Deck 20: Between Europe and China

Question 1

In 1453, the Ottoman armies attacked Constantinople and brought an end to

A) Roman rule.
B) Byzantine rule.
C) Arab rule.
D) Egyptian rule.
E) Mongol rule.

Answer 1

Byzantine rule.

Question 2

Following a familiar principle in empires, the Ottomans made sure to appeal to the military with

A) land in exchange for service.
B) tax exemptions.
C) freedom to travel without restrictions.
D) first pick of slaves conquered in war.
E) provincial administrative posts.

Answer 2

land in exchange for service.

Question 3

How did the Patrona Halil rebellion show "decay at the center" yet spell "benefit elsewhere"?

A) It provided the Janissaries with additional funding for gunpowder.
B) The cities at the center of the empire were burned to the ground.
C) The flow of gold and other valuable metals tended to benefit the provinces.
D) It demonstrated that local elites in the provinces were beginning to gain power relative to the sultan.
E) Even though the merchants were failing, it was a time of strength for the military.

Answer 3

It demonstrated that local elites in the provinces were beginning to gain power relative to the sultan.

Question 4

"Capitulations" that were beneficial to Europeans were

A) monopolies on certain cash crops sold to European companies.
B) access to certain Ottoman ports.
C) acknowledgment of the supremacy of the Portuguese army in Southeast Asia.
D) a discount on trade duties and fees negotiated between Europeans and sultans.
E) a tax based not on the amount of goods traded but on how many non-Muslims (per capita) were involved in the trade company.

Question 5

The "tulip period" in the Ottoman Empire was one in which Ottomans :

A) emulated western European fashions
B) traded with Holland for tulips and clogs
C) had the red tulip as the official insignia of the Janissary corps
D) achieved domination in trade over Venice as the sole exporters of tulip bulbs from Istanbul.
E) made an alliance with the Dutch at the expense of all other western European trade.

Question 6

The area devastated by revolts resulting in significant emigration and decreased agricultural production in the Ottoman Empire between 1590-1619 was

A) Istanbul
B) Anatolia
C) the Balkans
D) Izmir
E) Adan

Question 7

In governing his "flock" or raya, the sultan saw himself as

A) being the model of meekness and passivity.
B) providing equality to the sexes.
C) providing intellectual and scholastic leadership.
D) providing equality to all citizens.
E) providing justice and military protection.

Question 8

A significant transition in the Janissaries occurred after the uprisings because they:

A) became a hereditary institution
B) became farmers
C) became commercial merchants
D) became avid supporters of the Imperial navy
E) became students of shari'ia

Question 9

The devshirme system involved

A) taking Christian children from the Balkans for Ottoman government and military service.
B) the forced conversion of Islamic children for military service.
C) the strict segregation of children of different genders.
D) female infanticide.
E) child agricultural labor.

Question 10

The rising status of Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire led to a refinement of their role in society. Which of the following were gains in their status?

A) being able to marry.
B) being involved in business and commerce.
C) becoming a hereditary order.
D) ending the devshirme.
E) all of the above

Question 11

Which European city did the Ottomans try, and fail, to conquer in 1529 and 1683?

A) Belgrade
B) Kosovo
C) Constantinople
D) Vienna
E) Dubrovnik

Question 12

A significant weakness of the Ottoman Empire against the Portuguese was that, originally, the Ottomans did not have:

A) Horses
B) guns
C) a navy capable of wining battles against Christian forces
D) trade connections
E) any of these.

Question 13

The askeri class in the Ottoman Empire were exempt from taxes and were from the

A) noble class.
B) military class.
C) lower class.
D) religious class.
E) scholar class.

Question 14

The sultan, also know as "The Lawgiver," who presided over a "golden age" and the greatest Ottoman assault on Christian Europe was

A) Sultan Mehmet II.
B) Mansa Musa.
C) Suleiman the Magnificent.
D) Babur.
E) Akbar.

Question 15

Which Italian city-state was the most commercially powerful and became a commercial rival and military foe of the Ottoman Empire?

A) Venice
B) Genoa
C) Florence
D) Rome
E) Turin

Question 16

The trading of coffee from this port became the rage in the fifteenth century.

A) Venice
B) Istanbul
C) Malacca
D) Mocha
E) Zanzibar

Question 17

Tax farming-the paying of taxes in advance for the right to collect greater amounts from others-caused the Ottoman empire to rely more on

A) shifting the tax burden to the rich.
B) imposing a tariff on foreign agricultural products.
C) overfarming.
D) powerful provincial governors
E) peasants working on government land to pay government expenses.

Question 18

The hybrid language spoken at court and by the "military" class was

A) Persian
B) Farsi
C) Arabic
D) Osmanli
E) Turkish

Question 19

According to the fatwas of Ebu's-Su'ud', what substance was considered reprehensible and illicit by the Shari'a?

A) Tobacco
B) Alcohol
C) Coffee
D) Hallucinogenic mushrooms
E) Sugar

Question 20

A new fourteenth-century Ottoman military elite was Christian prisoners of war, called

A) Janissaries.
B) Knights of the Cross.
C) Mamluks.
D) Caspian slaves.
E) Lollards.

Question 21

Out of the struggle for power in Iran emerged a chief of Kurdish, Iranian, and Greek ancestry named

A) Mehmet.
B) Akbar.
C) Babur.
D) Isaac.
E) Ismail.

Question 22

Compared to Istanbul, which term would be least likely to apply to Isfahan?

A) centrally located.
B) indefensible.
C) cosmopolitan.
D) lacking in cultural life.
E) anti-commercial.

Question 23

In Iran, the mandated conversion to Shi'ism

A) was accepted as the word of god by the Sunnis.
B) was accomplished peacefully in building a multinational empire.
C) created a deep chasm between Iran and its Sunni neighbors.
D) was only for the select members of the qizilbash in Iran.
E) was done for purposes of unifying with the Abbasid Caliphate.

Question 24

One of the key teachings of the Shi'ite doctrine "Hidden Imam" is that

A) he is to lead the ulama to be under the control of the sultan.
B) he is expected to return as a messiah at the end of time.
C) he is to be found among the wandering ascetics.
D) he is to be completely disinterested in political affairs.
E) he is to inspire wars between the religious sects.

Question 25

Mughal is Persian for

A) infidel.
B) interloper.
C) conquerors.
D) Mongol.
E) Mamluk.

Question 26

Although European accounts discussed the custom of women wearing veils, which of the following is also true?

A) Islamic women wore elaborate headdresses of ostrich feathers and lace.
B) both Islamic men and women covered their hair, arms, and legs.
C) Islamic women didn't cover the face or body.
D) Islamic women were never actually seen by Europeans.
E) there is no evidence that this is true.

Question 27

Iran became most closely associated with the manufacture of which item?

A) Silk
B) Coffee
C) Porcelain
D) Carpets
E) Camel saddles

Question 28

Islamic law

A) did not allow women to own any property.
B) did not discuss women's property ownership.
C) forbade women to own property after marriage.
D) allowed women to keep property after marriage.
E) made women equal with men.

Question 29

After the Mongol's conquered the region in 1258, Iranian scholars and writers

A) read and wrote only in Persian.
B) read and wrote only in Arabic.
C) were relentlessly persecuted under the Safavids.
D) read Arabic as well as Persian, but favored Persian.
E) opposed the government's forging of diplomatic ties with Mughal India.

Question 30

The martyrdom of Imam Husayn was remembered in the Shi'ite community with

A) emotional processions of Shi'ites through the streets.
B) the Easter mass.
C) a truce among all religious sects.
D) the pilgrimage to Mecca.
E) fasting.

Question 31

The Mughal Empire was quite prosperous in the sixteenth century because they

A) traded cotton cloth.
B) had an efficient government system
C) faced few external threats
D) all of the above
E) b and c

Question 32

A significant fact about the capital cities of both the Ottomans and Safavids was that

A) in neither city were wheeled vehicles prevelant.
B) neither allowed Europeans within city walls.
C) neither allowed women in public.
D) both focused on mosques built for the emperor or shah.
E) both had significant naval bases to guard their harbors.

Question 33

Mansabs were a similar feature to the Ottoman Empire, being:

A) the rights of tax collection
B) trade agreements with western Europe
C) a class of non-Muslim functioning in the local government
D) land grants in exchange for service
E) a type of cavalry unit

Question 34

In the Muslim world, homosexuality was

A) unknown.
B) encouraged.
C) introduced by the Silk Road.
D) disapproved, but relationships with boys were not unusual.
E) practiced only among the rich.

Question 35

The Ottomans' chief rival in Iran was the

A) Saranid Empire.
B) Mughal Empire.
C) Safavid Empire.
D) Persian Empire.
E) Uighur Empire.

Question 36

By the mid-17th century, Iran was producing which staple crop instead of importing it from Mughal India?

A) tea
B) coffee
C) cotton
D) tobacco
E) rice

Question 37

The Mughal Empire is distinguished from the Ottomans and Safavids mostly because it was

A) not very warlike.
B) heavily influenced by the Chinese.
C) a Hindu land ruled by a Muslim minority
D) still controlled by the Mongols.
E) a democracy.

Question 38

The founder of the Mughal Empire was

A) Akbar.
B) Babur.
C) Ali.
D) Mehmed.
E) Nanak.

Question 39

A woman seen in public in the Muslim world would most likely have been any of the following except:

A) non-Muslim
B) elderly
C) very poor
D) slaves
E) married

Question 40

One difference between the Ottoman and Iranian states was that the Ottoman state was based on Sunnism and that the Iranian state was based on

A) Shi'ism.
B) Zoroastrianism
C) Kharijism.
D) Sufism.
E) Sikhism.

Question 41

Which of the following was part of Akbar's policy of religious reconciliation between Muslims and Hindus?

A) His marriage to a Rajput princess
B) The appointment of Hindu mansabdars
C) The elimination of the tax on non-Muslims
D) His allowing Hindus to settle legal disputes with Hindu law
E) all of the above

Question 42

Which group, comprised mostly of herders, mercenaries, or outlaws, led the conquest of Siberia in the 16th and 17th centuries?

A) janissaries
B) cossacks
C) saracens
D) Franks
E) Uighers

Question 43

Identify the following term(s).
Safavid Empire

Question 44

Identify the following term(s).
Tulip Period

Question 45

Identify the following term(s).
Suleiman the Magnificent

Question 46

Which of the following best describes the rule of Peter the Great?

A) considered by many to be the greatest ruler of the Romanovs
B) constructed a small but formidable navy
C) broke Swedish control of the Baltic Sea
D) pushed the Russian elite to imitate European fashions
E) all of the above

Question 47

Which term came to refer to the rulers of the Muscovy principality based in Moscow beginning in the 16th century?

A) tsar
B) sultan
C) king
D) patriarch

Question 48

The Dutch fought a series of wars against Acheh and other local kingdoms from their capital city of

A) Java
B) Batavia
C) Mataram
D) Goa
E) Ambon

Question 49

Why did the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires decline simultaneously?

A) Inability to adjust to the changes in military technology and the world economy
B) Natural disasters
C) The bubonic plague
D) Declining birthrates combined with fertility problems
E) A religious prohibition against banking

Question 50

Extensive migration in the East African lake region and Kenyan highlands was due to

A) attacks by Portuguese and English explorers.
B) long-lasting drought conditions.
C) the influx of Islam.
D) the beginning of the slave trade in those areas.
E) internecine wars.

Question 51

Identify the following term(s).
Ottoman Empire

Question 52

With the fragmentation of Mughal political order, who became president of an independent European stronghold of Pondicherry on India's east coast?

A) Ferdinand Braudel
B) Joseph Francois Dupleix
C) Toussant L'overture
D) Jack Shaftoe
E) Ignatius Dumond

Question 53

Which of the following is a reason for the decline of the Mughals under Aurangzeb?

A) The land-grant system
B) Resistance in the southern provinces
C) Alienation of the Sikhs
D) Symbolic loss of the peacock throne from Delhi
E) all of the above

Question 54

Islam effectively countered the aggressive Christianity of Europeans, particularly

A) in the Brunei Sultanate in Borneo and in the Acheh Sultanate in Sumatra.
B) in Safavid Persia and in the Ottoman Empire.
C) in the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Manchu Empire.
D) in South Africa and Zimbabwe.
E) in none of these; actually, Christianity usually won.

Question 55

Identify the following term(s).
Janissaries

Question 56

What European country conquered the East African port cities?

A) Spain
B) The Netherlands
C) England
D) Portugal
E) France

Question 57

Extensive Islamic expansion into East Africa and Southeast Asia occurred

A) before the rapid European commercial expansion.
B) because Islam was most similar to native religions.
C) because Islam willingly accepted converts as full members.
D) thanks to the support of Muslim land empires.
E) because Muhammad visited these places.

Question 58

Nadir Shah's sack of Delhi is symbolized by what act?

A) forcing the sultan's widow to marry him
B) burning all Hindu religious books
C) Slaughter of the Rajput enemies
D) Confiscating the peacock throne
E) burning down the Taj Mahal

Question 59

Among Akbar's cultural accomplishments that did not survive him was

A) a "divine faith" that incorporated Zoroastrianism, Muslim and Hindu beliefs
B) mandating that all court documents be transcribed in both Persian and Urdu
C) allowing women to attend religious classes
D) precision in portraiture including scantily clad women
E) dedication to the Hidden Imam

Question 60

One of the most significant stimuli for European expansion into Southeast Asia in the seventeenth century was

A) religious minorities trying to escape Protestant or Catholic persecution in Europe during the Thirty Years War.
B) joint-stock trade companies.
C) missionary work by Jesuits to stem the spread of Islam.
D) the increased value of cotton due to the Industrial Revolution.
E) European addiction to coffee.

Question 61

Identify the following term(s).
Shi'ites

Question 62

Identify the following term(s).
serf

Question 63

Identify the following term(s).
Oman

Question 64

Identify the following term(s).
Hidden Imam

Question 65

Identify the following term(s).
Mughal Empire

Question 66

Identify the following term(s).
Siberia

Question 67

Identify the following term(s).
tsar

Question 68

Identify the following term(s).
Muscovy

Question 69

Identify the following term(s).
Peter the Great

Question 70

Identify the following term(s).
Akbar

Question 71

Identify the following term(s).
nawab

Question 72

Identify the following term(s).
Acheh Sultanate

Question 73

What three factors were responsible for the expansion of the Ottoman Empire beginning around 1300? Explain your answer in detail.

Question 74

Identify the following term(s).
mansabs

Question 75

Identify the following term(s).
Shah Abbas I

Question 76

Identify the following term(s).
Swahili

Question 77

Identify the following term(s).
Rajputs

Question 78

Identify the following term(s).
Batavia

Question 79

Explain the economic and military crisis that led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire.

Question 80

Identify the following term(s).
Cossacks