Question 1

Which of the following is an example of a theory from a physiological background that is used by nurses as a framework for nursing studies?&#10;A) Gate control theory of pain&#10;B) Health promotion model&#10;C) Social cognitive theory&#10;D) Theory of coping

Accepted Answer

The theoretical bases of physiological studies are derived from physics, physiology, and pathophysiology.
This theory has more of a psychological background. The theoretical bases of physiological studies are derived from physics, physiology, and pathophysiology.
This theory comes from sociology and psychology. The theoretical bases of physiological studies are derived from physics, physiology, and pathophysiology.
This theory has more of a psychological background. The theoretical bases of physiological studies are derived from physics, physiology, and pathophysiology.

Question 2

When critiquing a study, the following statement is noted: &#34;Women will experience less anxiety while undergoing a mammogram after the proposed educational program.&#34; Which type of statement is it?&#10;A) Hypothesis&#10;B) Proposition&#10;C) Relational statement&#10;D) Theoretical statement

Accepted Answer

This statement is an example of a hypothesis. A hypothesis predicts the nature of a relationship between the study variables.
Propositions can be expressed at various levels of abstraction. This statement is an example of a hypothesis.
Relational statements are propositions. This statement is an example of a hypothesis.
Theoretical statements are quite abstract. This statement is an example of a hypothesis.

Question 3

Which of the following provides a partial map for the indicated relationship drawn from this research title? "Effects of attendance and effort on cognitive and physical functioning among older adults in a long-term exercise program"

A) Cognitive function attendance in a long-term exercise program
B) Effort physical functioning
C) Long-term exercise program older adults
D) Physical function effort in an exercise program

Effort physical functioning

Accepted Answer

A conceptual map includes all of the major concepts in a theory or framework. These concepts are linked by arrows expressing the proposed linkages between concepts. Each linkage shown by an arrow is a graphic illustration of a relational statement of the theory. In this example, the title of the research project clearly shows a positive relationship between attendance and effort on cognitive and physical functioning in older adults in a long-term exercise program. This diagram begins to accurately demonstrate this relationship.
This indicates the wrong directional relationship between the variables.
Older adults is not a variable in this situation.
This indicates the wrong directional relationship between the variables.

Question 4

Which of the following is true about the relationship between a study framework and the hypotheses?&#10;A) Hypotheses are inductively identified within the stated framework.&#10;B) If the hypotheses are stated, the researcher does not need to have a framework.&#10;C) The hypotheses are not meant to be testable, but the framework is.&#10;D) The framework and hypotheses must be congruent with each other.

Accepted Answer

In a well-thought-out study, the researcher would explain abstractly in the framework why one variable is expected to cause the other. Concretely the idea would be expressed as a hypothesis to be tested through the study methodology.
Hypotheses must be clearly identified. The correct answer is "The framework and hypotheses must be congruent with each other." In a well-thought-out study, the researcher would explain abstractly in the framework why one variable is expected to cause the other. Concretely the idea would be expressed as a hypothesis to be tested through the study methodology.
The framework provides the foundation for the study, hypotheses flow from it. In a well-thought-out study, the researcher would explain abstractly in the framework why one variable is expected to cause the other. Concretely the idea would be expressed as a hypothesis to be tested through the study methodology.
Hypotheses are exactly what are tested in a research study. In a well-thought-out study, the researcher would explain abstractly in the framework why one variable is expected to cause the other. Concretely the idea would be expressed as a hypothesis to be tested through the study methodology.

Question 5

Which of the following responses best describes the relational statement that is diagrammed below? Pain perception &#172; (+)  anxiety&#10;A) Anxiety causes increased pain perception.&#10;B) Increased perception of pain causes anxiety.&#10;C) Pain perception and anxiety are inversely related.&#10;D) Pain perception and anxiety are positively related to one another.

Accepted Answer

A conceptual map includes all of the major concepts in a theory or framework. These concepts are linked by arrows expressing the proposed linkages between concepts. Each linkage shown by an arrow is a graphic illustration of a relational statement of the theory. In this illustration, the diagram does not indicate a direction for pain perception; it only shows a positive relationship between the two concepts as evidenced by the positive sign in the middle of the diagram.
The diagram does not indicate a direction for pain perception.
The diagram does not indicate a direction for pain perception.
There is not an indication of an inverse relationship which would be seen with a negative sign instead of a positive sign along the arrow.

Question 6

Which of the following is true about theoretical frameworks used in research? Theories:&#10;A) are constructed by people and are tentative in nature.&#10;B) offer precise guidance in all situations.&#10;C) represent ultimate truth and are congruent with reality.&#10;D) Represent ultimate truth and are congruent with reality.

Accepted Answer

Theories are developed in nursing to explain phenomena important to clinical practice. Theories must be tested through research to determine their correctness.
No theory an offer precise guidance in all situations. Theories are developed in nursing to explain phenomena important to clinical practice. Theories must be tested through research to determine their correctness.
Theories provide a possible explanation of how concepts are related to one another; they do not prove it. Theories are developed in nursing to explain phenomena important to clinical practice. Theories must be tested through research to determine their correctness.
Theories strive for truth, but it is relative. Theories are developed in nursing to explain phenomena important to clinical practice. Theories must be tested through research to determine their correctness.

Question 7

Which relationship diagram below best represents the following hypothesis? "Conventional gauze dressings cause fewer skin changes in wound sites than do
Hydrocolloid or hydroactive dressings."

A) Gauze dressing skin changes
B) Gauze dressing wound site
C) Type of dressing skin changes
D) Type of dressing wound site

Accepted Answer

A conceptual map includes all of the major concepts in a theory or framework. These concepts are linked by arrows expressing the proposed linkages between concepts. Each linkage shown by an arrow is a graphic illustration of a relational statement of the theory.
This response does not use the correct variable, which is "type of dressing." (Gauze is one type.) A conceptual map includes all of the major concepts in a theory or framework. These concepts are linked by arrows expressing the proposed linkages between concepts. Each linkage shown by an arrow is a graphic illustration of a relational statement of the theory.
Wound site is not one of the variables involved. A conceptual map includes all of the major concepts in a theory or framework. These concepts are linked by arrows expressing the proposed linkages between concepts. Each linkage shown by an arrow is a graphic illustration of a relational statement of the theory.
Wound site is not one of the variables involved. A conceptual map includes all of the major concepts in a theory or framework. These concepts are linked by arrows expressing the proposed linkages between concepts. Each linkage shown by an arrow is a graphic illustration of a relational statement of the theory.

Question 8

Which of the following represents the most concrete term?&#10;A) Concept&#10;B) Construct&#10;C) Framework&#10;D) Variable

Accepted Answer

A variable is more specific than a concept and is measurable. A concept is more abstract than a variable and represents the name for an object or phenomenon of interest. A concept is the most abstract element of all. A framework explains how the researcher sees the relationship between variables.
A concept is more abstract than a variable and represents the name for an object or phenomenon of interest. A concept is the most abstract element of all.
A construct is a concept that has been created for the study.
A framework explains how the researcher sees the relationship between variables.

Question 9

Conceptual definitions are important to include in a research report because conceptual definitions:&#10;A) may differ in their meaning of terms depending on the study framework.&#10;B) provide a dictionary definition that can be understood by everyone.&#10;C) suggest how to precisely measure the variables of interest.&#10;D) tell others how the concept will be measured in the study.

Accepted Answer

A conceptual definition is more comprehensive than a dictionary definition and includes associated meanings the word may have. Defining concepts allows consistency in the way the term is used because many terms commonly used in nursing language have not been clearly defined and subsequent researchers will be able to operate using the same meanings.
A conceptual definition is more comprehensive than a dictionary definition. A conceptual definition is more comprehensive than a dictionary definition and includes associated meanings the word may have. Defining concepts allows consistency in the way the term is used because many terms commonly used in nursing language have not been clearly defined.
The method of measurement will tell how the variable will be measured. A conceptual definition is more comprehensive than a dictionary definition and includes associated meanings the word may have. Defining concepts allows consistency in the way the term is used because many terms commonly used in nursing language have not been clearly defined.
Operational definitions tell how the variable will be measured in the study. A conceptual definition is more comprehensive than a dictionary definition and includes associated meanings the word may have. Defining concepts allows consistency in the way the term is used because many terms commonly used in nursing language have not been clearly defined.

Question 10

Which of the following links most closely to middle range theory?&#10;A) Basic research&#10;B) Clinical practice&#10;C) Conceptual models&#10;D) Grand theories

Accepted Answer

Middle range theories tend to be more closely linked to clinical practice than conceptual models, basic research, or grand theories.
"Basic research" is pursuit of knowledge for knowledge's sake and has less relevance than middle range theories. Middle range theories tend to be more closely linked to clinical practice than conceptual models or grand theories.
Middle range theories tend to be more closely linked to clinical practice than conceptual models or grand theories.
Middle range theories tend to be more closely linked to clinical practice than conceptual models or grand theories.

Question 11

&#34;Abstract&#34; is defined in research as:&#10;A) concrete and specific.&#10;B) not well defined and general.&#10;C) particular and realistic.&#10;D) well defined and precise.

Accepted Answer

The answer of &#34;Abstract&#34; is defined in research as:&#10;A) concrete...

Question 12

Select the correct pair of terms to make the statement congruent with the following map. Attitudes of practicing nurses toward HIV-positive patients (+) care behavior
As attitudes of practicing nurses become more (positive or negative), their care behavior toward patients (increases or decreases).

A) Negative, decreases
B) Negative, increases
C) Positive, decreases
D) Positive, increases

Accepted Answer

The answer of Select the correct pair of terms to...

Question 13

A researcher theorizes that walking three times per week will minimize the likelihood of premature labor in at-risk pregnant women. The researcher initiates a research program to test this theory. This research study is attempting to validate what aspect of theory?

A) Development
B) Explanation
C) Prediction
D) Strategies for controlling outcomes

Accepted Answer

The answer of A researcher theorizes that walking three times...

Question 14

A study framework reflects the:&#10;A) blueprint for the study.&#10;B) data analysis strategy.&#10;C) researcher's &#34;theory&#34; or idea about the study.&#10;D) specific plan for data collection.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A study framework reflects the:&#10;A) blueprint for...

Question 15

Schematic models or maps represent reality with a minimum use of:&#10;A) arrows.&#10;B) boxes.&#10;C) symbols (+, -, ?, etc.).&#10;D) words.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Schematic models or maps represent reality with...

Question 16

The framework and conceptual map for a study:&#10;A) are always included in the study report.&#10;B) are usually clearly identified in the report.&#10;C) often must be inferred by the reader from the text of the report.&#10;D) should be referred to only at the end of the study.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The framework and conceptual map for a...

Question 17

Critiquing a framework that includes both a conceptual model and a theory is:&#10;A) complex because definitions are required for both constructs and concepts.&#10;B) made easier because both are interwoven within the study.&#10;C) not likely to happen because the situation never occurs in nursing research.&#10;D) something only an advanced researcher should attempt.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Critiquing a framework that includes both a...

Question 18

In the research report, what can the reader expect in a theoretical statement? A theoretical statement:&#10;A) is always clearly identified.&#10;B) would only be discussed in the framework section; may be implied.&#10;C) may be omitted if variables are not yet well defined.&#10;D) would only be discussed in the framework section.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the research report, what can the...

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true regarding the connection of theory to qualitative research? Qualitative research:&#10;A) can guide or be derived from theory.&#10;B) cannot generate grand theories due to lack of statistics.&#10;C) is based on middle range theories.&#10;D) leads only to practice model and conceptual frameworks.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements is true...

Question 20

Which of the following questions should a reviewer ask when critiquing a study's framework?&#10;A) How are the concepts defined?&#10;B) What level of measurement are the variables?&#10;C) What measurement methods are used in the study?&#10;D) What statistical package will be used for analysis?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following questions should a...

Question 21

Which of the following techniques can a reviewer use for assistance when critiquing a published study in the area of theory and research frameworks?&#10;A) Develop an expertise in a particular statistical method to improve analysis ability.&#10;B) Creating a conceptual map of the concepts as described in the study.&#10;C) Reading other research reports to familiarize oneself with the concepts being studied.&#10;D) Writing a well thought-out and well-written study.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following techniques can a...

Question 22

What is the best skill to use in distinguishing statements expressed as propositions from hypotheses?&#10;A) A checklist created from the details of the study&#10;B) A list of questions that can identify one from the other&#10;C) The precise definitions of each kind of statement&#10;D) Use of critical thinking

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the best skill to use...

Deck 7: Understanding Theory and Research Frameworks