Deck 5: Drugs, Addiction, and Reward

Question 1

A ___ drug has effects on behavior such as producing euphoria or dysphoria,sedation or stimulation,or even hallucinations.

A)psychoactive
B)psychologically dependent
C)psychotherapeutic
D)psychedelic

Answer 1

psychoactive

Question 2

Opiates have analgesic effects,which means they can:

A)Induce sleep
B)Decrease anxiety
C)Increase alertness
D)Reduce pain

Answer 2

Reduce pain

Question 3

The defining feature(s)of addiction is:

A)Whether or not the opiate system is involved
B)The severity of the withdrawal symptoms
C)Being preoccupied with a drug,compulsive use and high likelihood of relapse
D)Whether or not the drug has a reinforcing effect

Answer 3

Being preoccupied with a drug,compulsive use and high likelihood of relapse

Question 4

In a long-term study of heroin users,about ___ of the subjects were dead by age 46 with ___ being the most common cause of death.

A)half,drug overdose
B)three-quarters,homicide or suicide
C)half,poor health
D)90 percent,drug overdose

Question 5

The conditioned tolerance study in your text suggests that:

A)Cocaine is very similar to caffeine
B)Nicotine can be both a stimulant and a depressant
C)Heroin overdose may occur when the drug is administered in a novel environment
D)Tolerance to alcohol often produces tolerance to marijuana

Question 6

Opiate-based drugs have been used to treat all of the following except:

A)Coughing
B)Diarrhea
C)Depression
D)Cancer pain

Question 7

A drug that mimics or amplifies the effect of a neurotransmitter is called a(n):

A)Antagonist
B)Ligand
C)Receptor binder
D)Agonist

Question 8

Which of the following drugs contributed to Balzac's death by a heart condition?

A)Morphine
B)Opium
C)Caffeine
D)Cocaine

Question 9

Which of the following defines a drug?

A)A chemical that is addictive
B)A chemical that alters the body or its functioning
C)A chemical that corrects abnormal cellular functioning
D)A chemical that is effective in low amounts

Question 10

Opium is the naturally occurring source of:

A)Endorphins
B)Aspirin
C)Codeine
D)All of the above

Question 11

Opiates produce all of the following effects except:

A)Hallucinations
B)Analgesia
C)Dedation
D)Euphoria

Question 12

Marc has tried to quit heroin seven times only to relapse each and every time;Marc has used dirty needles to shoot up and claims he doesn't care about the risks from sharing needles,and Marc spends the majority of his waking hours obsessing about how to get high again.Marc shows the hallmark signs of:

A)Being in withdrawal
B)Addiction
C)Low self-esteem
D)Psychoactive drug use

Question 13

Eliza woke up in the emergency room,much to her surprise.The physician told her she was lucky that she had been found unconscious in her car.It didn't make sense to Eliza;she had shot up her usual dose,the same as yesterday,from the same old supplier but she had never,ever administered her heroin in her car.Eliza had overdosed because:

A)She had panicked and the adrenaline reduced her tolerance
B)The heroin was a designer drug to which she had no cross-tolerance
C)She had administered the drug in a novel environment
D)The heroin was most likely contaminated with another drug

Question 14

Withdrawal symptoms produced by abstaining from a drug are:

A)Often opposite to the effects of the drug itself
B)Seen only in narcotics
C)Extremely severe in all cases
D)What maintains a drug habit

Question 15

Opiates have hypnotic effects,which means they can:

A)Induce sleep
B)Reduce pain
C)Increase alertness
D)Decrease anxiety

Question 16

A key reason for heroin being so addictive is that it:

A)Can be consumed in many ways
B)Easily and rapidly enters the brain
C)Produces euphoria followed by a phase of intense alertness
D)Has very aversive withdrawal symptoms

Question 17

A decrease in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly is:

A)Tolerance
B)A predictor of addiction
C)Addictiveness
D)Withdrawal

Question 18

Which of the following is likely to occur during heroin withdrawal?

A)Coma
B)Flu-like symptoms
C)Constipation
D)Sleepiness

Question 19

Which of the following is true with respect to tolerance?

A)It is defined as a decreased drug effect with repeated use.
B)It most likely involves a compensatory adaptation of the nervous system.
C)It can lead to an increased risk for overdose.
D)All of the above

Question 20

A drug that blocks the effect of a neurotransmitter is called a(n):

A)Ligand
B)Antagonist
C)Receptor binding agent
D)Agonist

Question 21

Alcohol:

A)Inhibits the release of glutamate
B)Decreases activity of the GABA receptor
C)Has no effect at the glutamate receptor
D)Has no effect at the GABA receptor

Question 22

The GABAA receptor complex:

A)Seems to be responsible for drug addiction
B)Can be activated by barbiturates and benzodiazepines
C)Is one of the few complexes that does not have multiple receptor subtypes
D)Is only found in the brain stem

Question 23

Endorphins:

A)Are analgesics
B)Inhibit the production of dopamine
C)Produce dysphoria
D)Are blocked by methadone

Question 24

Alcohol exerts its major effects on the ___ receptor,a complex that has at least five kinds of receptors.

A)Dopamine
B)Glutamate
C)GABAA
D)GABAB

Question 25

Delerium tremens:

A)Is a moderate form of alcohol withdrawal
B)Is characterized by hallucinations and delusions
C)Is uncomfortable,but not fatal
D)All of the above

Question 26

Alcohol or ethanol is involved in ___ of all U.S.traffic fatalities.

A)one half
B)one third
C)one fourth
D)None of the above

Question 27

Fetal alcohol syndrome is most likely to occur if the mother:

A)Attempts to withdraw from alcohol during pregnancy
B)Drinks a small amount of alcohol every day during pregnancy
C)Occasionally binge drinks five or more drinks in a row
D)Is a polydrug user

Question 28

Besides its effects on the GABA receptor,alcohol also affects:

A)Glutamate release
B)Opiate receptors
C)Serotonin receptors
D)Cannabinoid receptors
E) All of the above

Question 29

Alcohol:

A)Has some stimulatory effects at high doses
B)Is consumed by humans but not other animals
C)Is considered to be the oldest of all drugs
D)Is a depressant at all doses

Question 30

Ethanol generally does not produce:

A)Euphoria
B)Anxiety
C)Tolerance
D)Lack of motor coordination

Question 31

Depressants have all of the following effects except:

A)Hypnotic effects
B)Analgesia
C)Anxiolytic effects
D)Sedation

Question 32

Fetal alcohol syndrome is the leading cause of ___ in the Western world.

A)Miscarriages
B)Intellectual impairment
C)Multiple births
D)Infertility

Question 33

Which of the following are most likely to be impulsive and have memory disorders?

A)People who drink a moderate amount of alcohol for most of their life
B)People who drink alcohol for its euphoric effects
C)Binge drinkers
D)Chronic alcoholics

Question 34

Naloxone is a(n):

A)Neurotransmitter
B)Opiate agonist
C)Endogenous opiate
D)Opiate antagonist

Question 35

During withdrawal from chronic alcohol administration,you are not likely to see:

A)Tremors
B)Sleep disturbances
C)Anxiolytic effects
D)Mood disturbances

Question 36

Alison told the waiter to mind his own business;even if she was pregnant,a single glass of wine was safe.The waiter bit his tongue but he knew that:

A)Red wine is particularly likely to produce FAS effects
B)She had had more than just one glass of wine
C)Her age made FAS more likely
D)There is no accepted safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy

Question 37

Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of alcohol consumption?

A)Coma or death
B)Cirrhosis of the liver
C)Aggression
D)All of the above

Question 38

Which of the following is an opioid?

A)Morphine
B)OxyContin
C)Codeine
D)Laudanum

Question 39

Which of the following is not true about Korsakoff's syndrome?

A)It is caused by chronic alcohol consumption.
B)It involves severe memory loss.
C)It involves a vitamin D deficiency.
D)It causes motor and sensory impairment.

Question 40

An adult is legally considered to be too impaired to drive when their BAC reaches ___ in the United States.

A).80
B).08
C).20
D)0.02

Question 41

Which of the following is a benzodiazepine effect?

A)The muscle relaxation effects are produced in the limbic system.
B)The amnesic effects are produced in the brain stem.
C)The anxiolytic effects involve the limbic system.
D)The sedation effects occur via the hippocampus.

Question 42

Dopamine:

A)Has an excitatory effect
B)Enhances the effects of the cortex on lower structures
C)Increase in the synapse when cocaine blocks its reuptake
D)Is probably not involved in the effects of cocaine

Question 43

Which of the following is not true about Valium?

A)It is a barbiturate.
B)It is an addictive drug.
C)It can produce mental confusion.
D)It is one of the best known of the benzodiazepines.

Question 44

Famous Hollywood overdose deaths of the 1960s such as Marilyn Monroe and Judy Garland were the result of ___.

A)heroin
B)nicotine
C)barbiturates
D)benzodiazepines

Question 45

Treatment for cocaine abuse is difficult because:

A)Users often abuse other drugs
B)Many addicts also have psychological disorders
C)The drug produces intense euphoria
D)All of the above

Question 46

Which of the following has a reputation as a date rape drug?

A)Valium
B)Halcion
C)Rohypnol
D)Xanax

Question 47

Cocaine can be administered:

A)By snorting
B)As "crack," a less pure product
C)By smoking the freebase form
D)All of the above

Question 48

Amphetamines:

A)Are natural substances
B)Increase concentration
C)Include cocaine
D)Are not used to treat clinical disorders

Question 49

Barbiturates:

A)Are currently the drug of choice for treating anxiety
B)Are preferred over benzodiazepines because they are less dangerous
C)Were used in the past to treat epilepsy and insomnia
D)Are like alcohol in that they cause the release of glutamate

Question 50

Benzodiazepines replaced barbiturates because:

A)They are not GABA agonists
B)They also have analgesic properties
C)Barbiturates became difficult to obtain
D)They are less likely to produce an accidental overdose

Question 51

Barbiturates are useful clinically because they:

A)Do not produce tolerance at clinical doses
B)Do not produce dependence at clinical doses
C)Are safe for most people regardless of other medications
D)Do not produce withdrawal symptoms when drug is stopped

Question 52

Cocaine:

A)Causes a marked impairment in executive function
B)Is not addictive compared to other drugs
C)Increases activity in the prefrontal cortex
D)Does not cause measurable loss of brain tissue

Question 53

Problems that may be encountered with barbiturate use include:

A)Tolerance,which increases the probability of taking higher doses
B)Addiction,if taken improperly
C)Accidental overdose
D)All of the above

Question 54

Which of the following is unlikely to occur during the "crash" that occurs after a cocaine binge?

A)Anxiety
B)Seizures
C)Depression
D)Craving

Question 55

Which of the following is not an amphetamine?

A)Crack
B)Ice
C)Crystal
D)Meth

Question 56

Cocaine does not produce:

A)Euphoria
B)Relief from fatigue
C)Increased alertness
D)An increase in appetite

Question 57

Prenatal exposure to cocaine:

A)Cannot occur since cocaine does not cross the placenta
B)Causes abnormal circuitry among dopamine neurons
C)Is much more devastating than prenatal exposure to alcohol
D)Has beneficial effects on IQ because it is a stimulant

Question 58

Barbiturates:

A)Inhibit glutamate activity
B)Inhibit GABAA activity,just like alcohol
C)Open the chloride channels in the GABA complex
D)All of the above

Question 59

Which of the following is not a characteristic of stimulants?

A)An increase in arousal
B)Elevated mood
C)Analgesia
D)Increased alertness

Question 60

All of the following are true about cocaine except:

A)It was used as a general anesthetic.
B)The coca leaf that provides the cocaine has been used for centuries.
C)It was once an ingredient in Coca-Cola.
D)At one time it could be purchased as an over-the-counter medication.

Question 61

The effects of MDMA:

A)Have not been shown to produce long-term damage
B)Are important in religious ceremonies and are sanctioned for use in the Native American Church
C)Include appetite enhancement
D)Include stimulation and sensory distortions

Question 62

Which of the following is not typically observed during nicotine withdrawal?

A)Anxiety
B)Vomiting
C)Drowsiness
D)Headache

Question 63

Caffeine withdrawal symptoms:

A)Last about a week
B)Include headaches and fatigue
C)Are easily reversed
D)All of the above

Question 64

All of the following are true about marijuana except:

A)It comes from the Indian hemp plant,which was cultivated in the United States during World War II.
B)Its major psychoactive ingredient is THC.
C)A mild form of marijuana is called hashish.
D)It can be smoked or eaten.

Question 65

Which of the following is not true with respect to tobacco use?

A)A compound in tobacco smoke damages a cancer-suppressing gene,causing lung cancer.
B)Smoking causes cancers in the respiratory system only,because tobacco smoke is inhaled.
C)Women who smoke during pregnancy give birth to underweight infants.
D)Smoking can produce constriction of the blood vessels requiring amputation of extremities.

Question 66

MDMA:

A)Was developed as an anesthetic
B)Stimulates the release of dopamine and serotonin
C)Causes dramatic negative effects on cognition,especially memory
D)Is also called angel dust

Question 67

Many psychedelics are chemically similar to neurotransmitters.In particular:

A)Peyote is structurally similar to GABA
B)Mescaline is structurally similar to glutamate
C)LSD is structurally similar to serotonin
D)MDMA is structurally similar to the endogenous opiates

Question 68

Psychotic behavior following heavy amphetamine use:

A)Has never been documented
B)Lacks the delusions of schizophrenia
C)May be permanent
D)May be accompanied by a permanent sensitivity to amphetamines

Question 69

Which of the following is not a psychedelic drug?

A)Mescaline
B)LSD
C)Rohypnol
D)Psilocybin

Question 70

Psychedelic drugs cause all of the following effects except:

A)Delusions
B)Perceptual distortions
C)Changes in time perception
D)Alterations in body shape or size

Question 71

Caffeine:

A)Decreases the release of acetylcholine
B)Activates the endorphin receptor
C)Blocks receptors for the neuromodulator adenosine
D)Retards the production of dopamine

Question 72

Phencyclidine was abandoned for clinical use in humans because it:

A)Produces schizophrenic symptoms
B)Destroys serotonin cells
C)Causes memory loss
D)Wasn't a strong enough anesthetic

Question 73

In large doses nicotine:

A)Produces nausea but cannot produce death
B)Produces vomiting and headaches
C)Inhibits motor activity
D)Produces lightheadedness

Question 74

When smoked in short puffs nicotine produces ___ effects;when inhaled deeply it produces ___ effects.

A)depressant,stimulating
B)stimulating,depressant
C)stimulant,stimulant
D)depressant,depressant

Question 75

Caffeine is:

A)An illegal drug
B)An abused drug
C)Not considered a drug
D)None of the above

Question 76

Officer Gart was trying his best to make the case that PCP is an addictive drug because of research showing that:

A)Lab animals will self-administer PCP
B)The craving for the drug is dependent on dopamine
C)It stimulates glutamate receptors
D)All of the above

Question 77

Which of the following drugs has contributed most to research on new models for schizophrenia?

A)LSD
B)MDMA
C)PCP
D)Peyote

Question 78

Nicotine:

A)Stimulates the ACh receptor
B)Stimulates the endorphin receptor
C)Inhibits dopamine neurons
D)Inhibits the GABA complex

Question 79

Amphetamines:

A)Increase appetite
B)Can be used to treat narcolepsy
C)Induce sleep
D)All of the above

Question 80

According to Charles O'Brien,a drug researcher:

A)Cocaine is the most important drug of abuse.
B)Cocaine is overestimated as a drug of abuse.
C)Nicotine is the most important drug of abuse.
D)Nicotine is of minor importance as a drug of abuse.