Deck 4: The Methods and Ethics of Research

Question 1

What substance is often used during autoradiograhy?

A)2-DG
B)Golgi substance
C)Cryptochrome
D)Messenger RNA

Answer 1

Messenger RNA

Question 2

Which of the following methods uses radioactive DNA,which will dock with messenger RNA?

A)Autoradiography
B)In situ hybridization
C)Immunocytochemistry
D)2-DG

Answer 2

Immunocytochemistry

Question 3

In correlational studies:

A)The researcher has control over the independent variables.
B)Results determine whether one variable causes another.
C)Scientists determine whether variables are related to one another.
D)If dependent variables cause independent variables to change,we can draw conclusions about cause and effect.

Answer 3

Scientists determine whether variables are related to one another.

Question 4

Golgi stain will be taken up by only about ___ of neurons.

A)5%
B)10%
C)25%
D)less than 1%

Question 5

Which chemical can be used to trace the origin point of an axon?

A)Nissl stain
B)Fluorogold
C)Golgi stain
D)2-DG

Question 6

While Candace Pert originally used the ___ method to identify opiate receptors,she could have also used the ___ method.

A)immunocytochemistry,autoradiography
B)in situ hybridization,autoradiography
C)autoradiography,in situ hybridization
D)autoradiography,immunocytochemistry

Question 7

Which chemical or method can be used to stain the cell bodies of neurons?

A)2-DG
B)Naloxone
C)Nissl stain
D)Fluorogold

Question 8

Immunocytochemistry techniques exploit the ability of antibodies to carry a dye to specific:

A)Receptors
B)Neurotransmitters
C)Enzymes
D)All of the above

Question 9

Which stain or method can be used to visualize neurons as well as determine if the neuron in question is active?

A)Immunocytochemistry
B)Crytochromatography
C)Autoradiography
D)Fluorocytochemistry

Question 10

One way to determine whether specific genes are showing activity would be ____.

A)immunocytochemistry
B)autoradiography
C)in situ hybridization
D)2-deoxyglucose imaging

Question 11

One of the success stories of gene therapy has been the treatment of a case of:

A)"Bubble boy disease"
B)Severe combined immunodeficiency
C)SCID
D)All of the above

Question 12

Science is considered tentative for all of the following reasons except:

A)Conclusions are based on samples of subjects.
B)New data will come along and change the interpretation of scientific studies.
C)Most scientists rely on logic to come to their conclusions.
D)Some studies use flawed designs.

Question 13

To view a select few neurons among other neurons,researchers use:

A)Cajal stain methodology
B)Golgi stain methodology
C)Nissl stain methodology
D)Fluorogold stain methodology

Question 14

Cryptochromes are:

A)Molecules found in the cochlea of the ear
B)Usually identified by the fluorogold technique
C)Found in some cells of the retina
D)Labeled by the Nissl stain

Question 15

Theories:

A)Allow scientists to integrate and interpret diverse observations
B)Generate hypotheses that guide further research
C)Need to be revised when new data are available
D)All of the above

Question 16

Based on what you know about the research that found the opiate receptors,what method do you think was used to find the THC receptors?

A)A form of autoradiography
B)Immunocryptochromography
C)Fluorogold technique
D)Antisense DNA technique

Question 17

Which chemical or method might be of interest to researchers studying multiple sclerosis because it can be used to identify axons affected by the disease?

A)Immunocytochemistry
B)Autoradiography
C)2-DG
D)Myelin stain

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of the experimental approach?

A)The case study about SCID at the beginning of the chapter
B)Stimulating different parts of the brain to see what area controls sexual behavior
C)Observing children on a playground to see if sex differences in play exist
D)Asking about people's moods to see if they change across the seasons

Question 19

Experimental studies:

A)Involve manipulation of independent variable(s)
B)Are not always possible to do for ethical reasons
C)Allow researchers to make statements about causality
D)All of the above

Question 20

Which of the following substances did Candace Pert use to identify receptors in the brain for opiate drugs?

A)Fluorogold-labeled morphine
B)Nuclear protein stain
C)Radioactive naloxone
D)Cryptochrome

Question 21

Which of the following microscopes can be used with thicker sections than usually required?

A)The four-photon microscope
B)The electron microscope
C)The confocal laser scanning microscope
D)The light microscope

Question 22

Which of the following techniques can be accomplished via stereotaxic surgery?

A)Recording of electrical activity from the brain
B)Cannula implantation for administration of chemicals into the brain
C)Stimulation of brain areas
D)All of the above

Question 23

The EEG has good ___ resolution but poor ___ resolution.

A)spatial,temporal
B)temporal,spatial
C)average,specific
D)visual,auditory

Question 24

The ___ is a device used to implant an electrode into the brain.

A)stereotaxic apparatus
B)stereotaxic atlas
C)stereotaxic electrode apparatus
D)stereotaxic microscope

Question 25

Which of these methods can be used to image cellular structures in three-dimensional detail?

A)Proton beam microscopy
B)Electron microscopy
C)Scanning electron microscopy
D)Scanning positron microscopy

Question 26

What procedure can be used for collection of brain fluids for analysis?

A)Electrical stimulation
B)Chemical stimulation
C)Microdialysis
D)Microelectrodes

Question 27

The means to determine whether specific genes and neurons are active and also to localize the activity in question would be ___.

A)immunocytochemistry and autoradiography
B)in situ hybridization and autoradiography
C)in situ hybridization and cryotochromatography
D)microdialysis and autoradiography

Question 28

Which method enables the visualization of minute but specific structural details of a neuron,such as synaptic vesicles?

A)Light microscopy
B)Dark field microscopy
C)Electron microscopy
D)Microautoradiography

Question 29

A microelectrode can be used to either ___ or ___ neurons.

A)record,electrically stimulate
B)electrically stimulate,apply chemicals to
C)record,apply chemicals to
D)All of the above

Question 30

Single-unit recording requires:

A)A cannula
B)A microelectrode
C)An array of electrodes
D)None of the above

Question 31

A ___ can be used for either ___ or ___.

A)cannula,microdialysis,application of drugs or transmitters
B)cannula,chemically stimulation of cells,recording from neurons
C)microdialysis catheter,chemically stimulation of cells,recording from neurons
D)All of the above

Question 32

Experiments in which a defined part of an animal's brain is removed and the animal's behavior is observed subsequent to recovery would be termed:

A)Ablation
B)Lesioning
C)Aspiration
D)a or c but not b

Question 33

The electroencephalogram or EEG was first recorded in 1929 and has been used in diagnosis of ___ and basic research into ___.

A)epilepsy,schizophrenia and depression
B)brain tumors,multiple sclerosis
C)epilepsy and brain tumors,sleep and learning
D)schizophrenia,sleep

Question 34

If the EEG is measured repeatedly while a person is exposed to a discrete stimulus,a(n)___ can be obtained.

A)electroencephalograph
B)evoked potential
C)elicited potential
D)induced potential

Question 35

Individuals who have suffered brain trauma are considered:

A)Extremely valuable sources of information
B)"Natural experiments"
C)To have major disadvantages as information sources
D)All of the above

Question 36

A(n)___ is used to determine where an implanted electrode is to be placed in a brain in 3-dimensions.

A)stereotaxic atlas
B)stereotaxic apparatus
C)stereotaxic electrode apparatus
D)stereotaxic microscope

Question 37

Light microscopy allows for magnification up to approximately ___ while electron microscopy can magnify up to ___.

A)1,000 times,1,000,000 times
B)1,500 times,250,000 times
C)1,500 times,500,000 times
D)2,500 times,250,000 times

Question 38

The least invasive means to determine the differential hemispheric response to speech sounds would be:

A)The evoked potential
B)A PET scan
C)A reversible lesion
D)The WADA test

Question 39

The electroencephalogram is a recording of:

A)Electrical activity of individual neurons
B)Electrical activity of many neurons
C)Eye movements during sleep
D)Action potentials

Question 40

Which of the following is not an advantage of the EEG procedure?

A)It is not invasive,hence safe.
B)It is relatively inexpensive to use.
C)It has good spatial resolution.
D)It is able to track brain wave changes over time,such as during sleep.

Question 41

All of the following are advantages of fMRI except:

A)The machines are relatively inexpensive.
B)It has good spatial resolution.
C)It does not require the use of radiation.
D)It can take measures of the brain at various points in time.

Question 42

Which of the following statements is the best justification for brain lesion studies?

A)Lesion studies are low technology procedures that do not present ethical concerns.
B)Damage to the human brain during "natural experiments" does not provide enough information to make conclusions about the function of specific areas.
C)Brain lesions produce marked and consistent changes in behavior.
D)Brain lesions occur under more controlled conditions than ablation studies.

Question 43

Which term does not belong with the rest?

A)Magnetic resonance imaging
B)Computed tomography scanning
C)Positron emission tomography
D)Electrooculogram

Question 44

Which term does not belong with the others?

A)Lesion
B)Ablation
C)Aspiration
D)Electrical or chemical stimulation

Question 45

Which of the following is a true statement of the imaging technologies used to study brain anatomy?

A)The MRI uses radioactively labeled oxygen.
B)The PET scan uses radioactively labeled 2-DG.
C)fMRI scans have relatively poor spatial resolution.
D)PET scans have a high degree of temporal resolution.

Question 46

Ongoing biological activity of a living brain can be visualized by using:

A)EEG
B)Functional magnetic resonance imaging
C)Positron emission tomography
D)All of the above

Question 47

In correlational research,the investigator:

A)Systematically observes two variables to see whether there is an association between them
B)Manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether there are changes in a second variable as a result
C)Exposes subjects to two closely related treatment conditions
D)Simultaneously manipulates two or more independent variables

Question 48

Correlational studies:

A)Express the degree of relationship between two variables
B)Use a measure called a correlation coefficient that can vary from 0 to 100%
C)Should never be used in studies that investigate heredity
D)All of the above

Question 49

TMS:

A)Has been used to treat depression
B)Is a noninvasive technique
C)Uses a magnetic coil to induce electrical activity in brain tissue
D)All of the above

Question 50

Which of the following is not true about MRI?

A)It cannot detect tumors unless multiple X-rays are used.
B)It can image small areas and is reasonably fast.
C)It provides a picture of the brain at one point in time.
D)It requires the use of a strong magnetic field.

Question 51

Why have some researchers been cautious about interpreting the results of brain scans,particularly fMRI?

A)The fMRI misses a great deal of information due to its lower sensitivity.
B)Test-retest reliability is not particularly high.
C)Researchers do not select the brain area of interest before the test.
D)All of the above

Question 52

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the CT scan?

A)Because it is a new technique,it is not widely available.
B)It is more expensive to use than a PET scan.
C)It does not provide a measure of brain activity that changes over time.
D)All of the above

Question 53

If a neurotransmitter were to be given a radioactive tag,a PET scan could determine
___)

A)whether there is activity in the area where the neurotransmitter is found
B)the location of receptors for the neurotransmitter
C)the number of receptors for the neurotransmitter
D)All of the above

Question 54

Perhaps the greatest disadvantage or limitation associated with correlational research is:

A)The inability to look at important variables such as maturational effects on behavior
B)Its insensitivity to ethical concerns
C)The inability to control events and isolate cause and effect relations
D)The fact these methods usually focus attention too narrowly on a single variable

Question 55

For his dissertation,Kip needs to get measurements of metabolic events in the cerebellum of a rhesus monkey that begin and end in about 5-10 seconds.Which of the following techniques should he use?

A)MRI
B)fMRI
C)PET
D)CT

Question 56

Removal of brain tissue via conventional surgery with a scalpel would be termed ___ but removal of brain tissue by way of vacuum suction would be called ___.

A)ablation,lesion
B)ablation,aspiration
C)aspiration,lesion
D)aspiration,ablation

Question 57

Which of the following techniques would not be used by scientists to determine whether a disorder or trait might have a biological basis?

A)Genetic engineering
B)Adoption studies
C)Family studies
D)Twin studies

Question 58

Which of the following was first used to form images of the brains of living individuals?

A)Magnetic resonance imaging
B)Computed tomography scanning
C)Positron emission tomography
D)Computed angiography scanning

Question 59

Jill noticed that her mother and sister both had characteristics of anxiety,hence she concluded that she might be at risk as will.This type of reasoning is consistent with which of the following approaches to studying the genetic basis of behavior?

A)Adoption study
B)Family study
C)Twin study
D)Naturalistic study

Question 60

Which of the following would produce a temporary lesion?

A)A short acting neurotoxin
B)Cooling the tissue
C)Heating the tissue
D)Aspiration

Question 61

Adoption studies:

A)Lack the control of a real experiment because researchers cannot manipulate the adoption variable
B)Have shown that rearing children apart from their biological parents has no effect on their intelligence
C)Are worse than family studies in determining the heritability of a trait
D)Completely control for environmental influences

Question 62

One way to temporarily disable a gene is via:

A)Antisense DNA.
B)Antisense RNA
C)Gene transfer
D)Gene subtraction

Question 63

Fraternal twins:

A)Are similar to non-twin siblings in that they share about 50% of their genes
B)Are produced by separately fertilized eggs
C)Have concordance rates that are lower than monozygotic twins if there is a genetic component involved
D)All of the above

Question 64

Gene transfer:

A)Is a process that creates a transgenic animal
B)Typically requires a virus to transfer the gene into the cells
C)Could be used to treat human disease
D)All of the above

Question 65

Adoption studies of intelligence suggest that:

A)Genetic factors are the sole determinant of intelligence
B)Family environment more strongly determines intelligence than genetics
C)Both genetics and environment contribute to intelligence
D)It is possible to rule out confounding factors and make reliable conclusions

Question 66

Because adoption studies cannot completely control for the influence of the prenatal or early postnatal environment,animal researchers have tried to get around this problem by using the technique of:

A)In vitro fertilization
B)In vivo fertilization
C)Embryo donation
D)Cross-fostering

Question 67

The correlation for IQ between parents and children is about .42 whereas the correlation between siblings in the same family is:

A)Much weaker,with a correlation coefficient of about .30
B)Much stronger,with a correlation coefficient of over .60
C)Not identical,but the coefficients for both are between .40 and .50
D)None of the above

Question 68

A transgenic mouse is one with:

A)A gene subtraction
B)A foreign gene insertion
C)A benign mutation
D)Cloned siblings

Question 69

The major drawback of family studies is that:

A)It is difficult to get general population measures on the characteristic in question
B)Families that share genes also share environments
C)They are costly studies to conduct
D)Most people don't want to participate in these studies

Question 70

___ is the percentage of the variation in a given characteristic that can be attributed to genetics.

A)Inheritance
B)Genetic quotient
C)Heritability
D)Genetic weight

Question 71

Gene therapy has been used to produce an effective treatment for ___.

A)SCID
B)cancer
C)Parkinson's disease
D)diseases caused by the adenovirus

Question 72

According to the author of your text,the two cardinal sins of research are:

A)Deception and fabrication
B)Deception and plagiarism
C)Fabrication and plagiarism
D)Lack of informed consent and deception

Question 73

Among identical twins,the concordance rate for schizophrenia is about ___ %;among fraternal twins it is about ___ %.

A)17,48
B).48,.17
C)48,17
D).17,.48

Question 74

A knockout mouse is one with:

A)A gene that has been disabled or altered
B)A gene from another species spliced into its DNA
C)A functioning mutation
D)All of the above

Question 75

The degree of genetic similarity between identical twins is:

A)Nearly 100%
B)50%
C)25%
D)100%

Question 76

Genetic enhancement or selection:

A)Is forbidden in the United States
B)Has been promoted by a summer camp for genetic testing in China
C)Is a procedure that will not be available for at least 10 years
D)Is considered ethical if restricted to behavioral and personality traits

Question 77

Genes produce proteins indirectly via:

A)DNA replication
B)Sense RNA
C)Sense DNA
D)RNA

Question 78

The incidence of schizophrenia is ___ in the generally population but ___ in the offspring of a schizophrenic parent.

A)5,13
B)1,13
C)5,30
D)1,30

Question 79

Genetic engineering:

A)Has been employed mostly with mice,because their genetic makeup is well known
B)Involves direct manipulation of an organism's genes or their effects
C)Is considered an experimental approach
D)All of the above

Question 80

Recent research on emotionality produced a mouse with a nonfunctional gene for normal fear behavior.This mouse exhibits behavioral indications of being relatively fearless and is a typical example of ___ research.

A)knockout gene
B)antisense RNA
C)antisense DNA
D)gene transfer