Deck 5: Civil Rights, Equality and Social Movements

Question 1

What is the underlying goal of protesters who use civil disobedience as a tactic?

A) They want to create a sharp divide and create tensions in order to bring attention to the cause.
B) They want to use passive resistance to disobey what they believe to be an unjust law and to bring attention to a cause.
C) They want to challenge the legal system by flooding the courts with arrests and minor criminal cases.
D) They want to illustrate their desire to overthrow the American system, which they believe to be thoroughly flawed.
E) They intend to frustrate the citizens as a form of retribution against them for discriminatory practices.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The Civil War Amendments were a series of three race-related Constitutional Amendments. These amendments included

A) Twelfth, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth Amendments.
B) Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments.
C) Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth Amendments.
D) Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Amendments.
E) Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Amendments.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

When antidiscrimination legislation failed to provide the necessary and desired results, civil rights leaders often turned to the courts for relief and support. In the first half of the twentieth century litigation efforts culminated in the 1954 landmark Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education. This ruling brought about

A) freedom for all slaves in the southern states.
B) reparations for descendants of former slaves.
C) free college tuition at all state universities.
D) desegregation of all public schools.
E) creation of affirmative action programs for all employers and college admission offices.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

During the twentieth century, African Americans, their supporters, and other organizations and groups unified to overcome the discrimination and inequalities of that era. In doing so, several tactics were utilized. Which of the following is NOT one of the tactics used by formal and legitimate advocacy groups, now and in the past?

A) Civil disobedience
B) Litigation
C) Legal boycotts
D) Riots
E) Working within the political system

Question 5

Passive resistance to a law that is perceived as unjust by refusing to obey it is known as a

A) strike.
B) work stoppage.
C) litigation.
D) legal boycott.
E) civil disobedience.

Question 6

Different methods of achieving civil rights have been advocated over the years. Booker T. Washington was one of the most prominent African American leaders in the decades immediately following the emancipation of slaves. Washington opposed confrontation with the white power structure and urged African Americans to accept existing conditions. This philosophy is referred to as

A) pacification.
B) remission.
C) accommodation.
D) racialization.
E) Jim Crow.

Question 7

The 1857 Supreme Court landmark ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford stunned abolitionists. Addressing the issue of racial equality, Chief Justice Roger Taney wrote

A) that slavery could end, but African Americans must gain their rights incrementally.
B) that economic equality was acceptable, but political equality was immoral.
C) that slavery was immoral and equality was tantamount to a healthy and moral society.
D) that slavery must be abolished with reasonable speed and effectiveness.
E) that blacks were "so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect."

Question 8

A social condition in which members of different groups possess substantially the same rights to participate actively in the political system is referred to as

A) political equality.
B) social equality.
C) economic equality.
D) civil equality.
E) civil rights.

Question 9

In contrast to the more passive approaches of other African Americans at the beginning of the twentieth century, W. E. B. Du Bois challenged racial discrimination and injustice in various forms of political activity. This method is known as

A) accommodation.
B) peacemaking.
C) lobbying.
D) agitation.
E) rebellion.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of using nonviolent protest to advance civil rights?

A) Filing lawsuits
B) Montgomery Bus Boycott
C) Passing Jim Crow laws
D) Lynching
E) Cross burning

Question 11

The ability to marry or enter into a contract would be an example of

A) social equality.
B) economic equality.
C) visible equality.
D) political equality.
E) practical equality.

Question 12

When the organized antislavery movement in the United States began in the late 1700s, what was meant by the concept of progressive elimination?

A) Progressive elimination was meant to give the freed slaves plenty of time to assimilate into society by gradually releasing them from property status.
B) Progressive elimination was the idea of a gradual abolition as opposed to outright abolition, considered to be a less confrontational and more rational approach.
C) Progressive elimination referred to outright abolition of slavery but only in one state at a time.
D) Progressive elimination meant a quick and decisive abolition of slavery, and was called "progressive" because it indicated an immediate step forward.
E) Progressive elimination meant that the states, due to their inability to eliminate slavery, would surrender sovereignty to the federal government in order to abolish slavery.

Question 13

Certain positive rights, whether political, social, or economic, are conferred by the government on individuals or groups that had previously been denied them. These are called

A) civil liberties.
B) civil rights.
C) suffrage.
D) social incentives.
E) incremental rights.

Question 14

Many of the most ardent abolitionists who advocated an end to slavery still saw a distinction between economic rights, to which they felt African Americans were entitled, and political rights. How did they justify such a distinction in their minds?

A) Economic rights provided the necessities of life such as food, shelter, and basic freedoms, however, the concept of white supremacy was still widespread even in the North and these abolitionists did not see a role for freed slaves in lawmaking, voting, or serving on juries.
B) Economic factors made money for the abolitionists whereas political factors did not.
C) Many abolitionists believed that economic freedom would come first, and then political freedom would follow.
D) The abolitionists believed that slaves should be free to determine basic destinies, such as where they live and work, but they believed that African Americans would never win a political office and should be denied the right to vote.
E) The abolitionists really only wanted partial freedoms for the slaves.

Question 15

The ability to sit anywhere in a movie theater is an example of

A) social equality.
B) economic equality.
C) visible equality.
D) political equality.
E) practical equality.

Question 16

The ability to run for office is an example of

A) social equality.
B) economic equality.
C) visible equality.
D) political equality.
E) practical equality.

Question 17

A number of tactics are used by civil rights advocates and other legitimate protesters to bring attention to a cause and force action without causing harm or violating any law. Which of the following refers to the organized refusal to buy, sell, or use certain goods as a method of waging an economic battle?

A) Civil disobedience
B) Retribution
C) Litigation
D) Legal boycott
E) Lobbying

Question 18

An interesting "fatal characteristic" of some white abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison, who published the abolitionist periodical The Liberator, was that

A) they did not have the political clout to complete the task.
B) these abolitionists were martyred for their beliefs.
C) because they were white, many slaves did not trust them and would not cooperate.
D) even these abolitionists, though opposed to slavery, did not believe that freed slaves should have the same full citizenship rights of white citizens.
E) their work sparked outrage and ignited lynchings and other criminal acts.

Question 19

Which term refers to equality and fair treatment within the various institutions, both public and private that serve the public at large?

A) Political equality
B) Social equality
C) Economic equality
D) Liberty
E) Social stratification

Question 20

The 2003 action by women's rights organizations discouraging companies from sponsoring the Master's Golf Tournament is an example of

A) accommodation.
B) agitation.
C) litigation.
D) legal boycott.
E) civil disobedience.

Question 21

The case of Sweatt v. Painter

A) invalidated the exclusion of black students from law school absent some other provision from their legal training.
B) rejected an attempt to create a separate law school for blacks by roping off a section of the state capitol and assigning three law teachers to them.
C) invalidated an attempt to create an alternative law school for blacks because any such alternative would be inherently different in the reputation of its faculty.
D) rejected as "unequal" an attempt to provide graduate education to a black student by making him sit in a classroom surrounded by a railing marked "reserved for colored."
E) ruled that no scheme of racial discrimination can stand if "there is state participation through any arrangement, management, fund, or property."

Question 22

W. E. B. Du Bois helped found the

A) HRC.
B) NAACP.
C) SCLC.
D) KKK.
E) ACLU.

Question 23

The "Civil Rights Cases" held that

A) the doctrine of "separate but equal" was invalid.
B) the doctrine of "separate but equal" was established
C) the great body of civil rights lay under the protection of state governments, not the U.S. Constitution.
D) schools should desegregate "with all deliberate speed."
E) private individuals may discriminate on the basis of race.

Question 24

In 1896 the Supreme Court again addressed segregation and racial discrimination in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson. What precedent was established by the ruling in this case?

A) States must act with haste to correct discriminatory laws and practices.
B) Institutionalized and legalized racial segregation violates the Fourteenth Amendment's "equal protection" clause.
C) Only the state governments may address race relations.
D) The Fourteenth Amendment does not give powers to the federal government to regulate local segregation issues.
E) The doctrine of "separate but equal" was established and segregation was constitutional if this standard was met.

Question 25

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was a bold attempt by Congress to rectify discrimination through federal legislation. The Supreme Court in 1883 issued a ruling concerning this law in The Civil Rights Cases. What was the Court's conclusion?

A) That the legislation was constitutional and valid as well as necessary to advance full and equal civil rights
B) That the legislation was unconstitutional because it usurped state powers, so it could not be enforced
C) That the legislation was valid but should have included a right to vote for the affected individuals
D) That the Court had full authority to override state laws and traditions
E) That the U.S. Constitution was a living document that must frequently be amended to meet contemporary challenges

Question 26

The case of Cooper v. Aaron

A) invalidated the exclusion of black students from law school absent some other provision from their legal training.
B) rejected an attempt to create a separate law school for blacks by roping off a section of the state capitol and assigning three law teachers to them.
C) invalidated an attempt to create an alternative law school for blacks because any such alternative would be inherently different in the reputation of its faculty.
D) rejected as "unequal" an attempt to provide graduate education to a black student by making him sit in a classroom surrounded by a railing marked "reserved for colored."
E) ruled that no scheme of racial discrimination can stand if "there is state participation through any arrangement, management, funds, or property."

Question 27

The Fourteenth Amendment provided

A) forgiveness for all Confederates.
B) an opportunity for freed slaves to sue the states in which they were enslaved.
C) full U.S. and state citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States as well as guaranteed equal protection of the laws.
D) for segregation of the races but equal treatment of both.
E) restitution to the freed slaves.

Question 28

What were the "Black Codes" in the southern states following the Civil War?

A) They were federal laws that censured the press in an attempt to limit influence from northern states.
B) They were federal laws designed to assist many economically depressed areas to improve their economies.
C) They were laws passed in most southern states, which denied African Americans numerous rights as an attempt to resist the new freedoms given them by the federal government.
D) They were state laws that were designed to assist freed slaves to assimilate into society.
E) They were local laws that punished white citizens who assisted black citizens with economic goals.

Question 29

Who stood in the doorway of the University of Alabama in 1963, refusing to allow black students to enter?

A) Governor George Wallace
B) Governor Ross Barnett
C) Governor Orval Faubus
D) lawyer Thurgood Marshall
E) Lawyer Charles Houston

Question 30

Following the Reconstruction era many southern states legislated restrictions on voter eligibility that were designed to have a negative effect on voting powers for African Americans. Which of the following was NOT one these restrictions?

A) Documentation of ownership of property
B) Grandfather clauses requiring non-slave status of ancestors
C) Literacy tests
D) Poll taxes
E) Proof of honorable service in the Union military forces

Question 31

As one of the so-called Civil War Amendments, the Thirteenth Amendment served what purpose?

A) Freedom of speech to all Americans
B) Forgiveness for southern soldiers
C) Reconciliation of northern and southern states
D) The right to vote for all citizens, including women
E) The abolishment of the institution of slavery in the United States

Question 32

One hundred members of Congress signed __________ in an attempt to reverse the Brown ruling.

A) the Civil Rights Act of 1968
B) the Strict Scrutiny law
C) the "Stand your ground" law
D) the Southern Manifesto
E) Title IX

Question 33

Which type of law, passed in southern states during Reconstruction, required a payment to the government before an individual could be allowed to vote? (These laws had the worst impact on poor citizens, of which African Americans were disproportionately represented.)

A) Literacy test
B) Poll tax
C) Property tax
D) Fine
E) Race tax

Question 34

During the first three decades of the twentieth century, how many African Americans served in either chamber of Congress?

A) 0
B) 2
C) 4
D) 6
E) 11

Question 35

_________ were used by some southern states to require segregation of blacks and whites in public schools, railroads, buses, restaurants, and other public facilities.

A) Black Codes
B) Jim Crow laws
C) Racial reorganization codes
D) Slaughterhouse Codes
E) Purge rules

Question 36

The Fifteenth Amendment guaranteed

A) the right to vote regardless of race.
B) the right to vote regardless of race or gender.
C) the right to veterans' benefits regardless of which side they served in the Civil War.
D) the abolition of slavery only in new states that were added to the Union after the Civil War.
E) prohibition against Jim Crow laws and racial segregation.

Question 37

In the 135 years from the end of the Civil War to the beginning of the twentieth century, how many African Americans served in the U.S. House of Representatives?

A) 0
B) 5
C) 9
D) 22
E) 45

Question 38

The case of McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents

A) invalidated the exclusion of black students from law school absent some other provision from their legal training.
B) rejected an attempt to create a separate law school for blacks by roping off a section of the state capitol and assigning three law teachers to them.
C) invalidated an attempt to create to create an alternative law school for blacks because any such alternative would be inherently different in the reputation of its faculty.
D) rejected as "unequal" an attempt to provide graduate education to a black student by making him sit in a classroom surrounded by a railing marked "reserved for colored."
E) ruled that no scheme of racial discrimination can stand if "there is state participation through any arrangement, management, funds, or property."

Question 39

Which term applied to the variety of laws enacted by state and local governments across the South in the late 1800s and early 1900s that required and enforced racial segregation, while prohibiting service in state militias and admission to colleges?

A) Jim Crow laws
B) Tuskegee laws
C) Equality statutes
D) Racial ordinances
E) Race protection acts

Question 40

The U.S. Supreme Court in 1873 consolidated several pending cases into one ruling, which is known legally as The Slaughterhouse Cases. This ruling had great bearing on the Fourteenth Amendment. What was the impact of the case and its precedent?

A) The case strengthened the Fourteenth Amendment's protections and advanced the cause of civil rights for African Americans.
B) The justices ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment was unconstitutional.
C) The justices ruled that Congress had overstepped its authority in its initial passage of the Fourteenth Amendment and in the freeing of slaves in southern states.
D) The ruling declared that civil rights were under the protection of the state governments, not the U.S. Constitution; so many states did not recognize the Fourteenth Amendment and were not willing to advance civil rights in their individual states.
E) The case gave the Congress all powers to decide the level and reach of civil rights in the United States.

Question 41

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) was a Supreme Court case that

A) created affirmative action quotas for all medical schools.
B) rejected the outright use of racial quotas in college admissions but allowed race to be used as one of several factors in admissions.
C) required that a quota for white students be used if there is also an existing quota for non-whites.
D) required racial quotas for all college admission procedures.
E) identified and prohibited the process of "reverse discrimination."

Question 42

Court-ordered busing to integrate schools was an attempt to remedy

A) forced discrimination.
B) civil disobedience.
C) de facto discrimination.
D) de jure discrimination.
E) racial discrimination.

Question 43

One of the largest shifts in professional presence for women has been in the role of lawyers and judges. From 1970 to 1990 these numbers increased from about

A) 0 to 5 percent.
B) 5 percent to 22 percent.
C) 5 percent to 70 percent.
D) 30 percent to 50 percent.
E) 30 percent to 70 percent.

Question 44

In 2003 the U.S. Supreme Court revisited the Bakke decision in the case of Grutter v. Bollinger. What was the Court's ruling in this 2003 case concerning affirmative action?

A) It reversed Bakke and stated that such programs punish non-minorities who played no role at all in the original discriminatory practices.
B) It ruled that the racial divide that exists in this country may be exacerbated by affirmative action.
C) It ruled that affirmative action programs are explicit racial classifications, and as such they violate the principle of a "color-blind" society.
D) It ruled that economically privileged African Americans who do not need such assistance may benefit at the expense of less privileged African Americans who have greater needs.
E) It reaffirmed the ruling in Bakke that allows race to be used as one of several positive factors in the admissions process.

Question 45

Segregation in southern states during the early 1900s was legislated and institutionalized, and not all acts of discrimination were as obvious as housing, economic disparities, etc. Segregation in reality, as it is sometimes called, is known legally as

A) de jure segregation.
B) de facto segregation.
C) case law segregation.
D) geographic segregation.
E) regional inequality.

Question 46

In 1972 Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment and sent it to the state legislatures for ratification. What was the impact of the ERA?

A) Once ratified, it opened doors for women in all areas of business and politics.
B) The ERA gave women an avenue by which to sue an employer for gender discrimination.
C) The ERA had no direct impact because it never garnered the required support of three-fourths of the state legislatures, so it was never enacted.
D) Once ratified, the amount of litigation in federal courts skyrocketed.
E) Once ratified, the United States immediately experienced a significant increase in the number of women serving as governors and in Congress.

Question 47

Another hotly debated topic concerning civil rights is racial profiling. Which of the following is a definition that is commonly used for racial profiling?

A) Legitimate use of race to determine criminal suspects
B) Segregation of criminal suspects according to race
C) The practice of taking race into account when investigating crimes
D) Disproportionate waivers of juvenile minorities from juvenile courts to adult court
E) Disproportionate use of the death penalty for racial minorities

Question 48

The Twenty-fourth Amendment, ratified in 1964, did which of the following?

A) Invalidated literacy tests and property requirements and required select states and cities to apply for permission to the Justice Department to change their voting laws
B) Prohibited discrimination by employers and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to investigate complaints of discrimination
C) Banned poll taxes in federal elections
D) Banned race discrimination in housing and made interference with a citizen's civil rights a federal crime
E) Banned racial discrimination in all public accommodations, including those that were privately owned

Question 49

As the courts and legislatures cleared the books of laws that legalized racial discrimination, affirmative action developed in the 1970s as a new tactic. What was its purpose?

A) It required that the employment process be color-blind and that race not be mentioned.
B) It required that the federal government's agencies approve all employment decisions to ensure compliance.
C) It intentionally encouraged lawsuits against private companies as a way of bringing them into compliance.
D) It created a remedy for discriminatory hiring practices of the past and present whereby preference, in certain circumstances, could be given to minorities.
E) It created policies that made it more difficult to hire or promote a white employee.

Question 50

The Civil Rights act of 1968

A) invalidated literacy tests and property requirements and required select states and cities to apply for permission to the Justice Department to change their voting laws.
B) prohibited discrimination by employers and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to investigate complaints of discrimination.
C) banned poll taxes in federal elections.
D) banned race discrimination in housing and made interference with a citizen's civil rights a federal crime.
E) banned racial discrimination in all public accommodations, including those that were privately owned.

Question 51

The early 1960s saw increased racial tensions and outright violence, especially in the Deep South states of Alabama and Mississippi. Due in large part to this civil unrest, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. What did this powerful legislation provide?

A) It ruled that states could not use force against racial minorities.
B) It established racial quotas for police departments and state militias.
C) It banned discrimination in all accommodations, both public and private, and prohibited employment discrimination as well.
D) It took away state authority to enact any laws related to employment.
E) It reinforced the old Jim Crow laws.

Question 52

What was the primary purpose of the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

A) It removed any artificial barrier to voter participation, including literacy tests and poll taxes.
B) It required African Americans to prove that they are descendants of slaves before being allowed to register to vote.
C) It made all elections a function of the federal government instead of the states.
D) It ensured an African American senator from every state within 50 years.
E) It reinstated the racial restrictions on voter registration, especially in southern states.

Question 53

David Baldus studied the death penalty and its impact on minorities in the early 1990s. What was the most frequently quoted finding of his study?

A) "The use of the death penalty was proportionate to the racial mix of society as a whole."
B) "Killers of whites were 4.3 times more likely to be sentenced to death than killers of African Americans."
C) "Blacks commit murder more frequently than whites."
D) "A killer of a white victim is less likely than a killer of a black victim to receive the death penalty."
E) "Blacks are more heavily represented on death row than whites, but more whites are actually executed."

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT true of strict scrutiny?

A) It was a legal standard set in Brown v. Board of Education.
B) It tends to invalidate almost all state laws that segregate racial groups.
C) It is held at the same level of scrutiny as gender discrimination cases in the Supreme Court.
D) It has been applied to decisions on segregated public swimming pools and interracial marriages.
E) It requires government to prove that the racial classification of the law or practice in question is "narrowly tailored" to meet a "compelling state interest."

Question 55

What do Title VII and Title IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 guarantee?

A) Legal protection for women against discrimination and an avenue to pursue legal action against a violator
B) Affirmative action policies for women in schools and places of employment
C) Half of all admissions slots to law schools and medical schools are to be awarded to females
D) Equal pay for equal work
E) The right of women to vote

Question 56

The arrest of __________ in December 1955 sparked a racial boycott of the Montgomery, Alabama bus system.

A) Martin Luther King Jr.
B) Malcolm X
C) Rosa Parks
D) Louis Farrakhan
E) Thurgood Marshall

Question 57

How did the U.S. Supreme Court eventually aid the advancement of civil rights for African Americans in the 1950s and 1960s?

A) The Supreme Court utilized a standard of strict scrutiny (a level of judicial review), which may invalidate a state or federal statute if that statute is found by the Court to be contradictory to the U.S. Constitution.
B) The Supreme Court initiated martial law.
C) The Supreme Court enacted litigation that would clog the lower courts but have a trickle-down effect on the efficiency of the state governments to do business.
D) The Supreme Court granted the resolution to appoint new lawmakers who would abide by the Constitution.
E) The Supreme Court authorized the demands of the NAACP and other activists regarding the federal takeover of the southern states.

Question 58

Powell v. McCormack

A) permitted the first woman to sit in the House of Representatives.
B) permitted the first African American to sit in the House of Representatives.
C) prohibited the exclusion of a representative from his seat in the House of Representatives.
D) permitted the first Muslim to sit in the House of Representatives.
E) prohibited removal of a committee chairmanship because of its supporting of the presidential bid of the candidate of the opposing party.

Question 59

The Nineteenth Amendment, ratified in 1920, granted

A) women the right to vote.
B) African American men the right to vote for the first time.
C) the right to equal education regardless of race or gender.
D) the right to affirmative action in employment procedures.
E) eighteen-year-olds the right to vote.

Question 60

"White flight" to the suburbs is an example of

A) forced discrimination.
B) civil disobedience.
C) de facto discrimination.
D) de jure discrimination.
E) racial discrimination.

Question 61

Describe the Jim Crow laws in the southern states in the early decades of the 1900s. How and why did these laws materialize? What role did the U.S. Supreme Court play in ending Jim Crow?

Question 62

Which of the following banned immigration of people from Asia?

A) The Chinese Exclusion Act
B) The Gentlemen's Agreement
C) The National Origins Act
D) Options A, B, and C are true.
E) None of the above is true.

Question 63

Subjective biases of male bosses against female employees are difficult to prove. These biases are often considered to be the cause of what is known to women as

A) sexual harassment.
B) intermediate scrutiny.
C) the glass ceiling.
D) gender equality.
E) rational basis scrutiny.

Question 64

Discuss the direct impact of the 1964 Civil Rights Act on the rights of African Americans.

Question 65

The standard requiring the government show that classification is "substantially related to an important state interest" is

A) compelling state interest.
B) intermediate scrutiny.
C) preponderance of the evidence.
D) balancing interests.
E) rational basis scrutiny.

Question 66

Compare and contrast the difference between compelling state interest, intermediate scrutiny, and rational basis scrutiny. Explain how the adoption of each standard could affect the chances of a statute being found unconstitutional.

Question 67

Describe the precedents in the following three Supreme Court cases and discuss how these cases illustrate a timeline in the evolution of civil rights of African Americans:
-
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
-
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
-
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Question 68

The division of Native American tribal lands among individuals was accomplished by

A) the Dawes Severalty Act.
B) the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907.
C) the National Origin Act of 1924.
D) the Treaty of Greenville.
E) Title IX.

Question 69

The United States has a long history of tensions between the authority of the state governments to apply civil rights and the role of the federal government in these issues. Using the example of African Americans in the post-Civil War and Reconstruction eras, discuss the tensions over the application of the U.S. Constitution to the actions of the states. Especially note the role of the U.S. Supreme Court in this struggle.

Question 70

The United States Supreme Court rejected a series of attempts by states to segregate graduate education institutions by outright prohibition of black students and the creation of separate schools or sections in the classroom for blacks. Explain how each such attempt was rejected.

Question 71

Compare and contrast the methods of achieving civil rights: accommodation, agitation, litigation, legal boycott, and civil disobedience. Be sure to evaluate the effectiveness of each method using historic examples.

Question 72

"The Don't Ask Don't Tell Policy" that allowed closeted gays to serve in the military provided they didn't publicize their sexual orientation, was put into action by President __________ and repealed under President __________.

A) Clinton; Obama
B) Clinton; George W. Bush
C) George H.W. Bush; Clinton
D) George W. Bush; Obama
E) Reagan; Clinton

Question 73

Discuss the experiences of women in their historic journey toward civil rights in the United States. Especially note the right to vote, the Equal Rights Amendment, gender discrimination issues, and the removal of gender barriers over the past three decades in business, military, and political arenas.

Question 74

Lawrence v. Texas (2003) was one of the biggest court victories for

A) Mexicans.
B) homosexuals.
C) Muslims.
D) Native Americans.
E) Asians.

Question 75

Compare and contrast the efficacy of the Gay Rights and Disability Rights movements. How successful have each of these groups been?

Question 76

A number of minority groups other than African Americans and women have struggled for citizenship, suffrage, equality, and civil rights in the United States. Name five of these groups and the barriers and successes they have experienced over the years. What are some of the unique circumstances of each group, when compared to other groups?