Deck 9: Basic Elements of Individual Behavior in Organizations

Question 1

James gets his energy from other people, likes the big picture, and completes work before moving on to the next project. His traits illustrate the _____ dimension of the Myers-Briggs framework.

A) intraversion
B) judging
C) sensing
D) thinking
E) feeling

Answer 1

B
According to the Myers-Briggs framework, James is a judging type as he prefers to completion before moving to the next work.

Question 2

Complexes of beliefs and feelings that people have about specific ideas, situations, or other people are known as _____.

A) personality attributes
B) attitudes
C) perceptions
D) characteristics
E) behaviors

Answer 2

B
Complexes of beliefs and feelings that people have about specific ideas,situations, or other people are called attitudes.

Question 3

Katherine works as a photographer for a major news organization. She is assigned to cover stories from around the world. What organizational inducement applies to Katherine's situation?

A) Opportunities for advancement
B) Efforts to cover stories
C) Skills in photography
D) Opportunities to travel around the world
E) Loyalty to the organization

Answer 3

D
Organizational inducements are what the organization provides to the employee. In this case, Katherine has the opportunity to travel around the world.

Question 4

Identify the reason why organizations are unable to achieve a perfect person-job fit.

A) Imperfect selection processes
B) Static nature of people
C) Consistent traits among individuals
D) Static nature of organizations
E) Similarity in skills required for different jobs

Question 5

A person's ability to get along with others in an organization is known as _____.

A) locus of control
B) conscientiousness
C) Machiavellianism
D) authoritarianism
E) agreeableness

Question 6

Annika is excited about her new job. She thinks it will be exciting, fulfilling, rewarding, and allow her the standard of living she is looking for. She has made a(n) _____ with her new employer.

A) inducement
B) psychological contract
C) contribution
D) person-job fit
E) written agreement

Question 7

Christine admires her friend Paul's extraverted nature. She knows that he is always ready to meet with her and other colleagues to share ideas. Christine's knowledge about Paul portrays the _____ component of her attitude.

A) affective
B) stereotypical
C) affirmative
D) cognitive
E) dissonance

Question 8

Identify the inducement that an organization provides to its employees.

A) Effort
B) Ability
C) Loyalty
D) Skills
E) Pay

Question 9

_____ refers to a person's rigidity of beliefs and range of interests.

A) Self-efficacy
B) Openness
C) Self-monitoring
D) Risk propensity
E) Machiavellianism

Question 10

Officers in the US military have no control over employee pay. It is all based on time of service and rank. The military uses medals and ribbons to acknowledge excellence. The medals are an example of _____.

A) intangible rewards
B) job tasks
C) stressors
D) contributions
E) inducements

Question 11

Charlie's belief that only luck determines what happens to him portrays that he has _____.

A) high self-esteem.
B) low emotional intelligence
C) an external locus of control
D) authoritarian personality
E) low risk propensity

Question 12

_____ is the relatively stable set of psychological and behavioral attributes that distinguish one person from another.

A) Behavior
B) Perception
C) Attribution
D) Personality
E) Motivation

Question 13

Doreen often takes up more tasks than she can handle, and becomes disorganized and careless. In this scenario, Doreen portrays _____.

A) high risk propensity
B) openness to listening
C) an internal locus of control
D) an external locus of control
E) low levels of conscientiousness

Question 14

Amelia believes that recreation management, as a specification, can be understood only outside the confines of a classroom. However, she is required to fulfill a certain number of classroom hours to graduate as a recreation specialist. In this scenario, Amelia is likely to experience _____.

A) neuroticism
B) selective perception
C) risk propensity
D) cognitive dissonance
E) positive affectivity

Question 15

When Amy is in a room full of strangers she becomes energized to interact with them. Which of the following personality traits does Amy portray?

A) Locus of control
B) Extraversion
C) Machiavellianism
D) Authoritarianism
E) Conscientiousness

Question 16

Identify the contribution made by an individual to a psychological contract.

A) Job security
B) Recognition
C) Pay
D) Effort
E) Benefit

Question 17

In the Myers-Briggs framework, people who enjoy completion or being finished are typically categorized as _____.

A) intuitives
B) sensing types
C) thinking individuals
D) feeling individuals
E) judging types

Question 18

Bernard, a senior manager at Duepoint Inc., manipulates his subordinates to gain personal benefits by promising them false rewards. Bernard's personality trait is an example of _____.

A) self-esteem
B) conformity
C) Machiavellianism
D) authoritarianism
E) risk propensity

Question 19

Jessica, a university student, accepts everything Prof. Hendricks has to say solely because he is the professor. It can be inferred that Jessica has _____.

A) high self-esteem
B) internal locus of control
C) low self-efficacy
D) a highly authoritarian personality
E) a high risk propensity

Question 20

Theresa gets her energy from solitude, prefers detail-oriented concrete projects, and bases her decisions on logical reasoning. Based on the Myers-Briggs framework, Theresa can be differentiated as a(n) _____.

A) extrovert
B) intuitive
C) thinker
D) judging type
E) perceiving type

Question 21

When Caryl feels stress, anxiety, fear, or anger, she prays so that her emotions do not interfere with her work. Afterward she is more productive. Identify the emotional intelligence (EQ) dimension illustrated by Caryl's praying.

A) self-awareness
B) managing emotions
C) risk propensity
D) empathy
E) social skill

Question 22

Some smokers block out negative information about the health effects of smoking because they do not want to change their behavior. This is an example of _____.

A) selective perception
B) attribution
C) objective reality
D) stereotyping
E) negative affectivity

Question 23

The extent to which other people in the same situation behave in the same way is known as _____.

A) consistency
B) consensus
C) distinctiveness
D) stress
E) cognitive dissonance

Question 24

Herman believes he needs balance between work and his personal life. He does not work on weekends but works at a constant pace irrespective of business deadlines. He exhibits a:

A) Type A personality.
B) feeling of exhaustion.
C) dogmatic characteristic.
D) Type B personality.
E) cognitive dissonance.

Question 25

Chandra has been a bank manager at the same bank for 35 years. She is vital to the bank and has a high level of autonomy and variety in her work. Her organizational commitment is likely to be high due to her _____.

A) years with the organization
B) dissatisfaction with her work
C) negative affectivity
D) low organizational citizenship
E) cognitive dissonance

Question 26

The temperature at Nettix Inc. is too cold for Royce to concentrate on his work. This is an example of work-related stressors categorized as _____.

A) task demands
B) physical demands
C) role demands
D) interpersonal demands
E) client demands

Question 27

Individuals become aware of and interpret information about their environment through a set of processes called _____.

A) general adaptation syndrome
B) perception
C) objective reality
D) stereotyping
E) burnout

Question 28

Fred has seen some movies depicting wars that took place in Iraq-all directed by women-which were so inaccurate that he refuses to see another war movie. Fred assumes that women are incapable of creating war movies. Fred's assumptions are an example of _____.

A) stereotyping
B) conscientiousness
C) extraversion
D) introversion
E) authoritarianism

Question 29

Yakov is a Type A person. He is least likely to be _____.

A) stressed
B) work oriented
C) aggressive
D) competitive
E) patient

Question 30

Nadine, a manager, observes that every time one of her subordinates, Peter, calls in sick, it is the day after she has made a decision Peter did not agree with. She attributes his absences to stress or resentment on his part. Nadine makes this attribution based on _____.

A) consensus
B) consistency
C) distinctiveness
D) turnover
E) absenteeism

Question 31

Someone who is content with a low level job, is not confident, and focuses on extrinsic rewards has _____.

A) high level of self-awareness
B) authoritative characteristics
C) high self-efficacy
D) external locus of control
E) low self-esteem

Question 32

Travis observes that one of his employees always refuses to look him in the eye. He wonders if the employee lacks respect for him. Later, Travis sees that other employees also fail to look him in the eye. Travis decides that the employees are not disrespectful of him, but rather that he must be intimidating them. Travis makes this attribution based on _____.

A) consensus
B) consistency
C) distinctiveness
D) stereotyping
E) selective perception

Question 33

Claudia is trying to develop a communications plan for a new plant opening. She puts in many hours of overtime and eventually gives up and goes home without finishing the project. She is most likely in the _____ stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS).

A) resistance
B) alarm
C) exhaustion
D) preparation
E) verification

Question 34

An individual who experiments with new ideas and gambles on new products is said to have a(n) _____.

A) external locus of control
B) authoritarian outlook
C) Machiavellian personality
D) low self-esteem
E) high risk propensity

Question 35

The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) represents the normal process by which an individual reacts to _____.

A) stressfull events
B) organizational inducements
C) role demands
D) attributions
E) positive contributions

Question 36

Compared to Type A individuals, Type B individuals are:

A) more likely to be aggressive and impatient.
B) more devoted to work.
C) less likely to experience conflict with other people.
D) less likely to have a balanced approach to life.
E) less successful.

Question 37

Steve Perez, a senior manager at Lanset Inc., is satisfied to contribute to his organization in spite of receiving a lower salary than what other organizations might offer him. Steve's attitude reflects his _____.

A) organizational commitment
B) authoritarian behavior
C) negative affectivity
D) selective perceptions
E) locus of control

Question 38

Jill observes that relationships are very important to Christine and that she will go out of her way to help others. Christine is late for a meeting with Jill, and Jill thinks the delay is due to Christine's generous spirit. Jill's judgement of the cause for Christine's delay is an example of _____.

A) attribution
B) stereotyping
C) selective perception
D) positive affectivity
E) cognitive dissonance

Question 39

A satisfied employee tends to be:

A) disrupted from work.
B) less productive.
C) looking for other jobs.
D) more stressed.
E) absent less often.

Question 40

During surgery, surgeons make quick decisions knowing the consequences of a wrong one. They are most likely to feel stress due to _____.

A) task demands
B) physical demands
C) role demands
D) interpersonal demands
E) creative demands

Question 41

Identify the personality trait that a creative individual would most likely posses.

A) Low agreeableness
B) High Machiavellianism
C) Negative affectivity
D) Intraversion
E) Openness

Question 42

When a manager leaves his or her job to accept a job at another organization, the organization left behind is experiencing:

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) turnover.
C) absenteeism.
D) stereotyping.
E) burnout.

Question 43

Lucy's work is above average as far as quality and quantity of production goes; however, she refuses to do anything beyond the strict performance of her required job tasks. This is an example of

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) a Type B personality.
C) poor organizational citizenship.
D) burnout.
E) a person with an external locus of control.

Question 44

Eleanor, a scientist at Medivac Inc., develops a prototype for a new vaccine to determine whether the vaccine works as designed. Eleanor is in the _____ stage of the creative process.

A) preparation
B) verification
C) insight
D) incubation
E) cognitive dissonance

Question 45

Creativity within organizations can be enhanced by:

A) encouraging employees to have less risk propensity.
B) making it part of the organization's culture.
C) training individuals to have an external locus of control.
D) employing only those individuals from environments that nurture creativity.
E) setting ambiguous goals and objectives.

Question 46

_____ is a pattern of action by the members of an organization that directly or indirectly influences organizational effectiveness.

A) Workplace behavior
B) Psychological contract
C) Person-job fit
D) Cognitive dissonance
E) Organizational commitment

Question 47

The _____ stage of the creativity process determines the validity or truthfulness of an insight.

A) preparation
B) incubation
C) insight
D) verification
E) cognitive dissonance

Question 48

The creative process typically begins with a period of _____.

A) cognitive dissonance
B) verification
C) insight
D) preparation
E) incubation

Question 49

_____ is the first stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome.

A) Exhaustion
B) Resistance
C) Alarm
D) Burnout
E) Conflict

Question 50

Organizations can benefit from turnovers if:

A) the individuals who quit have to be replaced immediately.
B) they are trying to cut costs.
C) turnovers involve productive people.
D) the current unemployment rates are high.
E) a good person-job fit is the cause for a turnover.

Question 51

_____ thinking is a skill that allows people to see similarities between situations or events.

A) Differentiated
B) Divergent
C) Cognitive
D) Creative
E) Convergent

Question 52

_____ are the total set of work-related behaviors that the organization expects the individual to display.

A) Performance behaviors
B) Withdrawal behaviors
C) Dysfunctional behaviors
D) Cognitive dissonance
E) Machiavellianism

Question 53

Avida Sports developed a sensor system that swimmers wear in the water and get computerized analysis of their stroke. Avida signed an agreement with a swim club to test the product before increasing production. Avida is in the _____ stage of the creative process.

A) insight
B) incubation
C) preparation
D) verification
E) cognitive dissonance

Question 54

Which of the following is an example of dysfunctional behavior?

A) Agreeableness
B) Extraversion
C) Racial harassment
D) Cognitive dissonance
E) Organizational citizenship

Question 55

Periodic Inc. provides formal training to newly recruited Business Developers to guide them in designing new business initiatives. The new recruits are in the _____ stage of the creative process.

A) preparation
B) incubation
C) insight
D) verification
E) administration

Question 56

Jared called in sick so that he could go golfing. Jared's action is an example of:

A) turnover.
B) role conflict.
C) absenteeism.
D) organizational citizenship.
E) performance behavior.

Question 57

Which of the following is a typical cause of task-demand stress?

A) Having to work shifts that disrupt normal sleep patterns
B) Having to work in an isolated cubicle
C) Having to balance work and family
D) Having to work in a dangerous environment
E) Having to make fast decisions with incomplete information

Question 58

Frederic is hired as a reporter for a popular news organization. He is expected to write, edit, and proofread stories within deadlines. The organization's expectations are referred to as:

A) dysfunctional behaviors.
B) performance behaviors.
C) withdrawal behaviors.
D) psychological behaviors.
E) physical behavior.

Question 59

Individual behavior that makes a positive overall contribution to an organization is called _____.

A) performance behavior
B) positive inducement
C) motivational behavior
D) organizational citizenship
E) perceptive contribution

Question 60

Consequences of organizational stress include _____.

A) increased devotion to work
B) strong sense of time urgency
C) high levels of competitiveness
D) higher-quality work outputs
E) feelings of exhaustion

Question 61

_____ is the extent to which a person behaves in the same way in different situations.

A) Consistency
B) Distinctiveness
C) Consensus
D) Positive affectivity
E) Attribution

Question 62

_____ is an attitude that reflects the extent to which an individual is gratified by or fulfilled in his or her work.

A) Organizational citizenship
B) Job dissatisfaction
C) Organizational commitment
D) Cognitive dissonance
E) Positive affectivity

Question 63

Patricia, a joyful personality, is disgruntled on hearing that Terry, a subordinate, has moved ahead of her for a promotion. Realizing that Terry has been rewarded for his potential, she congratulates him and returns to her normal self. Patricia's mood swing portrays a high degree of _____.

A) authoritarianism
B) self-efficacy
C) positive affectivity
D) cognitive dissonance
E) neuroticism

Question 64

Anne, a software programmer at Mont Inc., tries to rectify a programming module that stressed her out with unfamiliar issues. According to the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), Anne is in the _____ stage.

A) exhaustion
B) resistance
C) alarm
D) burnout
E) conflict

Question 65

A tendency to be relatively upbeat and optimistic, have an overall sense of wellbeing, and to be in a good mood is called _____.

A) positive affectivity
B) self-efficacy
C) intraversion
D) cognitive dissonance
E) neuroticism

Question 66

Which of the following is a basic perceptual process?

A) Cognitive dissonance
B) Inducement
C) Machiavellianism
D) Stereotyping
E) Negative emotionality

Question 67

_____ is the extent to which a person experiences anxiety or is poised, calm, resilient, and secure.

A) Agreeableness
B) Conscientiousness
C) Neuroticism
D) Extraversion
E) Openness

Question 68

A change is initiated in the psychological contract between an employee and an organization if:

A) the employee is satisfied with his performance.
B) the organization achieves a perfect person-job fit.
C) the organization sees an imbalance.
D) the employee perceives it to be fair.
E) the organization perceive it to be equitable.

Question 69

Identify the personality trait that is included in the Big Five Model of personality.

A) Self-esteem
B) Authoritarianism
C) Self-efficacy
D) Agreeableness
E) Locus of control

Question 70

An organization is said to achieve a perfect person-job fit if:

A) it can meet the person's needs irrespective of his ability to contribute to it.
B) it can measure the performance dimensions of an employee.
C) it can create a psychological contract with a prospecting individual.
D) it can make approximations of employee skill levels and improve them.
E) it can take advantage of the person's abilities and exactly fulfill his needs.

Question 71

The conflict individuals may experience among their own attitudes is called _____.

A) risk propensity
B) emotional intelligence
C) organizational commitment
D) cognitive dissonance
E) negative affectivity

Question 72

Physical demands are stressors associated with _____.

A) decision making
B) allotted tasks
C) job settings
D) role conflict
E) role ambiguity

Question 73

Personal attributes that vary from one person to another are called _____.

A) individual differences
B) organizational inducements
C) employee contributions
D) stressors
E) psychological contracts

Question 74

A tendency to be generally downbeat and pessimistic, and seeming to be in a bad mood is called _____.

A) negative affectivity
B) self-efficacy
C) intraversion
D) cognitive dissonance
E) neuroticism

Question 75

Prolonged exposure to a stressor without resolution can bring on the _____ stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS).

A) exhaustion
B) resistance
C) alarm
D) burnout
E) conflict

Question 76

The extent to which the contributions made by an individual match the inducements offered by an organization is called as _____.

A) individual difference
B) organizational inducement
C) employee contribution
D) person-job fit
E) psychological contract

Question 77

_____ is the process of categorizing or labeling people on the basis of a single attribute.

A) Cognitive dissonance
B) Stereotyping
C) Machiavellianism
D) Inducement
E) Negative emotionality

Question 78

Martha Sizemore, a senior analyst at BigWorks Inc., remains calm and poised in spite of being scrutinized for the errors made by her subordinates. Her ways of handling stress portray that Martha has _____.

A) the ability to think divergently
B) a Type B personality
C) an authoritarian personality
D) a personality low in neuroticism
E) a highly conscientious personality

Question 79

_____ is a person's beliefs about his or her capabilities to perform a task.

A) Openness.
B) Self-efficacy
C) Locus of control
D) Risk propensity
E) Authoritarianism

Question 80

Compared to extraverts, intraverts are more:

A) sociable.
B) worn out by others.
C) open to establishing new relationships.
D) talkative.
E) assertive.