Deck 5: Erikson: Psychosocial Development

Question 1

According to Erikson's theory, a sense of inferiority is particularly likely to develop during the __________ stage of development.

A) second
B) third
C) fourth
D) fifth

Answer 1

C

Question 2

During the elementary school years, children develop a sense of

A) self-confidence.
B) gender identity.
C) industry.
D) identity.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In his epigenetic principle, Erikson compared development with

A) the motion of objects as described in physics.
B) the biological development of a fetus.
C) the spiritual development of a soul.
D) an actor or actress learning a script.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to Erikson, personality develops

A) primarily before the age of five.
B) primarily in adolescence.
C) throughout the life span, in five stages.
D) throughout the life span, in eight stages.

Question 5

The task of infancy, in Erikson's terminology, is to develop a sense of

A) autonomy.
B) the body.
C) trust.
D) attachment to the mother.

Question 6

According to Erikson's epigenetic principle,

A) people get what they deserve out of life.
B) development proceeds according to a biologically-based plan, with sequential development of parts.
C) some people are more gifted, genetically, than others.
D) males and females are different because of their biology.

Question 7

The identity crisis occurs in

A) childhood.
B) adolescence.
C) adulthood.
D) old age.

Question 8

At each stage of development, according to Erikson, there is a __________.

A) specific biological motivation
B) crisis
C) new significant other with whom to form a relationship
D) risk of suicide

Question 9

In contrast to Freud's emphasis on sexuality, Erikson emphasized the __________ aspects of personality.

A) work-oriented
B) anal
C) oral
D) social

Question 10

Research shows the following about psychoanalysis for children except

A) Provides benefits for psychological problems
B) Adults psychoanalyzed in childhood have greater resiliency
C) Psychoanalysis is less expensive than behavioral treatments
D) Provides benefits for medical problems such as diabetes

Question 11

According to Erikson, the crisis of infancy is

A) life or death.
B) autonomy or shame.
C) trust or mistrust.
D) eat or throw up.

Question 12

Erikson's basic principle for understanding development was the __________ principle.

A) compensatory
B) epigenetic
C) self-actualization
D) conflict

Question 13

The two-year-old toddler is developing a sense of

A) trust.
B) identity.
C) initiative.
D) autonomy.

Question 14

According to Erikson's theory, the sense of __________ is particularly likely to interfere with an individual's initiative.

A) mistrust
B) guilt
C) shame
D) despair

Question 15

Which statement best corresponds to Erikson's epigenetic principle?

A) Neurosis occurs when basic needs are not met.
B) Fathers, as well as mothers, are important in development.
C) Development occurs according to a ground plan, with each part having its time of special ascendancy.
D) Sex differences are largely a result of heredity.

Question 16

The identity crisis can be thought of as finding an answer to the question __________ that is mutually agreeable to the individual and to other people.

A) "Who am I?"
B) "What is the meaning of life?"
C) "When may I leave home?"
D) "Is this the right thing to do?"

Question 17

Before he was a psychoanalyst, Erikson was a(n)

A) philosopher.
B) engineer.
C) physician.
D) artist.

Question 18

In his analysis of Mahatma Gandhi, Erik Erikson suggested that Gandhi had not successfully resolved two of the major life conflicts. Which two conflicts were they?

A) trust and autonomy
B) integrity and autonomy
C) intimacy and trust
D) intimacy and generativity

Question 19

Erikson is best known for extending Freud's concept of the

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) Oedipus complex.

Question 20

In Erikson's third psychosocial stage, the child acts in a(n) __________ mode.

A) intrusive
B) incompetent
C) incorporative
D) selfish

Question 21

Erikson believed this cultural support makes the wisdom of past generations available to help with healing and growth

A) Religion
B) Education
C) Law
D) Competition

Question 22

Unresolved issues from the second psychosocial stage are most relevant to the cultural institution of

A) law.
B) technology.
C) marriage.
D) religion.

Question 23

Erikson described "fidelity" as a strength associated with which ego development stage?

A) initiative
B) identity
C) intimacy
D) trust

Question 24

Erikson consider this a possible substitute for religion as a cultural support

A) Productive work
B) Artistic creation
C) Fellowship
D) None of the above
E) All the above

Question 25

Erikson discussed this prototype as a cultural support for the aggressive ideals of the developing individual.

A) Religion
B) Law
C) Competitive athletes
D) The military

Question 26

Ideological perspectives, such as those presented by political movements, are especially relevant to the __________ psychosocial stage.

A) fourth
B) fifth
C) sixth
D) seventh

Question 27

Erikson's wife Joan, described a ninth stage of development that she and her husband had discussed. In the ninth stage a very old person confronts the negative aspects of earlier stages they may be experiencing again in their old age. This stage is called

A) stage regression.
B) gerotranscendence.
C) integrity complex.
D) the final transition.

Question 28

Generativity can be expressed through the role of

A) Parent
B) Teacher
C) Mentor
D) All the above

Question 29

Culture's "ideal prototypes" support the ego strength of

A) autonomy.
B) identity.
C) fidelity.
D) initiative.

Question 30

A juvenile delinquent is typical of a person who has a __________ identity.

A) confused
B) diffused
C) negative
D) positive

Question 31

According to Erikson, culture

A) does not influence the psychosocial stages.
B) influences personality development.
C) generally threatens ego strengths once they have developed.
D) leads to different sequences of stages in different cultures.

Question 32

What can a society do to support people's sense of initiative, according to Erikson's theory?

A) reward their efforts
B) provide cultural models or prototypes
C) pay them well
D) Nothing; based on childhood experience, you either have initiative or you don't.

Question 33

Erikson's theory implies that problems with technology are relevant to which stage of development?

A) second
B) fourth
C) sixth
D) seventh

Question 34

According to Erikson's theory, adolescents are especially vulnerable to developing a sense of

A) identity confusion.
B) inferiority.
C) shame.
D) despair.

Question 35

Religion, according to Erikson, is most relevant to

A) initiative.
B) will.
C) hope.
D) fidelity.

Question 36

In the seventh psychosocial stage, the ego strength of __________ is developed.

A) trust
B) integrity
C) identity
D) generativity

Question 37

Technological elements in culture support a person's sense of

A) identity.
B) initiative.
C) autonomy.
D) competence.

Question 38

What cultural support legitimizes and provides boundaries for the development of autonomy?

A) Religion
B) Law
C) Education
D) Technology

Question 39

The crisis of __________ versus isolation occurs in early adulthood.

A) generativity
B) togetherness
C) intimacy
D) assertiveness

Question 40

In old age, people typically

A) are considering whether life was meaningful.
B) are at the stage of developing generativity.
C) have completed all psychological development, so no tasks remain in old age.
D) are more neurotic than they were in youth.

Question 41

Which of the following is not a social institution that supports ego strengths?

A) Religion
B) Humor
C) Law
D) Technological elements

Question 42

Which term refers to the mature resolution of the identity crisis?

A) identity diffusion
B) identity foreclosure
C) identity achievement
D) identity confusion

Question 43

Some studies reported in the text have found that minority members score lower on identity than whites, a finding which is interpreted as a consequence of

A) cultural factors.
B) genetic differences.
C) intellectual differences.
D) research bias.

Question 44

Teenagers who are rebellious, nonconforming, and philosophically concerned are typical of those in the category of __________ on Marcia's measure.

A) Identity Achiever
B) Moratorium
C) Identity Diffusion
D) Foreclosure

Question 45

Jose thinks of himself as Chicano. This is an example of

A) an ethnic identity.
B) a cultural neurosis.
C) individualism.
D) pseudospeciation.

Question 46

Research finds that people are more likely to be concerned with helping other people, through work or political activity or social activism, if they are high in

A) trust.
B) autonomy.
C) generativity.
D) integrity.

Question 47

As they get older, people's scores on the Inventory of Psychosocial Balance generally

A) become unreliable.
B) decrease.
C) increase.
D) remain stable.

Question 48

The stage which has been most frequently studied by researchers is the __________ stage.

A) autonomy
B) industry
C) identity
D) intimacy

Question 49

Research on generativity has found that young adults whom are not yet parents

A) are higher on generativity than people that have children.
B) have a strong attachment to pets, which may be a way of practicing their generativity potential.
C) often become authoritarian-style parents if they have children at a young age.
D) have low levels of ego integrity.

Question 50

Which of the following is/are a way culture can provide the support of cooperation and competition?

A) Marriage
B) Homosexual relationships
C) Nonsexual relationships
D) All the above

Question 51

A person who thinks conventionally, is moralistic, and has always known what he or she has wanted to become for a career fits the __________ category of Marcia's identity scale.

A) Identity Achiever
B) Identity Diffusion
C) Foreclosure
D) Moratorium

Question 52

Individuals may adjust to a new culture by doing the following

A) Assimilate themselves into the mainstream culture
B) Emphasize their ethnicity
C) Become bicultural
D) All the above

Question 53

In old age, people develop the ego strength of

A) fidelity.
B) love.
C) wisdom.
D) industry.

Question 54

Based on Erikson's theory, we could help people to maintain their ego strengths through

A) loving them.
B) modeling.
C) cultural supports.
D) money.

Question 55

Erikson's theory describes the attainment of __________ in old age.

A) financial security
B) love
C) generativity
D) wisdom

Question 56

The seventh psychosocial stage is expressed in the role of

A) parent.
B) teacher.
C) mentor.
D) all of the above

Question 57

As Erikson predicted, research finds less fear of death among people who score high on a measure of

A) trust.
B) initiative.
C) generativity.
D) ego integrity.

Question 58

Based on Erikson's theory, we may interpret political activists as working on the ego strength of

A) identity.
B) autonomy.
C) hope.
D) integrity.

Question 59

Children do not benefit from psychoanalysis.

Question 60

The capacity to love develops in Erikson's __________ stage.

A) first
B) third
C) sixth
D) seventh

Question 61

Being a parent is especially relevant to the psychosocial task of identity versus identity confusion.

Question 62

The two-year-old child is vulnerable to developing a sense of shame.

Question 63

In old age, if life seems meaningless, the person is experiencing "stagnation."

Question 64

Erikson's theory ignores cultural factors.

Question 65

Erikson uses to term "stagnation" to refer to those who can't adequately take care of others, including
their own children.

Question 66

In modern life, despair is inevitable among the elderly, according to Erikson.

Question 67

The virtue of fidelity develops during the fifth psychosocial stage.

Question 68

Erikson supported the idea of identity exploration before settling on an identity in adolescence.

Question 69

To commit to an identity to early in adolescence risked poor choice according to Erikson

Question 70

Erikson suggested that psychological intimacy requires that individual identity first be established.

Question 71

Like Freud, Erikson dismissed religion as neurosis.

Question 72

The elderly are dealing with the task of integrity versus despair.

Question 73

According to Erikson, religion misleads people by giving them false hope.

Question 74

In the integrity vs. isolation stage, the person focuses entirely on the past.

Question 75

In Erikson's theory, each stage of development has a characteristic crisis.

Question 76

Marriage guarantees that the intimacy versus isolation crisis will be resolved successfully.

Question 77

Ideally, the infant should develop with no mistrust whatsoever.

Question 78

A person who is afraid of their identity being destroyed in a close relationship will have difficulty
with the stage of intimacy versus isolation.

Question 79

In contrast to Freud's psychosexual theory, Erikson offered a psychosocial theory.

Question 80

A teenager who is exploring various identities is in a period of moratorium.