highest human need.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Maslow studied sex in humans

A) as a physiological need only.
B) as a belongingness and love need only.
C) as both a physiological and a belongingness and love need.
D) in a laboratory.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following illustrates B-motivation?

A) jealousy
B) beauty, truth, and justice
C) focused attention
D) business

Question 5

At the first four levels of the need hierarchy, people are motivated by __________.

A) fear
B) hunger
C) deficiency
D) approval

Question 6

At the lower levels of the hierarchy of needs, people are motivated by

A) fear.
B) conscious goals.
C) unmet basic needs.
D) neurotic conflict.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of the second level of the need hierarchy?

A) Children in drought-stricken Africa are dying of starvation.
B) The football quarterback is embarrassed that he fumbled a catch.
C) Military personnel, away from home for many weeks, are sexually frustrated.
D) People are evacuated from a building because of a bomb threat.

Question 8

After safety and physiological needs are adequately met, the next level to motivate people is

A) sex.
B) esteem.
C) love and belongingness.
D) self-actualization.

Question 9

Maslow recommended a __________ approach to psychological research.

A) method-centered
B) person-centered
C) problem-centered
D) time-focused

Question 10

Regarding sex, Maslow thought that it was

A) only a physiological need.
B) an important "love and belongingness" need, as well as a physiological need.
C) not a source of deficiency motivation in the twentieth century.
D) not interesting for a theory concerned with self-actualization.

Question 11

At the highest level of the need hierarchy, people are

A) no longer motivated by deficiencies.
B) quite similar to other self-actualized persons.
C) incapable of feeling bored.
D) perfect.

Question 12

The need to be all that you can be, to fulfill all your potentials, is typical of the __________ level of the need hierarchy.

A) second
B) third
C) fourth
D) fifth

Question 13

Maslow's vision of "Taoist Science" emphasizes

A) meaniful interaction with the subject matter.
B) control of experimental error.
C) the separation of the observer and the subject matter.
D) objectivity.

Question 14

According to Maslow, once a need has been met

A) it never again is the predominant need.
B) it may again become dominant, if no longer met in the future.
C) a person becomes fixated, and remains at that stage.
D) a person moves down to the next lower level.

Question 15

The highest need on Maslow's hierarchy of needs is

A) creativity.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-actualization.
D) love.

Question 16

Compared to D-motivation, B-motivation is

A) later to develop.
B) less passive and receptive.
C) more focused.
D) more similar to animal motivation.

Question 17

Maslow's theory is sometimes called

A) individual psychology.
B) person-centered theory.
C) third force psychology.
D) behavioral psychology.

Question 18

In the case of David Pelzer in the beginning of quiz 15, we learned that David sometimes had to eat food out of the dog dish to survive. What need was he trying to meet in doing so?

A) self-actualization
B) love and belongingness
C) safety needs
D) physiological needs

Question 19

Sometimes, according to Maslow, people become compulsive and obsessive neurotics in order to try to ensure a feeling of

A) physiological need satisfaction.
B) self-esteem.
C) safety.
D) being loved.

Question 20

Abraham Maslow's theory emphasizes

A) social determinants of behavior.
B) learning.
C) scientific methodology.
D) the most healthy individuals.

Question 21

People who are self-actualized are most likely to laugh at

A) the human condition.
B) psychologists.
C) their teachers or supervisors.
D) nothing.

Question 22

Which of the following is not a characteristic of self-actualized people?

A) enculturation
B) spontaneity
C) creativity
D) need for privacy

Question 23

Which of the following methods did Maslow use most often in his study of self-actualized people?

A) experimentation
B) multivariate correlational studies
C) surveys
D) indirect observation

Question 24

Maslow described self-actualized people as thinking like a(n)

A) scientist.
B) psychologist.
C) artist.
D) politician.

Question 25

Which of the following is listed by Maslow as a characteristic of self-actualized people?

A) career success
B) many friends
C) intelligence
D) need for privacy

Question 26

What phrase best describes a peak experience?

A) a mystical, altered state of consciousness
B) a moment when achievement seems easy (though the experience may be misleading)
C) a "personal best" performance
D) the time in middle age when mental health is highest, before the inevitable declines of old age

Question 27

Which of the following is characteristic of self-actualized people, according to Maslow?

A) firm belief in the values of their society
B) a sense that life is highly predictable
C) rejection of sexual needs
D) spontaneity

Question 28

A person who is "metamotivated"

A) is in the middle of the need hierarchy.
B) is trying to restore homeostasis.
C) is passive and receptive, rather than active.
D) feels determined by forces beyond his or her control.

Question 29

Researchers have found that retrospective peak experiences reported among Japanese adults

A) are the same as those reported by Westerners
B) are mostly the result of sexual encounters
C) are rare as most are "nonpeakers"
D) involve interpersonal experiences

Question 30

Peak experiences are

A) universally interpersonal in nature.
B) universal among self-actualized people.
C) always religious experiences
D) none of the above

Question 31

Which hypothesis is predicted by Maslow's theory?

A) People would rather starve than eat food forbidden by their religion.
B) Great soldiers would rather die than act cowardly.
C) Starving artists and musicians produce the best works of art.
D) none of the above

Question 32

Which test measures self-actualization?

A) the Maslow Art Test
B) the SAT
C) the MMPI
D) the Myers-Briggs

Question 33

Which of the following is not listed by Maslow as a characteristic of self-actualized people?

A) optimism
B) spontaneity
C) peak experiences
D) humility

Question 34

In his survey of 3,000 college students, about how many did Maslow find whom he considered to be self-actualized?

A) one student
B) two percent (60 students)
C) ten percent (300 students)
D) fifty percent (1500 students)

Question 35

Rather than the terms "neurotic" and "normal," Maslow preferred the terms

A) "mentally ill" and "mentally healthy."
B) "self-actualizing" and "stunted."
C) "crazy" and "sane."
D) "well adjusted" and "poorly adjusted."

Question 36

Which of the following is characteristic of self-actualized people, according to Maslow?

A) close interpersonal relationships with many people
B) conformity to standards of their peer group
C) self-centeredness
D) creativity

Question 37

Which statement about self-actualization tendencies is most accurate?

A) Self-actualization does not motivate people, in any form, until the lower order needs are met.
B) Maslow estimated less than 1 percent of all individuals are self-actualized.
C) Curiosity and creative tendencies occur at the highest level of the need hierarchy only.
D) Self-actualization is the dominant motivation throughout life, according to Maslow.

Question 38

Maslow recommended that psychology should study people who

A) represent a broad diversity of personality types.
B) are self-actualized.
C) agree to provide answers to questionnaires, as well as being rated by trained observers.
D) represent a variety of psychiatric diagnoses.

Question 39

Maslow referred to his utopian vision of society, which he called

A) Walden Two.
B) Utopia.
C) Eupsychia.
D) Nirvana.

Question 40

Which of the following characteristics is typical of D-love?

A) independence for both partners
B) facilitation of each partner's growth
C) jealousy
D) self-actualization

Question 41

A measure of self-actualization that is frequently used in research is the

A) MMPI.
B) Rorschach inkblot test.
C) Personal Orientation Inventory.
D) psychiatric interview.

Question 42

The Time Competence scale of the Personal Orientation Inventory measures the extent to which a person lives in the __________, which is evidence of self-actualization.

A) real world
B) past
C) present
D) future

Question 43

While therapy in traditional modes might be necessary for the seriously disturbed, Maslow thought that healthy people could develop their potential through

A) groups.
B) behavioral interventions.
C) traditional educational settings.
D) private self-exploration.

Question 44

The needs lowest on Maslow's hierarchy are safety needs.

Question 45

The hierarchy of needs describes five levels of needs, from basic physical needs to self-actualization.

Question 46

Deci's concept of intrinsic motivation is best described as

A) inner personality motives of many kinds, including libido and self-actualization.
B) motivation to do an activity for the inherent satisfaction of the activity itself.
C) resistance to conformity pressures.
D) B-motivation.

Question 47

Which of the following is a scale measured by the Personal Orientation Inventory?

A) the Authoritarian Thinking scale
B) the Inner Directed Supports scale
C) the Psychosomatic Symptom scale
D) the Religious Orientation scale

Question 48

Maslow's need hierarchy theory helps us understand

A) why consumers choose some products over others.
B) why consumers sometimes pay more for prestigious versions of products.
C) how products like food can fulfill physiological needs and also be relevant to esteem needs
D) all of the above

Question 49

Maslow envisioned a next stage in the development of psychology. This "fourth" stage would be concerned with __________ issues.

A) transpersonal
B) supernatural
C) social
D) neurological

Question 50

Regarding religion, Maslow thought that

A) truth should be sought in the traditional religions of our culture.
B) truth should be sought in religions of other cultures.
C) science has made religion obsolete.
D) prophets of the past actually had "peak experiences."

Question 51

Which statement best describes implications of Maslow's approach to the workplace?

A) Work is only relevant for stages 2 and 3 in Maslow's need hierarchy.
B) Work impedes self-actualization.
C) Managers are usually self-actualized, but lower level employees are not.
D) Work is more satisfying if it contributes to need fulfillment at various levels in the need hierarchy.

Question 52

Maslow emphasized the importance of well-controlled research studies in psychology.

Question 53

According to Maslow, humans, unlike animals, are never motivated primarily by hunger and other
physical needs.

Question 54

The abuse David Pelzer experienced at the hand of his mother had little impact on how he got his
needs met at an early age.

Question 55

Maslow's critics suggested that his theory was overly influenced by his own

A) neurosis.
B) values.
C) religion.
D) animal research.

Question 56

Education, according to Maslow, should encourage students'

A) curiosity.
B) respect for authority.
C) physical health.
D) mathematical competence.

Question 57

The term "positive psychology" refers to

A) a current emphasis in psychology on subjective experience and psychological health.
B) a philosophical position that emphasizes scientific observation.
C) all the empirically verified findings within psychology.
D) political activism in favor of increased funding for psychological research.

Question 58

The Personal Orientation Inventory measures

A) a person's stage in the need hierarchy.
B) a person's level of self-actualization.
C) extraversion.
D) creativity.

Question 59

What was Maslow's attitude toward religion?

A) Religion has no place in the modern world.
B) Religious dogma is a useful guide to self-actualization.
C) Religious prophets have experienced what Maslow calls "peak experiences," which are valuable insights to be communicated to others.
D) Religion was not discussed in his theory.

Question 60

Maslow criticized the desacralization of human experience by professionals, by which he meant

A) the heresy of secular humanism.
B) the loss of the sense of the sacred.
C) the inclusion of values in science, where they do not belong.
D) the failure to appropriately measure psychological qualities.

Question 61

Maslow suggested that we could learn most about personality by studying unhealthy populations.

Question 62

People who are self-actualized may act conventionally for convenience, but they are detached from
their culture.

Question 63

Self-actualized people have human faults, like the rest of us.

Question 64

Maslow's theory predicts that needs will appear in a particular order within an individual's life.

Question 65

Self-actualized people typically have a strong need to be with other people.

Question 66

At the highest level of the need hierarchy, people are metamotivated.

Question 67

After safety needs are satisfied, the next level to become prepotent is belongingness and love needs.

Question 68

According to Maslow, the self-actualized person thinks intuitively, like an artist.

Question 69

Esteem needs are important at the level of B-motivation.

Question 70

B-love often involves jealousy.

Question 71

After esteem needs are met, the next level to emerge as important is belongingness and love.

Question 72

Maslow preferred to speak of "human diminution or stunting" instead of "psychological illness."

Question 73

Self-actualized people are particularly aware of the conflict between what is good for the individual
and what is good for other people.

Question 74

Esteem needs are satisfied when other people think well of us, even if that reputation is based on
erroneous information.

Question 75

The Personal Orientation Inventory measures self-actualization.

Question 76

Maslow considered curiosity to be an early manifestation of self-actualization.

Question 77

According to Maslow, most college students, by the senior year, are self-actualized.

Question 78

According to Maslow, all self-actualized people have peak experiences.

Question 79

Achievement and concern with reputation are typically important at the fourth level of the need
hierarchy.

Question 80

Self-actualized people are less likely to conform to social influence pressures than are other people.