Deck 5: Civil Rights, Equality and Social Movements

Question 1

A number of tactics are used by civil rights advocates and other legitimate protesters to bring attention to a cause and force action without causing harm or violating any law. Which of the following refers to the organized refusal to buy, sell, or use certain goods as a method of waging an economic battle?

A) civil disobedience
B) retribution
C) litigation
D) legal boycott
E) lobbying

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The underlying goal of protesters who use civil disobedience as a tactic is to ____________.

A) create a sharp divide in society
B) use passive resistance to disobey what they believe to be an unjust law and to bring attention to a cause
C) overwhelm the legal system by flooding the courts with arrests and minor criminal cases
D) illustrate their desire to overthrow the American political system
E) frustrate the citizens as a form of retribution against them for discriminatory practices

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The method of achieving equality that was advocated by Booker T. Washington, which opposed confrontation with the white power structure and urged African Americans to accept existing conditions, is referred to as __________.

A) pacification
B) remission
C) accommodation
D) racialization
E) Jim Crow

Answer 3

C

Question 4

When considering the concept of equality, which of the following would not be true?​

A) ​Equality is a principle that is fundamental to the American political culture.
B) ​The concept of equality expressed in the Declaration of Independence was an attempt to abolish the institution of slavery.
C) Throughout the history of the United States, various groups have struggled for political equality.
D) ​No consensus exists about the exact definition of the term.
E) ​Abraham Lincoln did not include equality for women in his arguments for equality.

Question 5

Which term refers to equality and fair treatment within the various institutions, both public and private that serve the public at large?

A) political equality
B) social equality
C) economic equality
D) liberty
E) social stratification

Question 6

The ability to enter into a work contract would be an example of ___________ equality.

A) social
B) economic
C) visible
D) political
E) practical

Question 7

When antidiscrimination legislation failed to provide the necessary and desired results, civil rights leaders often turned to the courts for relief and support. This tactic for securing civil rights is referred to as _________________.

A) litigation
B) legal boycott
C) civil disobedience
D) organized riot
E) strike

Question 8

During the twentieth century, African Americans, their supporters, and other organizations and groups unified to overcome the discrimination and inequalities of that era. In doing so, several tactics were utilized. Which of the following is not of the tactics used by these groups to seek their civil rights?

A) civil disobedience
B) litigation
C) legal boycotts
D) riots
E) working within the political system

Question 9

The 2003 action by women's rights organizations discouraging companies from sponsoring the Master's Golf Tournament is an example of __________________.

A) accommodation
B) agitation
C) litigation
D) legal boycott
E) civil disobedience

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of using organized protest, by a refusal to use certain goods, to advance civil rights?

A) filing lawsuits
B) Montgomery bus boycott
C) passing Jim Crow laws
D) lynching
E) cross burning

Question 11

The struggle for civil rights in the United States has been for purposes of achieving which of the following concepts of equality?​

A) political
B) ​social
C) ​economic
D) ​all of the above
E) ​none of the above

Question 12

In contrast to the more passive approaches of other African Americans at the beginning of the twentieth century, W. E. B. Du Bois challenged racial discrimination and injustice in various forms of political activity. This method is known as ____________.

A) accommodation
B) peacemaking
C) lobbying
D) agitation
E) rebellion

Question 13

The ability to sit anywhere in a movie theater is an example of ____________ equality.

A) social
B) economic
C) visible
D) political
E) practical

Question 14

Certain positive rights, whether political, social, or economic, that are conferred by the government on individuals or groups that had previously been denied them, are referred to as _________________.

A) civil liberties
B) civil rights
C) suffrage
D) social incentives
E) incremental rights

Question 15

When Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a public bus, she was practicing which of the following tactics?​

A) ​civil disobedience
B) ​strike
C) ​boycott
D) ​litigation
E) ​riot

Question 16

Passive resistance to a law that is perceived as unjust by refusing to obey it is known as a _______.

A) strike
B) work stoppage
C) litigation
D) legal boycott
E) civil disobedience

Question 17

A social condition in which members of different groups possess substantially the same rights to participate actively in the political system is referred to as __________________

A) political equality
B) social equality
C) economic equality
D) civil equality
E) civil rights

Question 18

The ability to earn a "living wage" would be an example of​ __________ equality.

A) ​social
B) ​political
C) ​voting
D) ​economic
E) ​legal

Question 19

​As a supporter of the pacifist philosophy of Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr. advocated which of the following tactics?

A) ​nonviolent civil disobedience
B) ​legal boycott
C) ​litigation
D) ​riot

Question 20

The ability to run for office is an example of __________ equality.

A) social
B) economic
C) visible
D) political
E) practical

Question 21

In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court replace its precedent of "separate but equal" with a doctrine of separate is "inherently unequal"?

A) Sweatt v. Painter
B) Plessy v. Ferguson
C) Dred Scott v. Sandford
D) Brown v. Board of Education
E) Cooper v. Aaron

Question 22

The U.S. Supreme Court in 1873 consolidated several cases, commonly known as The Slaughterhouse Cases, into one ruling. What was the impact of the ruling on the Fourteenth Amendment?

A) The case strengthened the Fourteenth Amendment's protections and advanced the cause of civil rights for African Americans.
B) The justices ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment was unconstitutional.
C) The justices ruled that Congress had overstepped its authority in its initial passage of the Fourteenth Amendment and in the freeing of slaves in southern states.
D) The ruling declared that the great body of civil rights still lay under the protection of the state governments, not the U.S. Constitution.
E) The case gave the Congress all powers to decide the level and reach of civil rights in the United States.

Question 23

Abolitionists believed that the "fatal characteristic" of slavery was that it ____________.

A) did not provide slaves with social equality
B) denied slaves the right to own property and enter into contracts
C) disallowed slaves the right to vote
D) was too costly for southern plantation owners
E) took jobs away from American citizens

Question 24

_________ were used by some southern states to require segregation of blacks and whites in public schools, railroads, buses, restaurants, and other public facilities.

A) Black Codes
B) Jim Crow laws
C) Racial reorganization codes
D) Slaughterhouse Codes
E) Purge rules

Question 25

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was a bold attempt by Congress to rectify discrimination through federal legislation. What was the ruling of the Supreme Court in 1883 (in The Civil Rights Cases) concerning this law?

A) The legislation was constitutional and valid, as well as necessary to advance full and equal civil rights.
B) The legislation was unconstitutional because it usurped state powers, so it could not be enforced.
C) The legislation was valid but should have included a right to vote for the affected individuals.
D) The Court had no jurisdiction to rule on the case.
E) The U.S. Constitution was a living document that must frequently be amended to meet contemporary challenges.

Question 26

Which type of law, passed in southern states during Reconstruction, required a payment to the government before an individual could be allowed to vote?

A) literacy test
B) poll tax
C) property tax
D) fine
E) race tax

Question 27

Between 1901 and 1973, how many African Americans were elected to Congress from a southern state?

A) zero
B) two
C) four
D) six
E) eleven

Question 28

Which term applied to the variety of laws enacted by state and local governments across the South in the late 1800s and early 1900s that required and enforced racial segregation?

A) Jim Crow laws
B) Tuskegee laws
C) equality statutes
D) racial ordinances
E) race protection acts

Question 29

The Fifteenth Amendment guaranteed ______________________.

A) states could not deny the right to vote based on race
B) citizenship of all newly freed slaves
C) the right to veterans' benefits regardless of which side they served in the Civil War
D) the abolition of slavery in all states
E) prohibition against Jim Crow laws and racial segregation

Question 30

Which of the following was not a law passed by southern states in order to disenfranchise African Americans?

A) requirement to show property-owning and residency documentation
B) grandfather clauses requiring non-slave status of ancestors
C) literacy tests
D) poll taxes
E) proof of honorable service in the Union military forces

Question 31

In 1896 the Supreme Court addressed segregation and racial discrimination in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson. What precedent was established by the ruling in this case?

A) States must act with haste to correct discriminatory laws and practices.
B) Racial segregation laws violate the Fourteenth Amendment's "equal protection" clause.
C) Only state courts may address state laws dealing with race relations.
D) The Fourteenth Amendment does not give powers to the federal government to regulate local segregation issues.
E) Under the doctrine of "separate but equal" segregation was constitutional.

Question 32

What were the "Black Codes" in the southern states following the Civil War?

A) federal laws that censured the press in an attempt to limit influence from northern states
B) federal laws designed to assist many economically depressed areas to improve their economies
C) laws passed in southern states, in response to the Thirteenth Amendment, in an attempt to deny African Americans numerous economic and social rights
D) state laws that were designed to assist freed slaves to assimilate into society
E) local laws that punished white citizens who assisted black citizens with economic goals

Question 33

In the 135 years from the end of the Civil War to the beginning of the twentieth century, how many African Americans served in the U.S. House of Representatives?

A) zero
B) five
C) nine
D) twenty-two
E) forty-five

Question 34

As one of the so-called Civil War Amendments, the Thirteenth Amendment served what purpose?

A) freedom of speech to all Americans
B) forgiveness for southern soldiers
C) reconciliation of northern and southern states
D) the right to vote for all citizens, including women
E) the abolishment of the institution of slavery in the United States

Question 35

W. E. B. Du Bois helped found the __________.

A) HRC
B) NAACP
C) SCLC
D) KKK
E) ACLU

Question 36

The Fourteenth Amendment provided ___________________.

A) forgiveness for all Confederates
B) an opportunity for freed slaves to sue the states in which they were enslaved
C) full U.S. and state citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States as well as guaranteed equal protection of the laws
D) for segregation of the races but equal treatment of both
E) restitution to the freed slaves

Question 37

The Civil War Amendments were a series of three race-related Constitutional Amendments. These amendments included _________________________ Amendments.

A) Twelfth, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth
B) Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth
C) Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth
D) Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth.
E) Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth

Question 38

In the 1857 Supreme Court landmark ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford, Chief Justice Roger Taney wrote that _______.

A) slavery must end, but African Americans could gain their rights incrementally
B) economic equality was acceptable, but political equality was immoral
C) slavery was immoral and equality was "tantamount to a healthy and moral society"
D) slavery must be abolished with "reasonable speed and effectiveness"
E) blacks were "so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect."

Question 39

The Supreme Court's ruling in "The Civil Rights Cases" held that ____________________.

A) the doctrine of "separate but equal" was invalid
B) the doctrine of "separate but equal" was established
C) the great body of civil rights lay under the protection of state governments, not the U.S. Constitution
D) schools should desegregate "with all deliberate speed"
E) private individuals may discriminate on the basis of race

Question 40

For ardent abolitionists, what was the distinction between economic rights, to which they felt African Americans were entitled, and political rights, to which they felt African Americans were not entitled?

A) Economic rights were viewed as natural entitlements, but political rights were not.
B) Economic factors made money for the abolitionists whereas political factors did not.
C) Abolitionists believed that if economic freedom came first, then political freedom would, and should, follow.
D) Abolitionists believed that African Americans would never win political office and, therefore, should not have a right to vote.
E) Abolitionists did not believe that African Americans should have either economic or political rights.

Question 41

One hundred members of Congress signed __________ in an attempt to reverse the Brown ruling.

A) the Civil Rights Act of 1968
B) the Strict Scrutiny law
C) the "Stand your ground" law
D) the Southern Manifesto
E) Title IX

Question 42

The early 1960s saw increased racial tensions and outright violence, especially in the Deep South states of Alabama and Mississippi. Due in large part to this civil unrest, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. What did this powerful legislation provide?

A) It ruled that states could not use force against racial minorities.
B) It established racial quotas for police departments and state militias.
C) It banned racial discrimination in all accommodations, both public and private.
D) It took away state authority to enact any laws related to employment.
E) It reinforced the old Jim Crow laws.

Question 43

Which of the following statements regarding the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is FALSE?​

A) ​It was proposed by Congress in 1972.
B) ​The National Organization for Women (NOW) supported its passage.
C) ​The language of the amendment provided for equal rights under the law for women.
D) ​Three-fourths of the state legislatures ratified the amendment in 1982.
E) ​Before its passage in Congress, the ERA was considered in nearly every session of Congress for 50 years.

Question 44

In 2003 the U.S. Supreme Court revisited the Bakke decision in the case of Grutter v. Bollinger. What was the Court's ruling in this 2003 case concerning affirmative action?

A) It reversed Bakke and stated that such programs punish nonminorities who played no role at all in the original discriminatory practices.
B) It ruled that the racial divide that exists in this country may be exacerbated by affirmative action.
C) It ruled that affirmative action programs are explicit racial classifications, and as such they violate the principle of a "color-blind" society.
D) It ruled that economically privileged African Americans who do not need such assistance may benefit at the expense of less privileged African Americans who have greater needs.
E) It reaffirmed the ruling in Bakke that allows race to be used as one of the several positive factors in the admissions process.

Question 45

​Since the 1970's, the Supreme Court has applied which standard to sex discrimination cases?

A) ​The Court has not applied Constitutional protection for sex discrimination cases.
B) ​Strict Scrutiny
C) ​Rational Basis
D) ​Minimum Scrutiny
E) ​Intermediate Scrutiny

Question 46

Segregation in reality, as it is sometimes called, is referred to as _________________.

A) de jure segregation
B) de facto segregation
C) case law segregation
D) geographic segregation
E) regional inequality

Question 47

The Nineteenth Amendment, ratified in 1920, granted __________________.

A) voting protections based on sex
B) African American men the right to vote for the first time
C) the right to equal education regardless of race or gender
D) the right to affirmative action in employment procedures
E) 18-year-olds the right to vote

Question 48

The Civil Rights act of 1968 ______________________.

A) invalidated literacy tests and property requirements and required select states and cities to apply for permission to the Justice Department to change their voting laws
B) prohibited discrimination by employers and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to investigate complaints of discrimination
C) banned poll taxes in federal elections
D) banned race discrimination in housing and made interference with a citizen's civil rights a federal crime
E) banned racial discrimination in all public accommodations, including those that were privately owned

Question 49

The purpose of an affirmative action program is to _________________.

A) require that the employment process be color blind and that race not be considered
B) require federal government approval of all state hiring decisions
C) encouraged lawsuits against private companies
D) create remedies for imbalances caused by previous discriminatory practices
E) establish quotas for all hiring and admission decisions

Question 50

How did the U.S. Supreme Court eventually aid the advancement of civil rights for African Americans in the 1950s and 1960s?

A) The Supreme Court utilized a standard of strict scrutiny, which may invalidate a state or federal statute if that statute is found by the Court to be contradictory to the U.S. Constitution.
B) The Supreme Court initiated martial law.
C) The Supreme Court enacted litigation that would clog the lower courts but have a trickle-down effect on the efficiency of the state governments to do business.
D) The Supreme Court granted the resolution to appoint new lawmakers who would abide by the Constitution.
E) The Supreme Court authorized the demands of the NAACP and other activists regarding the federal takeover of the southern states.

Question 51

What do Title VII and Title IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 guarantee?

A) equal opportunities for women in education and the workforce
B) affirmative action policies for women in schools and places of employment
C) half of all admissions slots to law schools and medical schools are to be awarded to females
D) equal pay for equal work
E) the right of women to vote

Question 52

When reviewing cases dealing with discrimination, the Supreme Court standard that requires government to show that the classification is "substantially related to an important state interest," is referred to as the ________________.

A) ​Rational Basis Standard
B) ​Minimum Scrutiny Standard
C) ​Intermediate Scrutiny Standard
D) ​Strict Scrutiny Standard
E) ​Nondiscrimination Standard

Question 53

In the case, Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), the Supreme Court decided ________________.

A) a school could not take race into account when making admissions decisions
B) a diverse student body was not of particular beneficial to a university
C) a school may not use an admissions system that includes fixed racial quotas
D) schools must set aside a certain percentage of admissions for minority applicants
E) a program of "reverse discrimination" is unconstitutional

Question 54

Which of the following is not true of strict scrutiny?

A) It was a legal standard set in Brown v. Board of Education.
B) It tends to invalidate almost all state laws that segregate racial groups.
C) It is held at the same level of scrutiny as gender discrimination cases in the Supreme Court.
D) It has been applied to decisions on segregated public swimming pools and interracial marriages.
E) It requires government to prove that the racial classification of the law or practice in question is "narrowly tailored" to meet a "compelling state interest."

Question 55

Another hotly debated topic concerning civil rights is racial profiling. Which of the following is a definition that is commonly used for racial profiling?

A) legitimate use of race to determine guilt or innocence
B) segregation of criminal suspects according to race
C) the practice of taking race into account when investigating crimes
D) disproportionate waivers of juvenile minorities from juvenile courts to adult court
E) disproportionate use of the death penalty for racial minorities

Question 56

The primary purpose of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was to _______________________.

A) remove legal barriers to voter participation, including literacy tests and property requirements
B) require African Americans to prove that they are descendants of slaves before being allowed to register to vote
C) make all elections a function of the federal government instead of the states
D) ensure an African American senator from every state within 50 years
E) reinstate the racial restrictions on voter registration, especially in southern states

Question 57

"White flight" to the suburbs is an example of ________________.

A) forced discrimination
B) civil disobedience
C) de facto discrimination
D) de jure discrimination
E) racial discrimination

Question 58

Court-ordered busing to integrate schools was an attempt to remedy _______________.

A) forced discrimination
B) civil disobedience
C) de facto discrimination
D) de jure discrimination
E) racial discrimination

Question 59

One of the largest shifts in professional presence for women has been in the role of lawyers and judges. From 1970 to 1990 these numbers increased from about __________________ percent.

A) 0 to 5
B) 5 to 22
C) 5 to 70
D) 30 to 50
E) 30 to 70

Question 60

The Twenty-Fourth Amendment, ratified in 1964, did which of the following?

A) invalidated literacy tests and property requirements and required select states and cities to apply for permission to the Justice Department to change their voting laws
B) prohibited discrimination by employers and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to investigate complaints of discrimination
C) banned poll taxes in federal elections
D) banned race discrimination in housing and made interference with a citizen's civil rights a federal crime
E) banned racial discrimination in all public accommodations, including those that were privately owned

Question 61

Not until _____ were Native Americans as a whole granted full citizenship by the United States.​

A) ​1812
B) ​1850
C) ​1924
D) ​1963

Question 62

Which of the following banned immigration of people from Asia?

A) The Chinese Exclusion Act
B) The Gentlemen's Agreement
C) The National Origins Act
D) The Chinese Exclusion Act, the Gentlemen's Agreement, and the National Origins Act.
E) None of these choices.

Question 63

Discuss the concept of equality, including legal, political, social, and economic equality. Explain how the concept of equality has evolved during the history of the United States.

Question 64

Compare and contrast the methods of achieving civil rights: accommodation, agitation, litigation, legal boycott, and civil disobedience. Be sure to evaluate the effectiveness of each method using historic examples, and identify individuals who are known for advocating and using the various strategies.

Question 65

Provide an understanding of the Equal Rights Amendment and describe its history during the twentieth century. Explain how Supreme Court decisions beginning in the 1970's may have affected support for the amendment.

Question 66

The division of Native American tribal lands among individuals was accomplished by ___________.

A) the Dawes Severalty Act
B) the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907
C) the National Origin Act of 1924
D) the Treaty of Greenville
E) Title IX

Question 67

The subjective biases of male bosses that prevent women from receiving raises and promotions, is known as _______.

A) sexual harassment
B) intermediate scrutiny
C) the glass ceiling
D) gender equality
E) rational basis scrutiny

Question 68

Describe the Jim Crow laws in the southern states in the early decades of the 1900s. How and why did these laws materialize? What role did the U.S. Supreme Court play in ending Jim Crow?

Question 69

Describe the precedents in the following three Supreme Court cases and discuss how these cases illustrate a timeline in the evolution of civil rights of African Americans:
∙
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
∙
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
∙
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Question 70

A number of minority groups other than African Americans and women have struggled for civil rights in the United States. Name at least three of these groups and the barriers and successes they have experienced over the years. What are some of the unique circumstances of each group, when compared to other groups?

Question 71

Lawrence v. Texas (2003) was one of the biggest court victories for ______________.

A) Mexicans
B) homosexuals
C) Muslims
D) Native Americans
E) Asians

Question 72

Compare and contrast the difference between compelling state interest, intermediate scrutiny, and rational basis scrutiny. Explain how the adoption of each standard could affect the chances of a statute being found unconstitutional.

Question 73

"The Don't Ask Don't Tell Policy" that allowed closeted gays to serve in the military provided they didn't publicize their sexual orientation, was put into action by President __________ and repealed under President __________.

A) Clinton; Obama
B) Clinton; George W. Bush
C) George H. W. Bush; Clinton
D) George W. Bush; Obama
E) Reagan; Clinton

Question 74

Discuss the experiences of women in their historic journey toward civil rights in the United States. Especially note the right to vote, the Equal Rights Amendment, gender discrimination issues, and the removal of gender barriers over the past three decades in business, military, and political arenas.

Question 75

Provide an understanding of affirmative action programs and explain how the Supreme Court has dealt with their constitutional status. What is the current precedent and how might this change in the future?

Question 76

The United States has a long history of tensions between the authority of the state governments to apply civil rights and the role of the federal government in these issues. Using the example of African Americans in the post-Civil War and Reconstruction eras, discuss the tensions over the application of the U.S. Constitution to the actions of the states. Especially note the role of the U.S. Supreme Court in this struggle.