Deck 2: The Evolution of Management Thinking

Question 1

Unity of direction principle proposes that similar activities in an organization should be grouped together under one manager.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Scientific management developed a standard method for performing each job.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Since Taylor was the sole contributor in the area of scientific management, he was awarded the title of "father of scientific management."

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Managers today face the ultimate paradox: keep everything running efficiently and profitably, while, at the same time, change everything.

Question 5

The classical perspective on management emerged during the early eighteenth century.

Question 6

A Gantt chart is a bar graph that measures planned and completed work along each stage of production by time elapsed.

Question 7

The early study of management as we know it today began with what is now called the technology-driven workplace.

Question 8

The hypothetical chain that provides horizontal links between unionized workers in different departments in an organization is called the scalar chain.

Question 9

Max Weber emphasized efficiency instead of effectiveness in organizations through his bureaucratic model.

Question 10

Economic forces pertain to the availability, production, and distribution of resources in a society.

Question 11

Division of labor, with clear definitions of authority and responsibility, is one of the six characteristics of the ideal bureaucracy.

Question 12

Administrative acts and decisions recorded in writing is one of the six characteristics of the ideal bureaucracy.

Question 13

According to Unlocking Innovative Solutions Through Technology in Chapter 2, railroads had a similar effect on the economy about 150 years ago as the Internet is having today.

Question 14

Political forces are aspects of a culture that guide and influence relationships among people.

Question 15

Social forces refer to those aspects of a culture that guide and influence relationships among people.

Question 16

According to the opening case in Chapter 2, Cemex specializes in delivering concrete in the most technologically advanced parts of the world.

Question 17

Fayol's Unity of Direction Principle emphasizes that each subordinate receives orders from one, and only one.

Question 18

Studying history is a way to achieve strategic thinking, see the big picture, and improve conceptual skills.

Question 19

One of the important reasons for the success of UPS is the concept of bureaucracy.

Question 20

Frederick W. Taylor developed Scientific Management and emphasized the fourteen principles of management that should guide managerial behavior.

Question 21

Organization development is a specific set of management techniques based in the behavioral science approach.

Question 22

When the shop foreman receives and rewards valuable suggestions from its workers, and this leads to continual improvement of production, synergy has occurred.

Question 23

The behavioral science approach develops theories about human behavior based on scientific methods and study.

Question 24

The inherent focus of TQM is on managing the total organization to deliver quality to the customer.

Question 25

In systems theory, an open system is open to the suggestions and recommendations of its workers.

Question 26

Most early interpretations of the Hawthorne studies agreed that money was the cause of the increased output.

Question 27

Follett and Barnard were early advocates of a more humanistic perspective on management that emphasized the importance of understanding human behavior, needs, and attitudes in the workplace as well as social interactions and group processes.

Question 28

Operations management represents the field of management that specializes in the physical production of goods and services.

Question 29

The Hawthorne studies led to the early conclusion that positive human relations can lead to significantly higher performance.

Question 30

The implementation of small, incremental improvements in all areas of the organization on an ongoing basis refers to continuous improvement.

Question 31

Theory Y proposes that organizations can take advantage of the imagination and intellect of all of their employees.

Question 32

Maslow's hierarchy of needs started with belongingness, progressed to safety, and finally to esteem.

Question 33

One of the advantages provided by good coordination within an organization is that entropy is reduced.

Question 34

Operations management refers to the field of management that specializes in the physical production of goods or services.

Question 35

There are four components to the systems theory: inputs, outputs, feedback and the customers.

Question 36

To survive, closed systems must interact with the environment.

Question 37

Outputs, from a systems theory viewpoint, are the material, human, financial, or information resources used to produce goods and services.

Question 38

According to Douglas McGregor, Theory X and Theory Y provide two opposing views of workers, where Theory X recognizes that workers enjoy achievement and responsibility, while Theory Y recognizes that workers will avoid work whenever possible.

Question 39

Benchmarking involves finding out what the customer wants.

Question 40

Contingency theory suggests that managers would be more successful if they learned the best way to manage and motivate their employees, and then applied this knowledge in a universally consistent way.

Question 41

Customer relationship management systems collect and manage large amounts of data about customers and make them available to employees.

Question 42

Giving employees the power, freedom, knowledge, and skills to make decisions and perform effectively refers to empowerment.

Question 43

Knowledge management refers to the efforts to systematically find, organize, and make available a company's intellectual capital.

Question 44

People are a cost to be minimized for managers in learning organizations.

Question 45

In learning organizations, managers learn to think in terms of "control over" rather than "control with" others.

Question 46

Which of these forces refer to those aspects of a culture that guide and influence relationships among people?

A) Social
B) Political
C) Economic
D) Technological
E) Legal

Question 47

The fundamental unit in a learning organization is command-and-control management teams.

Question 48

Although team leadership is critical, in learning organizations the traditional boss is practically eliminated.

Question 49

Which of these forces pertain to the availability, production, and distribution of resources in a society?

A) Social
B) Political
C) Economic
D) Technological
E) Legal

Question 50

Peter Drucker coined the word knowledge work more than 40 years ago.

Question 51

Outsourcing refers to contracting out selected functions or activities to other organizations that can do the work more cost-efficiently.

Question 52

Which of these, according to the opening case in Chapter 2, represents a management challenge for Cemex?

A) Finding an Asian headquarter given its focus on the developing world
B) Locating opportunities in the advanced part of the world
C) Finding a business approach that accepted, rather than resisted, the natural chaos of the marketplace
D) Finding entrepreneurial suppliers to match Cemex's innovative culture
E) Introducing information technology in a mundane cement business

Question 53

The learning organization is an attitude or philosophy about what an organization can become.

Question 54

Business-to-business e-commerce refers to selling products over the Internet to consumers.

Question 55

Sam Walton was way ahead of open-book management when he __________ to/with the employees in the 1960s.

A) opened the financial records
B) allowed decision making
C) gave bonuses
D) developed technology skills
E) managed the openings of Wal-Mart

Question 56

Outsourcing refers to a process whereby companies find out how others do something better than they do and then try to imitate or improve on it.

Question 57

Supply chain management refers to the sequence of suppliers and purchasers, covering all stages of processing from obtaining raw materials to distributing finished goods to consumers.

Question 58

Interest rates, inflation, and trade barriers are all examples of __________ forces.

A) technology
B) political
C) social
D) economic
E) none of these

Question 59

Which of these forces comprises unwritten, common rules and perceptions about relationships?

A) Economic force
B) Political force
C) Social force
D) Legal force
E) Personal force

Question 60

Enterprise resource planning refers to the sequence of suppliers and purchasers, covering all stages of processing from obtaining raw materials to distributing finished goods to consumers.

Question 61

Strong anti-American sentiments in many parts of the world exemplify the effect of

A) economic forces.
B) political forces.
C) social forces.
D) technological forces.
E) human relations force.

Question 62

Bureaucratic organizations approach was a subfield within the __________.

A) classical perspective
B) systems theory
C) scientific management
D) learning organization
E) management science view

Question 63

Max Weber felt selection of employees should be based on:

A) education
B) competence
C) connections
D) management skills
E) efficient systems

Question 64

Standardization of work and wage incentives are characteristics of

A) bureaucratic organizations.
B) scientific management.
C) quantitative management.
D) administrative management.
E) behavioral science.

Question 65

The three subfields of the classical perspective include

A) quantitative management, behavioral science, and administrative management.
B) bureaucratic organization, quantitative management, and the human relations movement.
C) administrative management, bureaucratic organization, and scientific management.
D) scientific management, quantitative management, and administrative management.
E) none of these.

Question 66

The stimulus for technological innovation is often found in which of these?

A) Social forces
B) Political forces
C) Economic forces
D) Competitive forces
E) All of these

Question 67

Organizations, according to Weber's ideas on bureaucracy, should be based on which of these?

A) Personal loyalty
B) Personal references
C) Rational authority
D) Family ties
E) Charismatic authority

Question 68

__________ is a bar graph that measures planned and completed work along each stage of production by time elapsed.

A) Time and Work chart
B) Gantt chart
C) Time and Motion chart
D) Production and Delivery chart
E) Gilbreth chart

Question 69

Which of these is the most current management perspective?

A) The learning organization
B) Contingency views
C) Systems theory
D) The technology-drive workplace
E) Classical perspective

Question 70

According to Unlocking Innovative Solutions Through Technology in Chapter 2, the railroads and Internet serve the same basic function: __________.

A) transporting information
B) connecting buyers and sellers
C) traveling with speed
D) managing product
E) developing industry performance

Question 71

Positions organized in a hierarchy of authority is an important characteristic of

A) scientific management.
B) bureaucratic organizations.
C) quantitative management.
D) the human relations movement.
E) total quality management.

Question 72

Which of these perspectives emphasize a rational, scientific approach to the study of management and sought to make organizations efficient operating machines?

A) The human relations movement
B) The behavioral sciences approach
C) The scientific management movement
D) The quantitative management approach
E) The TQM approach

Question 73

According to Unlocking Innovative Solutions Through Technology in Chapter 2, the Internet serves the same basic economic function that _________ did 150 years ago.

A) sliced bread
B) the telephone
C) railroads
D) cars
E) newspaper

Question 74

Who is considered as the "father of scientific management?"

A) Frank B. Gilbreth
B) Elton Mayo
C) Henry Gantt
D) Douglas McGregor
E) Frederick W. Taylor

Question 75

The nineteenth and early twentieth centuries saw the development of which management perspective?

A) The human relations movement
B) The behavioral sciences approach
C) The classical perspective
D) The quantitative management approach
E) The TQM approach

Question 76

Fredrick Taylor's contributions were in the field of

A) scientific management.
B) human resource management.
C) human relations.
D) quantitative management.
E) total quality management.

Question 77

Which of these is a major criticism of scientific management?

A) It ignored the social context of work.
B) It ignored the impact of compensation on performance.
C) It overemphasized individual differences.
D) It overemphasized the intelligence of workers.
E) It emphasized the social context of work.

Question 78

__________ is considered the "first lady of management."

A) Mary Parker Follett
B) Lillian Gilbreth
C) Carly Fioroni
D) Maxine Weber
E) Anne Adams

Question 79

Frank Gilbreth felt that efficiency equated with __________.

A) one best way to do work
B) leadership flows from the top down
C) procedures and policies
D) scientific management
E) bureaucracy

Question 80

Which of the following is not a criticism of scientific management?

A) It does not appreciate the social context of work.
B) It does not appreciate the higher needs of workers.
C) It does not appreciate the careful study of tasks and jobs.
D) It does not acknowledge variance among individuals.
E) It tends to regard workers as uninformed and ignored their ideas and suggestions.