Deck 17: Genes and the Immune System

Question 1

Which of the following have a memory component?

A) The adaptive immune response
B) The innate immune response
C) The inflammatory response
D) The physical barrier response
E) More than one of these

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Incompatibility in the Rh blood system can result in hemolytic disease of the newborn. The following combination poses the greatest risk:

A) Rh positive mother, Rh negative fetus
B) Rh positive father, Rh negative fetus
C) Rh negative mother, Rh positive fetus
D) Rh negative mother, Rh negative fetus
E) Rh positive mother, Rh negative father

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following blood types are safe to transfuse to O blood types?

A) A
B) B
C) AB
D) O
E) All of these blood types are safe to transfuse to O blood types

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Circulating antibodies are produced by

A) all cells in the immune system.
B) phagocytes alone.
C) B cells.
D) T cells alone.
E) macrophages.

Question 5

Hemolytic disease of newborns comes about when the mother is ______ and the baby is ______.

A) Rh positive; Rh negative
B) Rh negative; Rh positive
C) Rh positive; Rh positive
D) Rh negative; Rh negative
E) more than one of these; more than one of these

Question 6

The major obstacle to the use of xenotransplants is overcome by ________________.

A) series of injections that depress the immune systems of recipients
B) changing genetic markers in humans to make them more receptive
C) changing genetic markers in donor animals to make them more compatible with human recipients
D) introducing a complement of immune system genes to both the donor animal and recipient human
E) doing more than one of these

Question 7

The MHC complex is a set of genes that

A) encodes cell recognition molecules.
B) is located on chromosome 6.
C) produces molecules to which antigens must attach in order to activate cell-mediated immunity.
D) prevents the immune system from attacking the body's own tissues.
E) has all of these traits.

Question 8

What is the underlying molecular cause of Crohn's disease?

A) B cells are mutated and do not release antibodies.
B) Receptor proteins are mutated and do not detect bacteria properly.
C) Helper T cells are inactivated.
D) Mucus is not released from epithelial tissues.
E) More than one of these in combination.

Question 9

Which of the following is most closely associated with a MAC attack?

A) Complement proteins
B) Helper T cells
C) B cells
D) Histamine
E) Cytokinins

Question 10

According to the current theory of antibody formation

A) gene clusters are identical in all antibody-forming cells.
B) antibody gene clusters are closely linked.
C) gene fusion accompanies B cell maturation.
D) each B cell can make many types of antibodies.
E) all germ cells carry only one V gene.

Question 11

The quick response of the immune system to a second infection is due to

A) activation of macrophage cells.
B) suppression of suppressor cells.
C) T and B memory cells.
D) high levels of antigen.
E) new cytotoxic T cells.

Question 12

Which one of the following is typically attacked by the antibody-mediated response, not the cell-mediated response?

A) Bacterial cells
B) Protozoan cells
C) Cancer cells
D) Fungal cells
E) Virus-infected cells

Question 13

Skin grafts between identical twins are more successful than grafts between more unrelated individuals. Why?

A) Identical twins share the same uterine environment.
B) Twins are exactly matched in age.
C) Identical twins have identical HLA alleles.
D) Identical twins are the same sex.
E) None of these is true.

Question 14

Activated B cells divide rapidly to produce

A) effector cells.
B) memory cells.
C) phagocytic cells.
D) effector cells and memory cells.
E) effector cells and phagocytic cells.

Question 15

Mucus production is a part of which line of immune response?

A) Physical barriers
B) Antibody-mediated immunity
C) Cell-mediated immunity
D) Inflammatory response
E) More than one of these

Question 16

The xenotransplant animal donor of choice is a ______________.

A) chimpanzee
B) pig
C) cow
D) dog
E) horse

Question 17

Where in the human body can you find T cells?

A) Bone marrow
B) Blood
C) Thymus glands
D) Spleen
E) All of these

Question 18

In an inflammatory response, the direct effect of histamine is to _______________.

A) dilate blood vessels causing increased blood flow to the area of infection
B) decrease heat accumulation in the area of infection
C) directly kill bacteria
D) attack cytotoxic T cells
E) cause B cells to release antibodies

Question 19

Which of the following is a pair of agents that both puncture the membranes of foreign bacteria?

A) Macrophages and helper T cells
B) MAC and killer T cells
C) Antibodies and killer T cells
D) Antibodies and plasma cells
E) MAC and plasma cells

Question 20

The major obstacle to the use of xenotransplants is ________________.

A) not enough human donors
B) finding the right sized animals
C) resistance from opponents of genetically modified animals
D) organ rejection by recipients
E) more than one of these

Question 21

HIV targets ______________ cells for infection.

A) the helper T cells
B) the cytotoxic T cells
C) the B cells
D) the red blood cells
E) more than one of these

Question 22

Lymphocytes are involved in the immune response.

Question 23

____________________ T cells secrete interleukins that activate other cells in both the cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses.

Question 24

In treating hemolytic disease of the newborn, attempts are made to destroy ____________________ fetal cells that enter the mother's blood.

Question 25

The chemical defense system that complements the immune system and supplements the inflammatory response is the ____________________ system.

Question 26

The huge diversity of antibody molecules is generated by the shuffling of gene segments in T cells.

Question 27

Of the four types of T cells, only the ____________________ cells destroy infected body cells.

Question 28

Genetic engineering has been able to provide xenotransplants that do not elicit the hyperacute reaction.

Question 29

How many HLA haplotypes does each human have?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 30

The MAC system is a group of proteins that supplements the inflammatory response.

Question 31

For an organ transplant to be successful, which of the following genes should be matched as closely as possible?

A) Immunglobin genes
B) Human leukocyte antigen genes
C) T-cell receptor genes
D) Membrane attack complex genes
E) Complement protein genes

Question 32

Liver proteins called complement proteins circulate in the blood and are activated to destroy microorganisms.

Question 33

Juvenile diabetes results when insulin producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed by the patient's own immune system.

Question 34

The success of organ transplantation depends on matching ____________________ antigens.

Question 35

A person with blood group A has both A and B type antibodies.

Question 36

Most of the organisms that normally inhabit our skin help defend us against infection.

Question 37

Agammaglobulinemia is strictly an environmental disease.

Question 38

____________________ result from immunological hypersensitivity to what should be harmless substances.

Question 39

Redness, swelling, heat, and pain of an infection are a result of the adaptive immune response.

Question 40

It is the presence of a specific antigen that causes a developing lymphocyte to shuffle its genes in such a way that it can produce an antibody that is the right shape to attack that antigen.

Question 41

Many of the medications available for people with allergies are antihistamines. Describe the symptoms of a typical pollen allergy and explain how the antihistamine works to provide relief.

Question 42

Some forms of cancer cells are recognized as foreign and are attacked and killed by the immune system. How does this happen?

Question 43

A protein that interacts with an antibody is called a(an) _______________.

Question 44

Once formed, B cells mature in the ___________________.

Question 45

The ABO blood type that can receive transfusions of any other ABO blood type is ______________.

Question 46

How can so many different antibodies be made in a relatively short period of time?

Question 47

Describe an antibody.

Question 48

In both experimental cross-species transplants and human-human transplants, T-cell mediated rejection has been avoided, without drugs, by also transplanting ____________________ from donor to recipient.

Question 49

The use of organs harvested from animals for human transplants is called ________________.

Question 50

Complement proteins can form a system of proteins that create a pore in the membranes of bacteria. This system is called the _________________.

Question 51

Explain what B cells and T cells do in the human immune system.

Question 52

John and all his brothers have no antibodies caused by non-functional B cells, thus they are highly susceptible to bacterial infections. John and his brothers most likely have a condition called __________________.

Question 53

In humans, the immune system is relatively undeveloped at birth, and immunocompetence (ability to mount an immune response) develops thereafter, yet newborns have circulating antibodies. Where do these come from? Is the post-natal development of the immune system an advantage or disadvantage? Why or why not?

Question 54

How can hemolytic disease of the newborn be prevented?

Question 55

The enzyme responsible for producing DNA copies of HIV RNA molecules is ________________.

Question 56

Suppose that an infectious agent, such as a virus or bacteria, had surface antigens identical to those displayed on the surface of human cells. Would the immune system be able to detect and destroy these agents? What prevents this from happening?

Question 57

What are HLAs? Where are they found? How are they inherited?

Question 58

T cells become mature, programmed cells in the _______________.

Question 59

The life threatening body-wide response that can occur when allergens enter the circulatory system and cause a severe drop in blood pressure is called ____________________.

Question 60

The chemicals that attract neutrophils to a site of infection are the _______________.

Question 61

People with failing organs may be saved by transplants, xenotransplants, or artificial organs, all of which are being researched and have different advantages and disadvantages. Make a group list of these advantages and disadvantages to help decide whether one of these three techniques should be given research priority.

Question 62

Because cells have no repair system for RNA molecules, as they do for DNA molecules, RNA viruses mutate much more frequently than DNA viruses do. How do you suppose this has affected the attempt to develop a vaccine for AIDS?