Deck 16: Motivation

Question 1

Food, water, and freedom from violence are examples of physiological needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Intrinsic rewards are rewards given by another person.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Content theories, process theories, and reinforcement theories are three categories of motivation theories.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The most recent theories about motivation represent a perspective called human relations approach.

Question 5

Process theories emphasize the needs that motivate people.

Question 6

The first two groups of needs in Aldefer's ERG theory are external and relatedness.

Question 7

The human relations approach carries the concept of economic man and social man further to introduce the concept of the whole person.

Question 8

Monetary and non-monetary are two types of rewards.

Question 9

Content theories concern the thought processes that influence behavior.

Question 10

Esteem needs are those needs that relate to the desire for a positive self-image and to receive attention, recognition, and appreciation from others.

Question 11

The contemporary approach to employee motivation is dominated by four types of theories.

Question 12

Motivators are factors that influence job satisfaction based on fulfillment of high-level needs such as achievement, recognition, and opportunity for growth.

Question 13

Physiological needs are the most basic human physical needs, which are reflected in the workplace as needs for adequate heat, air, and base salary.

Question 14

Many companies are finding that creating a humane work environment that allows people to achieve a balance between work and personal life is also a great high-level motivator.

Question 15

The development of incentive pay systems is lead by the traditional approach to employee motivation.

Question 16

Herzberg's two-factor theory divides work-related needs into two categories: hygiene factors and reward factors.

Question 17

The highest level of need in Maslow's hierarchy of need theory is the need for growth and self-expression.

Question 18

Motivation is the arousal, direction and persistence of behavior.

Question 19

Employee motivation affects productivity, and part of a manager's job is to channel motivation toward the accomplishment of organizational goals.

Question 20

The satisfaction a person receives in the process of performing a particular action is called the extrinsic rewards.

Question 21

Goal-setting theory proposes that managers can increase motivation by setting specific, challenging goals that are accepted as valid by subordinates, then helping people track their progress toward goal achievement by providing timely feedback.

Question 22

The implication of the two-factor theory for managers is clear. Providing hygiene factors will eliminate employee dissatisfaction but will not motivate workers to high achievement levels.

Question 23

Avoidance learning is the imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee.

Question 24

A need for power, a need for accomplishment and a need for superior power is proposed by David McClelland's acquired needs theory.

Question 25

Expectancy theory is based on the relationship among the individual's effort and performance and not on the desirability of outcomes.

Question 26

Process theories are the group of theories that explain how employees meet their needs and determine their success.

Question 27

The expectancy theory of motivation is similar to Fiedler's contingency model of leadership in that both emphasize subordinates needs and goals.

Question 28

A process theory that focuses on individuals' perception of how fairly they are treated in comparison to other people is called equality theory.

Question 29

Hygiene factors are the same as dissatisfiers and include company policies and procedures.

Question 30

Behavior that is positively reinforced tends to be repeated, and behavior that is not reinforced tends not to be repeated, as stated in the Law of Effect.

Question 31

Hygiene factors are the same as satisfiers and are based on fulfillment of higher level needs including responsibility.

Question 32

The withdrawal of positive reward refers to extinction.

Question 33

According to the expectancy theory, motivation increases when the worker believes that the successful performance will result by putting effort into a given task. This is called E-P expectancy.

Question 34

According to expectancy theory, for an employee to be highly motivated, E-P expectancy and valence must be maximized.

Question 35

A high need for power often is associated with successful attainment of top levels in the organizational hierarchy.

Question 36

In goal-setting theory, goal specificity refers to the difficulty level of goals.

Question 37

The perceived value of a reward or outcome is valence.

Question 38

The equity theory, by J. Stacy Adams, states that equity exists when the ratio of outcomes to inputs for one person is equal to the same ratio for another person.

Question 39

The equity theory focuses on individual's perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative to others.

Question 40

In goal-setting theory, goal acceptance means that employees have to "buy into" the goals and be committed to them.

Question 41

All of these are perspectives on motivation described in your text EXCEPT the

A) human resources approach.
B) organizational approach.
C) human relations approach.
D) traditional approach.
E) contemporary approach.

Question 42

A job design that incorporates achievement, recognition, and other high-level motivators into the work is called job enlargement.

Question 43

Which of these refers to a reward given by another person?

A) An intrinsic reward
B) An internal reward
C) An extrinsic reward
D) A valued reward
E) A charity

Question 44

The job characteristic of autonomy influences the worker's experiencing meaningfulness of work.

Question 45

The variable-ratio schedule is based on a random number of desired behaviors.

Question 46

Schedule of reinforcement is the frequency with which reinforcement occurs.

Question 47

According to MANAGER'S SHOPTALK in Chapter 16, Marshall Industries did away with all bonuses, commission, vacations and other awards and rewards. Salespeople were paid a base salary and given profit sharing. As a result, productivity at the organization tripled.

Question 48

According to Unlocking Innovative Solutions Through PEOPLE in Chapter 16, the average steelworker at Nucor took home $100,000 in 2005.

Question 49

Which of the following motivational techniques is consistent with the traditional approach to motivation?

A) Sensitivity training
B) The Hawthorne effect
C) Incentive pay systems
D) Need satisfaction
E) Recognition banquet

Question 50

Task significance is the degree to which the job is perceived as important and having an impact on the company or customers.

Question 51

Job simplification is based on principles drawn from scientific management and industrial engineering.

Question 52

Jessica dislikes almost everything about her job. The only reason she continues to work at Knight Autobody is the excellent benefits package she receives. Jessica is motivated by

A) extrinsic rewards.
B) intrinsic rewards.
C) variable rewards.
D) all of these.
E) none of these.

Question 53

The perception of workers as economic people is consistent with the

A) contemporary approach.
B) human resource approach.
C) human relations approach.
D) traditional approach.
E) reinforcement approach.

Question 54

Job rotation systematically moves employees from one job to another, thereby increasing the number of different tasks an employee performs without increasing the complexity of any one job.

Question 55

The __________ to motivation led to the development of incentive pay systems.

A) human resources approach
B) organizational approach
C) human relations approach
D) traditional approach
E) contemporary approach

Question 56

Empowering employees means giving them four elements that enable them to act more freely to accomplish their jobs: information, knowledge, power, and rewards.

Question 57

Job enlargement combines a series of tasks into one new, broader job.

Question 58

__________ is the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior.

A) Commitment
B) Motivation
C) Satisfaction
D) Rewarding behavior
E) Behavior modification

Question 59

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reward?

A) An employee's feelings of self-worth
B) A pat on the back from your boss
C) A pay raise
D) A promotion
E) A bonus

Question 60

The fixed ratio schedule rewards employees at specified time intervals.

Question 61

__________ theories concern the thought processes that influence behavior.

A) Process
B) Reinforcement
C) Content
D) Needs
E) Maslow's

Question 62

Neil is motivated by a strong need for recognition and is continually seeking credit for his contributions to the organization. According to Maslow, Neil is motivated by which category of needs?

A) Physiological
B) Safety
C) Belongingness
D) Esteem
E) Self-actualization

Question 63

The majority of hourly workers at Formatting Unlimited are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. What would Herzberg recommend if your goal were to increase their level of satisfaction?

A) Increase the level of hygiene factors
B) Increase the level of motivators
C) Decrease the level of motivators
D) Decrease the level of hygiene factors
E) None of these

Question 64

The frustration-regression principle is most closely related with

A) Maslow.
B) Herzberg.
C) McClelland.
D) Alderfer.
E) Adam.

Question 65

Which of these, according to McClelland, is associated with the desire to master complex tasks?

A) A need for affiliation
B) A need for power
C) A need for achievement
D) A need for authority
E) All of these

Question 66

Content and process theories of motivation are found in which approach to motivation?

A) The traditional approach
B) The contemporary approach
C) The human relations approach
D) The human resource approach
E) The whole person approach

Question 67

The desire to form close personal relationships, avoid conflict, and establish warm friendships, describes

A) a need for affiliation.
B) a need for power.
C) a need for achievement.
D) a need for authority.
E) all of these.

Question 68

__________ are high-level needs, according to Herzberg, and include achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunity for growth.

A) Hygiene factors
B) Extrinsic factors
C) Motivators
D) Dissatisfiers
E) All of these

Question 69

Which of the following theories emphasize the needs that motivate people?

A) Process
B) Reinforcement
C) Content
D) Contingency
E) Situational

Question 70

The highest order needs, according to Maslow, are

A) self-actualization needs.
B) physiological needs.
C) esteem needs.
D) belongingness needs.
E) safety needs.

Question 71

The human resource approach is most closely associated with which of the following?

A) The economic person
B) The social person
C) The whole person
D) The partial-man approach
E) The reinforced approach

Question 72

Which need describes the desire to be accepted by one's peer, have friendships, be part of a group, and be loved?

A) Self-actualization needs
B) Physiological needs
C) Esteem needs
D) Belongingness needs
E) Safety needs

Question 73

According to Herzberg, which of these has the greatest impact on job satisfaction?

A) Hygiene factors
B) Reinforcers
C) Motivators
D) Dissatisfiers
E) All of these

Question 74

Joe is primarily driven by a need to establish close social relationships with other people. Alderfer would say she is motivated by

A) growth needs.
B) existence needs.
C) relatedness needs.
D) self-actualization needs.
E) physiological needs.

Question 75

Alderfer referred to the needs for physical well being as __________ needs.

A) physiological
B) existence
C) belongingness
D) relatedness
E) growth

Question 76

Which component of Maslow's hierarchy of needs describes the most basic human physical needs, including food, water and oxygen?

A) Self-actualization needs
B) Physiological needs
C) Esteem needs
D) Belongingness needs
E) Safety needs

Question 77

Under which approach, noneconomic rewards first became popular?

A) The traditional approach
B) The contemporary approach
C) The human resource approach
D) The human relations approach
E) The situational approach

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT a need proposed by Maslow in his hierarchy of needs theory?

A) Safety needs
B) Compensation needs
C) Physiological needs
D) Esteem needs
E) Self-actualization needs

Question 79

According to Herzberg, which of these is an example of a hygiene factor?

A) Achievement
B) Recognition
C) Pay
D) Responsibility
E) Opportunity for growth

Question 80

According to McClelland, a high need for __________ is associated with successful attainment of top levels in the organizational hierarchy.

A) power
B) achievement
C) affiliation
D) success
E) expertise