Deck 4: Adler: Individual Psychology

Question 1

According to Adler, people are motivated to move from __________ to __________.

A) a felt minus; a felt plus
B) Europe; America
C) rural areas; cities
D) physical needs; psychological needs

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which statement best describes the relationship between Freud and Adler?

A) Freud influenced Adler.
B) Adler influenced Freud.
C) Freud and Adler each influenced the other.
D) Neither Freud nor Adler influenced the other.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Adler's term, "__________," has become widely known.

A) transference
B) psychic determinism
C) collective unconscious
D) inferiority complex

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A child who fights with playmates may be expressing

A) organ inferiority.
B) masculine protest.
C) the aggressive drive.
D) superiority striving.

Question 5

Which statement most accurately compares "superiority striving" and "perfection striving," as Adler used these terms?

A) Superiority striving is neurotic; perfection striving is healthy.
B) Superiority striving is healthy; perfection striving is neurotic.
C) Superiority striving and perfection striving are similar, and are both neurotic.
D) Superiority striving and perfection striving are similar, and are both healthy.

Question 6

A person who cannot successfully compensate for inferiority, in Adler's theory, develops a(n)

A) inferiority complex.
B) fictional finalism.
C) aggressive drive.
D) phobia.

Question 7

According to Adler, the healthy way to deal with physical inferiorities is through

A) denial.
B) repression.
C) compensation.
D) social support.

Question 8

In his explanation of the concept of organ inferiority, Adler emphasized

A) the inheritance of personality.
B) the subjective experience of the child.
C) the impact of physical limitations on the development of intelligence.
D) determinism.

Question 9

Organ inferiority, the aggressive drive, masculine protest, superiority striving, and perfection striving are

A) stages that occur, one after the other, in the development of normal personality.
B) stages that occur, one after the other, in the development of unhealthy personality.
C) stages in the development of Adler's thinking about personality.
D) various diagnostic categories.

Question 10

Masculine protest occurs in

A) boys only.
B) girls only.
C) unhealthy girls only.
D) both boys and girls.

Question 11

Of the following, Adler most strongly emphasized

A) determinism.
B) the creative self.
C) spirituality.
D) sexuality.

Question 12

According to Adler, a child who suffers from a childhood crippling disease

A) will probably become neurotic.
B) will probably become psychotic.
C) will probably not be affected psychologically, because physical and psychological issues are separate.
D) may have a variety of outcomes, depending upon his or her attitude toward the disability.

Question 13

An inferiority complex is

A) a normal stage of development.
B) a result of compensation for organ inferiority.
C) an unhealthy outcome.
D) a sign of mental health.

Question 14

Adler's concept of the "aggressive drive" is most closely associated with the emotion of

A) guilt.
B) shame.
C) embarrassment.
D) anger.

Question 15

Adler's theory is called

A) psychoanalysis.
B) social analysis.
C) individual psychology.
D) learning theory.

Question 16

According to Adler, Freud was

A) an introvert.
B) a paranoic.
C) the greatest psychologist who ever lived.
D) a pampered child.

Question 17

According to Adler, the basic human motivation is to strive toward

A) a better situation.
B) sexual fulfillment.
C) balance between the conscious and the unconscious.
D) inner peace.

Question 18

In the description of Oprah Winfrey in the beginning of quiz 4, the text states that as a child Oprah was dissatisfied with her hair, her nose, and her dark skin. What would an Adlerian psychologist call these negative self-evaluations?

A) felt-minus
B) felt-plus
C) inferiority drive
D) id complex

Question 19

In Adler's theory, a superiority complex is

A) a sign that a person has achieved a high level of mental health.
B) a requirement to become a therapist.
C) unhealthy.
D) not mentioned.

Question 20

Because of his emphasis on growth and a holistic view of people, Adler's theory is a precursor to

A) trait psychology.
B) humanist psychology.
C) learning theory.
D) psychoanalysis.

Question 21

According to Adler, a person's style of life is determined by

A) parents.
B) the person's own goals
C) fate
D) biological factors.

Question 22

The unknown part of a person's fictionally final goal is

A) irrelevant to psychological functioning.
B) repressed because of painful childhood experiences.
C) the unconscious.
D) likely to cause emotional problems.

Question 23

Research on early memories

A) has not been conducted.
B) confirms that they correlate with many behaviors.
C) shows that they are not important, and that Adler's predictions were not confirmed.
D) shows that early memories are usually inaccurate.

Question 24

In his phrase describing his point of view about people, Adler said that each person is the __________ of his own personality.

A) artist
B) creator
C) destroyer
D) judge

Question 25

A person who is excessively passive and dependent has probably adopted a(n) __________ style of life.

A) avoiding
B) getting
C) ruling
D) socially useful

Question 26

Adler categorized delinquents as __________ type people.

A) aggressive
B) brutal
C) ruling
D) getting

Question 27

Imagining what would make up for the negatives in our lives is, according to Adler,

A) fictional finalism.
B) a neurotic defense mechanism.
C) characteristic of neglected children only.
D) a superiority complex.

Question 28

Adler recommended that parents should

A) indulge their children. (There's no such thing as a spoiled child!)
B) avoid pampering their children.
C) teach their children about sex roles.
D) punish any early signs of homosexuality.

Question 29

A person who has a fixed, unchanging, inflexible "fictional finalism" is probably

A) an artist.
B) a healthy personality.
C) a neurotic.
D) old.

Question 30

Adler's term that best describes an individual's unique personality is

A) family constellation.
B) style of life.
C) compensation.
D) social interest.

Question 31

Adler believed that a person's style of life was in place by age

A) 2
B) 5
C) 12
D) 25

Question 32

The three mistaken styles of life identified by Adler are

A) gluttony, greed, and crime.
B) neurosis, psychosis, and retardation.
C) ruling, getting, and avoiding.
D) masculine protest, aggressive drive, and organ inferiority.

Question 33

Which phrase did Adler use to refer to people who do not develop in a healthy way?

A) mistaken styles of life
B) psychologically underdeveloped
C) neurotic misfits
D) retarded

Question 34

Which phrase corresponds most closely to Adler's concept of a "fictional finalism"?

A) what we think will satisfy our sense of what is lacking in our lives
B) pretending that we have finally reached the goal
C) a book or journal in which we imagine the last year of life and write about it
D) a false theory which has been finally given up

Question 35

According to Adler, a socially useful style of life is

A) impossible in modern society.
B) typical of extraverts.
C) a mistaken style of life.
D) healthy.

Question 36

Which of these questions would Adler ask in order to understand a person?

A) "At what age were you toilet trained?"
B) "Do you dream in color or in black and white?"
C) "What is your earliest memory?"
D) "What does this inkblot look like?"

Question 37

People who continually put down others as worthless have

A) a mistaken style of life.
B) a ruling type of personality.
C) a deprecation complex.
D) all of the above

Question 38

People who suffer from agoraphobia are __________ type people, in Adler's typology.

A) avoiding
B) getting
C) ruling
D) socially useful

Question 39

Of the following, the most important key to understanding a person, according to Adler, is contained in his or her

A) dreams.
B) attitudes toward people.
C) first memories.
D) physical characteristics.

Question 40

Which type of personality is most healthy, according to Adler?

A) the socially useful type
B) the getting type
C) the ruling type
D) the avoiding type

Question 41

The most favorable birth order, according to Adler, is the

A) first-born.
B) second-born.
C) youngest child.
D) only child.

Question 42

Which statement best describes the attitude of Adlerian psychologists toward parents?

A) Parents can learn to be more effective through training programs.
B) Parents have much less impact on their children than is generally supposed.
C) Parents should limit their families to no more than two children.
D) Parents know what is best for their children.

Question 43

The three major tasks of life, according to Adler, are

A) school, marriage, and parenthood.
B) life style, financial security, and achievement.
C) self esteem, reputation, and challenge.
D) love, work, and social interaction.

Question 44

Revolutions in science, like those led by Copernicus and Darwin, are typical of __________ children.

A) firstborn
B) laterborn
C) only
D) twin

Question 45

According to Adler, all neurosis stems from inadequate

A) ambition.
B) self-confidence.
C) social interest.
D) intelligence.

Question 46

Adler described the first-born child as the __________ for the second child.

A) parent substitute
B) role model
C) pacemaker
D) fantasy sexual object

Question 47

Adler called attention to the importance of

A) sexuality.
B) age.
C) birth order and siblings.
D) pets.

Question 48

Which of the following family situations would Adler not say affects a child's personality development

A) Birth order
B) Spacing between children
C) Number of boys and girls in the family
D) Children with special talents must compete more than those who do not

Question 49

Adler would not recommend that parents give their children

A) Encouragement
B) Respect
C) Consistency
D) Lots of attention

Question 50

Adler's major criterion for psychological health is

A) the absence of anxiety.
B) social interest.
C) high achievement in school.
D) creativity.

Question 51

Oldest children are __________ by the arrival of later children, according to Adler.

A) rewarded
B) made higher in status
C) deprived of their pacemaker
D) dethroned

Question 52

What do Adlerians offer parents?

A) sympathy
B) the threat of lawsuits
C) training programs
D) legal options

Question 53

The effects of birth order are

A) consistently found, by research, to confirm Adler's predictions.
B) universal across cultures and socioeconomic levels.
C) significant for achievement, supporting Adler's theory, but not for other aspects of personality.
D) often significant in research, but with varying effects in different studies.

Question 54

According to Adler, which of the following is one of the three tasks of life?

A) artistic achievement
B) social interaction
C) political interest
D) education

Question 55

According to Adler, the first-born child is likely to be

A) a male.
B) pampered.
C) neglected.
D) high in social interest.

Question 56

The term "family constellation" refers to

A) the genetics of personality.
B) the number, age, and sex of siblings.
C) the fact that grandparents are also important in determining personality.
D) the family's beliefs about who is the "star."

Question 57

People who score high in social interest

A) are mentally healthy.
B) are satisfied with their work.
C) are healthier than those who score low.
D) all of the above

Question 58

Adler described the youngest child as likely to be

A) pampered or spoiled.
B) high in social interest.
C) deformed.
D) rebellious.

Question 59

The most important evidence of mental health, for Adler, is

A) a satisfying sex life.
B) social interest.
C) a good mood.
D) the ability to tolerate frustration.

Question 60

Frank Sulloway examined birth-order effects in famous historical figures such as Copernicus and Darwin. Which of the following is NOT one of the criticisms of Sulloway's work discussed in your text?

A) History and the lives of historical figures are open to multiple interpretations
B) Other empirical research demonstrated opposite findings from those of Sulloway..
C) Sulloway was too empirical in his approach.
D) Sulloway was biased in choosing to study the people he examined.

Question 61

Adler suggested that, if there is a fourth life task in addition to the three he named, it is

A) reproduction.
B) politics.
C) art.
D) recreation.

Question 62

Adler thought that the impact of physical handicaps on personality depends on a child's subjective experience.

Question 63

Adler criticized the traditional sex roles of his culture.

Question 64

Adler thought that the aggressive drive occurred only in delinquents.

Question 65

When inferiority feelings are not overcome and growth stagnates, they are called an inferiority
complex.

Question 66

For Adler, "superiority striving" is the opposite of "organ inferiority."

Question 67

Adler's theory emphasizes the uniqueness of each person.

Question 68

Adler used the terms "aggressive drive" and "perfection striving" to refer to essentially the same
psychological process.

Question 69

According to Adler, the key to understanding dreams is

A) whether they are in color or in black and white.
B) what the person ate before going to sleep.
C) whether the dream includes other people, or only the dreamer.
D) the emotion created by the dream.

Question 70

Which is not one of the Adlerian stages of psychotherapy

A) Goal Directive Stage
B) Knowing Stage
C) Clarification Stage
D) Doing Differently Stage

Question 71

It is unhealthy to try to compensate for physical handicaps, according to Adler.

Question 72

Adlerian therapy aims to increase people's

A) self-disclosure.
B) ambition.
C) social interest.
D) ability to recall dreams.

Question 73

Which statement best describes Adler's views about the mind and the body?

A) They are separate. Psychology should study only the mind.
B) Mental activity can be explained entirely in terms of physical changes in the body, especially the nervous system.
C) They are closely interrelated. Mental conflict can lead to physical illness.
D) The body is most important. If physical health is sound, there will be no mental conflicts.

Question 74

Adler's theory was influenced by the fact that he was very healthy as a child.

Question 75

Which of the following is not one of Adler's "tasks of life"?

A) love
B) reproduction
C) social interaction
D) work

Question 76

Which statement does not correspond to Adler's beliefs about therapy?

A) The patient determines whether the outcome is successful.
B) Transference should be avoided.
C) Therapy must last at least a year to be successful.
D) Therapy should reduce the excessively high self-image of patients.

Question 77

Adler directed his writing primarily to academic researchers, and largely ignored the public.

Question 78

Adler can be considered a pioneer in the field of

A) ecology.
B) psychosomatic medicine.
C) gerontology.
D) the heredity of personality.

Question 79

A superiority complex is a sign of mental health.

Question 80

Unlike Freud and Jung, Adler considered the relevance of psychoanalysis to

A) schools.
B) women.
C) therapy.
D) dreams.