Deck 4: The Leader As Individual

Question 1

The dimension of extroversion includes the characteristic of _____.

A) security
B) dependability
C) agreeableness
D) dominance

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Conscientiousness refers to the degree to which a person is responsible, dependable, persistent, and _____.

A) compassionate
B) achievement oriented
C) emotionally stable
D) adaptable

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following statements accounts for tremendous variation among people?

A) Everyone cannot have both instrumental and end values.
B) Everyone has similar important goals to reach in life.
C) Individuals differ in how they order their values into priorities.
D) Individuals have end values that fall into different categories of morality and competence.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true of leaders who subscribe to the assumptions of Theory Y?

A) They believe that the average human being prefers to be directed and wishes to avoid responsibility.
B) They do not believe that people will seek out greater responsibility and will exercise imagination and creativity.
C) They believe that the average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible.
D) They do not believe people have to be coerced and controlled in order to perform effectively.

Question 5

The halo effect occurs when perceivers see their own personal traits in other people.

Question 6

Attributions are important because they help people decide how to handle a situation.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true of end values?

A) They are beliefs about the kinds of goals or outcomes that are worth trying to pursue.
B) They are beliefs about the types of behavior that are appropriate for reaching goals.
C) They include such things as being helpful to others, being honest, or exhibiting courage.
D) They tend to fall into two categories of morality and competence.

Question 8

A person high on extroversion may come across as quiet, withdrawn, and socially unassertive.

Question 9

Leaders who are constantly trying to please everyone often make poor decisions because they cannot tolerate even a mild degree of conflict.

Question 10

Someone who scores high on agreeableness:

A) is good-natured and cooperative.
B) tends to become anxious or tense.
C) likes to be in control and have influence over others.
D) is cold and insensitive.

Question 11

A person's values cannot change throughout life as they are fairly well established by early adulthood.

Question 12

Victoria, an advertising manager, works effectively when dealing with routine and well-defined tasks, but she is not very good with tasks that require creativity. Hence, she assumes that her subordinates also have difficulty being creative. In the given scenario, Victoria's assumption is an example of _____.

A) the halo effect
B) a self-serving bias
C) perceptual defense
D) projection

Question 13

A less conscientious person tends to be easily distracted and impulsive.

Question 14

Leaders can learn to work more effectively with different personality types by striving for understanding.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true of self-awareness?

A) Self-awareness means the ability to behave in a uniform manner in response to situational cues.
B) Self-awareness involves the ability to emotionally evaluate one's own worth.
C) Self-awareness means the set of unseen characteristics and processes that underlie a person.
D) Self-awareness involves appreciating how one's patterns affect other people.

Question 16

Cognitive approaches are preferences that are not necessarily rigid, but most people tend to have only a few preferred habits of thought.

Question 17

Which of the following is an assumption of Theory X?

A) The expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest and the average human being does not inherently dislike work.
B) The average human being prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, has relatively little ambition, and wants security above all.
C) Under the conditions of modern industrial life, the intellectual potentialities of the average human being are only partially utilized.
D) The capacity to exercise a relatively high degree of imagination in the solution of organizational problems is widely, not narrowly, distributed in the population.

Question 18

Theory Y reflects the assumption that people are basically lazy and not motivated to work and that they have a natural tendency to avoid responsibility.

Question 19

People are constantly valuing things, people, or ideas as good or bad, pleasant or unpleasant, ethical or unethical, and so forth, whether they recognize it or not.

Question 20

People with an internal locus of control:

A) believe that luck is the key to success.
B) feel that they have little control over events.
C) place primary responsibility on outside forces.
D) believe they are "masters of their own fate."

Question 21

The left hemisphere of the brain is associated with _____.

A) creative thinking
B) analytical thinking
C) intuitive processes
D) values-based thought processes

Question 22

Laurel, the manager of a software company, assumes that the male employees in her organization are more creative and innovative than the female employees in her organization. In the given scenario, Laurel's assumption is known as _____.

A) projection
B) attribution
C) perceptual defense
D) stereotyping

Question 23

According to Herrmann's whole brain concept, when leaders have a predominantly A-quadrant thinking style, they tend to:

A) empathize easily and be friendly.
B) be imaginative and entrepreneurial.
C) avoid risks and strive for stability.
D) be directive and authoritative.

Question 24

Which of the following statements is true of the whole brain concept?

A) It proves that the concept of left-brained versus right-brained thinking is entirely accurate physiologically.
B) It does not consider a person's preference for right-brained versus left-brained thinking.
C) It considers a person's preference for conceptual versus experiential thinking.
D) It does not support the idea that everyone uses both left-brained and right-brained thinking.

Question 25

Helen, the operations head of an organization, received a complaint stating that one of the managers was regularly harassing his subordinates. Instead of taking action, she neglected the issue as she had high regard for the manager. She was sure that the allegations against the manager were not true. In the given scenario, the assumption made by Helen is an example of _____.

A) projection
B) the halo effect
C) perceptual defense
D) stereotyping

Question 26

The _____ dimension of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assessment concerns an individual's attitudes toward ambiguity and how quickly a person makes a decision.

A) sensing versus intuition
B) thinking versus feeling
C) judging versus perceiving
D) introversion versus extroversion

Question 27

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assessment, people with a perceiving preference:

A) like closure.
B) dislike deadlines.
C) like certainty.
D) enjoy having goals.

Question 28

Which of the following statements is true of working with different personality types?

A) Leaders should show their frustration to keep different personality types focused.
B) People take on behavior patterns based on their personalities.
C) People do not like to be accepted and appreciated for who they are.
D) Personality differences can make the life of a leader interesting.

Question 29

Identify the appropriate step that should be taken by a leader to work more effectively with different personality types.

A) Shun people who tend to be gloomy and pessimistic.
B) Show frustration when dealing with difficult people.
C) Keep people focused on high performance.
D) Ignore the different facets of one's personality.

Question 30

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assessment, which of the following statements is true of the feeling types?

A) They tend to be very objective in decision making.
B) They tend to enjoy ambiguity and dislike deadlines.
C) They tend to rely more on their values.
D) They tend to rely more on logic.

Question 31

Norman heads the animation team of Progress Inc. When one of his subordinates failed to execute a task properly, he said that his subordinate was not provided with enough resources to take care of the quality assurance after production. This judgment made by Norman is an instance of _____.

A) the fundamental attribution error
B) the self-serving bias
C) an external attribution
D) perceptual defense

Question 32

The right hemisphere of the brain is associated with:

A) analytical thinking.
B) a linear approach to problem solving.
C) intuitive thought processes.
D) routine processes.

Question 33

Anna works as a sales executive. She has difficulty meeting her productivity targets, but she has high readiness levels and her work exceeds quality standards. However, her manager considers her to be a poor performer due to her issue with productivity. In the given scenario, the manager's evaluation of Anna's performance is an example of the _____.

A) fundamental attribution error
B) halo effect
C) self-serving bias
D) perceptual defense

Question 34

Gilbert heads the accounts team of HFC Inc. He received negative feedback from his clients about one of the projects that he managed. He held his subordinates responsible as he felt that they were inefficient and worked carelessly. The judgment made by Gilbert is an example of _____.

A) a self-serving bias
B) an internal attribution
C) perceptual defense
D) the halo effect

Question 35

When evaluating others, many people underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors. This tendency is known as _____.

A) stereotyping
B) the halo effect
C) perceptual defense
D) the fundamental attribution error

Question 36

Which of the following is an example of stereotyping?

A) Fiona assumes that a subordinate is a proficient employee as he or she has good people skills.
B) Fiona assumes that an elderly employee will not be able to adapt to modern technology.
C) Fiona believes that her subordinates can work on weekends as she generally works on weekends.
D) Fiona judges that her subordinate performed poorly due to lack of concentration and incompetence.

Question 37

Becky heads the finance team of Herald Inc. Whenever her team's work is commended, she takes all the credit. On the other hand, when her team gets negative feedback from clients, she blames it on inadequate support from the organization. Becky's behavior is an example of _____.

A) the fundamental attribution error
B) the self-serving bias
C) perceptual defense
D) projection

Question 38

Which of the following is an assumption of Theory Y?

A) Most people prefer to be directed, wish to avoid responsibility, have relatively little ambition, and want security above all.
B) An average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible.
C) A person will exercise self-direction and self-control in the service of objectives to which he or she is committed.
D) Most people must be threatened with punishment to get them to put adequate effort toward the achievement of goals.

Question 39

According to Herrmann's whole brain concept, leaders who rely heavily on quadrant-C thinking:

A) are friendly, trusting, and empathetic.
B) like certainty.
C) are highly traditional.
D) focus on tasks and activities.

Question 40

According to Herrmann's whole brain concept, people who rely heavily on quadrant-B thinking:

A) are curious and enjoy experimentation and playfulness.
B) are typically emotional and expressive, outgoing, and supportive of others.
C) like to establish plans and procedures and get things done on time.
D) focus on tasks and activities and like to deal with concrete facts.

Question 41

_____ are fundamental beliefs that an individual considers to be important, that are relatively stable over time, and that have an impact on attitudes, perception, and behavior.

Question 42

What guidelines can leaders use to work more effectively with different personality types?

Question 43

What is the importance of the whole brain concept?

Question 44

Leaders who recognize perceptual distortions can adjust their perceptions to match objective reality. Explain.

Question 45

Self-awareness is important for leaders. Discuss.

Question 46

______ is the tendency to assign an individual to a group or broad category and then to attribute widely held generalizations about the group to the individual.

Question 47

A person's _____ defines whether he or she places the primary responsibility within the self or on outside forces.

Question 48

A(n) _____ is an evaluation-either positive or negative-about people, events, or things.

Question 49

Describe the personality dimensions of extroversion and agreeableness.

Question 50

_____ is the set of unseen characteristics and processes that underlie a relatively stable pattern of behavior in response to ideas, objects, or people in the environment.

Question 51

Attributions help leaders handle situations. Discuss.

Question 52

_____ refers to how a person perceives, processes, interprets, and uses information.

Question 53

_____ is the tendency of perceivers to see their own personal traits in other people; that is, they project their own needs, feelings, values, and attitudes into their judgment of others.

Question 54

Being too nice is an example of a(n)_____.

A) blind spot
B) attitude
C) personality
D) value

Question 55

_____ are things leaders are not aware of or don't recognize as problems, that limit their effectiveness and hinder their career success.

Question 56

_____ refers to the degree to which a person is outgoing, sociable, talkative, and comfortable meeting and talking to new people.

Question 57

Explain how attitudes affect leadership.

Question 58

Abby works in a high-pressure environment managing deliveries and drivers for a busy furniture outlet. When unplanned road closures throw off the delivery schedule and drivers are frustrated, she stays calm and makes changes without drama. Which of the following personality dimensions does Abby demonstrate in this situation?

A) Extroversion
B) Openness to experience
C) Emotional stability
D) Conscientiousness

Question 59

Explain the role of values in leadership.

Question 60

_____ means the process people use to make sense out of their surroundings by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information.

Question 61

Jenny has a high internal locus of control. She needs a job to help pay for her expenses. Based on what you know about her, which of the following part-time jobs do you think would be a good fit for her?

A) Event organizer for a local politician
B) Sandwich maker at the deli
C) Clerk at the grocery store
D) Receptionist at a law office

Question 62

Which of the following instrumental values is ranked higher by leaders than nonleaders?

A) Independent
B) Self-controlled
C) Helpful
D) Loyal

Question 63

Jolene likes to try new activities. In the past year, she has tried out for community theater, signed up for a class on drawing cartoons, and took an impulsive trip to New York City. These activities have taught her that she has a terrible singing voice, some artistic talent, and no desire to live in a big city. Based on her actions, which quadrant of the brain does she rely on the most?

A) Quadrant A
B) Quadrant B
C) Quadrant C
D) Quadrant D