Deck 12: Learning and Memory

Question 1

For Henry Molaison (H.M. ),removal of the ___ produced severe memory problems.

A)temporal lobes
B)frontal lobe
C)hypothalamus
D)thalamus

Answer 1

temporal lobes

Question 2

Damage to which area is most likely to produce anterograde amnesia?

A)Hypothalamus
B)Wernicke's area
C)Occipital lobe
D)Hippocampus

Answer 2

Hippocampus

Question 3

Shondra is reading her textbook and trying to memorize specific passages.Most likely the greatest neural activity is in her ___.

A)entire hippocampal formation
B)hippocampus
C)parahippocampal gyrus
D)CA1

Answer 3

parahippocampal gyrus

Question 4

If glutamate-blocking drugs are given after learning a water maze,rats:

A)Show no detriment in retrieval
B)Actually swim the maze faster
C)Show a detriment in retrieval
D)Are no different from control groups

Question 5

If damage to the hippocampus is limited to area CA1,then:

A)There will be moderate anterograde amnesia
B)There will be no anterograde amnesia
C)There will be extensive retrograde amnesia
D)CA1 is not in the hippocampus.

Question 6

The longest lasting memories are located mostly in:

A)The right hippocampus
B)The left hippocampus
C)Integration between left and right hippocampus areas
D)Cortical areas other than the hippocampus

Question 7

Brad's mother had a stroke but fortunately,while the damage occurred in the hippocampus,the damage was confined to area CA1;the prognosis was most likely that ___.

A)Brad's mother would suffer from moderate anterograde amnesia
B)Brad's mother would have moderate retrograde amnesia
C)Brad's mother would have minimal retrograde amnesia
D)Brad's mother would not have any measurable amount of amnesia

Question 8

The water maze experiment for memory showed that:

A)Blocking glutamate receptors interferes with memory
B)Increasing glutamate receptors interferes with memory
C)Blocking glutamate receptors increases memory
D)Increasing glutamate receptors increases memory

Question 9

Consolidation of memory refers to:

A)Formation of permanent memories
B)Accessing stored memories
C)Filtering of sensory information in order to make memories
D)None of the above

Question 10

When glutamate-blocking drugs were given during training in the water maze,rats:

A)Were faster than the control rats
B)Learned the maze slower
C)Showed no differences when compared to the control group
D)Showed performance deficits after the drug was no longer in their brains

Question 11

Single-celled organisms have demonstrated temporary "memory" in that they:

A)Avoid stimuli that have recently been associated with electric shock
B)Approach stimuli that have been previously associated with warmth
C)Will traverse a maze faster with each trial that ends with obtaining food
D)Single-celled organisms have not shown any signs of memory.

Question 12

Anterograde amnesia is an inability to:

A)Remember early experiences
B)Remember events from the middle of life
C)Remember events prior to the impairment
D)Form new memories

Question 13

Retrieval with respect to memory refers to:

A)Formation of permanent memories
B)Accessing stored memories
C)Filtering of sensory information in order to make memories
D)None of the above

Question 14

Although Henry Molaison (H.M. )has severe amnesia,he was able to ___.

A)learn his parent's new neighborhood after they moved
B)draw the floor plan,from memory,of his parent's new house
C)memorize his parent's new street address
D)learn a very specific path to and from landmarks in his parent's new neighborhood

Question 15

Retrograde amnesia is an inability to:

A)Remember daily experiences
B)Remember events from the middle of life
C)Remember events prior to the impairment
D)Form new memories

Question 16

Brain scans and evoked potential studies have identified the ___ as involved in consolidation,particularly the ___ and the ___.

A)amygdala,hippocampal formation,posterior gyrus
B)hippocampal formation,hippocampus,parahippocampal gyrus
C)cingulate cortex,hippocampal formation,posterior hippocampal gyrus
D)hippocampal formation,anterior hippocampal gyrus,posterior hippocampal gyrus

Question 17

Damage to the entire hippocampal formation usually results in:

A)Anterograde amnesia
B)Retrograde amnesia from the day of damage back to the earliest memories
C)Retrograde amnesia for about 15 years prior to the damage
D)All of the above are possible

Question 18

The percentage of words remembered from a list could be predicted from the extent ___ during stimulus presentation.

A)of the evoked responses in the cingulate cortex
B)of activation that occurred in the parahippocampal gyrus
C)of activation that occurred in the septum
D)All of the above

Question 19

The memory problems Henry Molaison (H.M. )experienced when portions of his brain were removed were that he:

A)Could not remember what happened as a child
B)Could not remember how to perform everyday tasks
C)Had difficulty learning and retaining new information
D)All of the above

Question 20

The reason that hippocampus damage can interfere with forming new memories and yet not alter childhood memories is:

A)Long-term memories are stronger and more difficult to disrupt
B)Because these types of memories are related to two different neurotransmitters within the hippocampus
C)Because these types of memories are located in different areas of the brain
D)None of the above

Question 21

On your first day of class you consult your map and navigate to the classroom using ___.

A)working memory
B)long-term memory
C)motor memory
D)All of the above

Question 22

Using classical conditioning to pair a loud boat horn with presenting a blue slide,researchers found that with:

A)Hippocampus damage,learning occurred even though the subjects could not describe what was learned
B)Amygdala damage,learning occurred even though the subjects could not describe what was learned
C)Hippocampus damage,no learning occurred but subjects could describe the procedure
D)None of the above

Question 23

On your last day of class you navigate to the classroom mostly using:

A)Working memory
B)Long-term memory
C)Declarative memory
D)All of the above

Question 24

The amygdala contributes to learning by strengthening declarative memories about emotional events involving:

A)Good things that happen to you
B)Surprising things that happen to you
C)Bad things that happen to you
D)All are strengthened,provided there is an emotional component

Question 25

It has been found that:

A)Language memory is stored near Broca's area.
B)Identifying pictures of hand tools uses memories stored in the left temporal lobe and hand motor areas.
C)Identifying the color of an object requires memories stored in the temporal lobe.
D)All of the above

Question 26

Working memory is:

A)The long term storage of information so that it can be used for making decisions
B)The sensory filtering of information
C)Information which is temporarily available
D)Declarative memory

Question 27

Remembering what dopamine does in the brain is an example of:

A)Declarative memory
B)Non-declarative memory
C)Short term memory
D)Dendritic memory

Question 28

Both Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease produce damage to:

A)Declarative memory
B)Non-declarative memory
C)Memory of Lincoln's birthplace
D)Memory of what you had for breakfast

Question 29

The prefrontal area is probably most involved in:

A)Consolidation of memories
B)Efforts to retrieve memories
C)Working memory
D)Cognitive activities not involving memory

Question 30

Rodent water maze studies of the effects of severing the pathway between the CA1 region of the hippocampus and the cortex have led to the conclusion that short-term memory is ___ dependent while long-term memory is dependent on the ___.

A)cortex,hippocampal formation
B)hippocampus,cortex and an interaction over time between the two
C)cortex,hippocampus and an interaction over time between the two
D)parahippocampal gyrus,hippocampus and an interaction over time between the two

Question 31

In declarative and non-declarative learning:

A)Similar parts of the brain are active
B)Different parts of the brain are active
C)Random areas of the brain are active
D)None of the above

Question 32

Damage to the hippocampus disrupts:

A)Declarative memory
B)Skills memory
C)Procedural memory
D)Emotional learning

Question 33

In the completion of the delayed-matching-to-sample task:

A)Long term memory must be intact
B)Working memory must be intact
C)Declarative memory must be intact
D)All of the above

Question 34

Remembering how to get to class every day although you cannot state the room number or the name of the building is an example of:

A)Declarative memory
B)Non-declarative memory
C)Short term memory
D)Dendritic memory

Question 35

Despite his amnesia,H.M.demonstrated that he could learn ___.

A)a mirror-drawing task
B)the Tower of Hanoi problem
C)tasks requiring non-declarative memory
D)All of the above

Question 36

Without working memory you could not:

A)Sing "Happy Birthday" to your mother
B)Recognize your mother
C)Tell your mother what you did in class today
D)Do any of the above

Question 37

Working memory is least crucial in:

A)Playing chess
B)Performing long division
C)Carrying on a conversation
D)Reading from a postcard

Question 38

One type of non-declarative memory is:

A)Picture memory
B)Memory for facts
C)Memory for skills
D)None of the above

Question 39

Damage to the striatum disrupts:

A)Declarative memory
B)Non-declarative memory
C)Skills memory
D)All of the above

Question 40

Declarative memory is:

A)Movement memory
B)Memory for facts
C)Skills memory
D)Motor memory

Question 41

Long-term depression is a decrease in the potency of a synapse when ___.

A)presynaptic neurons are active and postsynaptic neurons fire at the same time
B)presynaptic neurons are active and postsynaptic neurons are not depolarized at the same time
C)presynaptic neurons are depolarized and postsynaptic neurons fire at the same time
D)presynaptic neurons and postsynaptic neurons are depolarized at the same time

Question 42

During LTP,the first few pulses of glutamate:

A)Dislodge the magnesium ions from the NMDA receptor
B)Allow sodium and calcium ions to enter
C)Increase the likelihood the neuron will fire and increase the number and sensitivity of AMPA receptors
D)All of the above

Question 43

Troy's skateboarding accident damaged his prefrontal cortex.Which task will he have the most difficulty with?

A)Performing all his old skateboard tricks
B)Watching someone perform a new trick,waiting his turn,and then trying that trick
C)Performing a trick at the same time as another skater
D)Remembering how to balance on the skateboard

Question 44

The increase in neurotransmitter during LTP is due to release of:

A)Protein in the synapse,which stimulates neurotransmitter production
B)Nitric oxide,which stimulates neurotransmitter release
C)Sodium ions,which block the reuptake of neurotransmitter
D)All of the above

Question 45

If theta rhythms in the hippocampus are suppressed,then rats:

A)Learn faster
B)Learn the same as when they are potentiated
C)Cannot remember what was previously learned
D)Can remember what they learn for longer periods of time

Question 46

Associative long-term potentiation has been suggested as a neural basis for:

A)Classical conditioning
B)Operant conditioning
C)Working memory
D)Declarative memory

Question 47

To produce the greatest amounts of long-term potentiation,hippocampal stimulation should coincide with the:

A)Peak of the theta wave
B)Trough of the theta wave
C)Peak of the alpha wave
D)Trough of the alpha wave

Question 48

The neurotransmitter most closely associated with long-term potentiation is:

A)Glutamate
B)Dopamine
C)Serotonin
D)None of the above

Question 49

To reverse the effects of long-term potentiation,hippocampal stimulation should coincide with the:

A)Peak of the theta wave
B)Trough of the theta wave
C)Peak of the alpha wave
D)Trough of the alpha wave

Question 50

Long-term potentiation involves:

A)Inhibition of a neuron
B)Synaptic strengthening following repeated stimulation
C)Increasing threshold to initiate a neural response
D)At least one complex path of neurons

Question 51

During LTP,structural changes in the neurons include:

A)Increase of AMPA receptors
B)Increased numbers of dendritic spines
C)Increased dopamine triggering previously silent synapses
D)All of the above

Question 52

Which cortical area is most important for maintaining information in working memory when a distracting stimulus is introduced?

A)Inferior temporal lobe
B)Parietal lobe
C)Prefrontal cortex
D)All of the above

Question 53

When presynaptic neurons are active and postsynaptic neurons fire at the same time:

A)One cancels the effects of the other
B)The synapse is strengthened
C)No neurotransmitter is released
D)The action potential is inhibited

Question 54

Theta waves:

A)Have a characteristic frequency of 3-7 Hz
B)Occur in the hippocampus during novel situations
C)Can be induced in rats by pinching their tails
D)All of the above

Question 55

Long-term potentiation has been observed:

A)Only in the hippocampus
B)In the hippocampus and visual cortex
C)In the hippocampus,visual cortex,and motor cortex
D)In all brain parts that are responsible for learning

Question 56

When a weak synapse and a strong synapse undergo excitatory stimulation concurrently ___ occurs.

A)long-term potentiation
B)associative long-term potentiation
C)long-term depression
D)associative long-term depression

Question 57

It is thought that the role of the prefrontal cortex in working memory is:

A)Coordinating activities from other cortical areas
B)Sensory filtering of incoming information
C)Recognition of the stimulus end events of the memory
D)Remembering what needs to be done based on what has previously occurred

Question 58

Long-term potentiation is most likely to happen naturally when hippocampal stimulation is concurrent with:

A)Alpha waves
B)Beta wave activity
C)Delta waves
D)Theta wave activity

Question 59

During the delay of a delayed-matching-to-sample task:

A)Association areas of the temporal lobe are active
B)Association areas in the parietal lobe are active
C)The prefrontal cortex is important in maintaining the memory during the delay
D)All of the above

Question 60

If you were asked where the major brain area for working memory is located,the best answer is probably:

A)The inferior temporal lobe
B)The parietal lobe
C)The prefrontal cortex
D)Various parts of the brain

Question 61

The Hebb rule explains which cellular process?

A)LTP
B)LDP
C)EPSP
D)IPSP

Question 62

CaMKII functions as a two-way switch that:

A)Releases nitric oxide
B)Generates LDP
C)Strengthens a synapse
D)Triggers a pulse of theta waves

Question 63

Memory most likely involves:

A)Strengthening connections between two neurons
B)Structural change in a neuron,such as LTP-induced changes
C)Strengthening connections within a network of neurons
D)All of the above

Question 64

A form of amyloid known as ___ can be measured in the spinal fluid,which might lead to a diagnostic measure for Alzheimer's.

A)Aβ40
B)Aβ42
C)ADDL
D)amyloid precursor protein

Question 65

London cab drivers had ___ of the ___hippocampus region.

A)an increase in size,posterior
B)an increase in size,anterior
C)hypersynchroncity among neurons,anterior
D)a decrease in size,posterior.

Question 66

Childhood memories:

A)Do not exist
B)Are rarely inaccurate
C)Can be modified during retrieval
D)All of the above

Question 67

For his dissertation,Kip is studying an agent that eliminates extinction by blocking ___ receptors.

A)glutamate
B)AMPA
C)NMDA
D)PP1

Question 68

There is ___ of a prolonged consolidation period for nondeclarative learning.

A)evidence based on animal research
B)neural network evidence
C)no evidence
D)theoretical evidence

Question 69

More than ___ genes have been identified that show increased activity during sleep.

A)100
B)10
C)1,000
D)500

Question 70

The strengthening of a synapse due to the simultaneous release of neurotransmitter from a presynaptic cell and the response of a post-synaptic cell is called the:

A)Benn rule
B)Hebb rule
C)NMDA rule
D)CaMKII rule

Question 71

Transfer of information from the hippocampus to the cortex:

A)Occurs whenever the cingulate cortex is active
B)Occurs during the time of LTP
C)Occurs during times when the hippocampus is less active
D)Does not occur

Question 72

You would probably do better on your exams if you:

A)Studied all night right up until the exam
B)Studied hard for 2-3 days before the exam and got plenty of sleep the night before the exam
C)Took the exam after reading the chapters several times but not actually studying
D)None of the above

Question 73

About 30 minutes after LTP,existing dendritic spines ___.

A)partially bridge the cleft
B)gain more AMPA receptors that are transported from the dendrites
C)enlarge or split to become separate spines
D)All of the above

Question 74

When a memory is recalled it becomes vulnerable again,because it must be ___.

A)potentiated
B)confirmed
C)reconsolidated
D)rehearsed

Question 75

Rats with fewer NMDA receptors:

A)Learn faster
B)Learn slower
C)Have impaired working memories
D)None of the above

Question 76

Which of the following enzyme protein "cleans house" in the brain by removing non-strengthened memories?

A)CaMKII
B)Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1)
C)LDP
D)AMPA

Question 77

The delivery of a chemical inhibitor of protein kinase M zeta into the insula has been shown to eliminate a conditioned ___.

A)taste aversion
B)odor aversion
C)pain response
D)None of the above

Question 78

Many of the genes that are more active during sleep are involved in ___.

A)protein synthesis
B)modification of synapses
C)memory consolidation
D)All of the above

Question 79

Memory impairment with age is:

A)Physiologically inevitable
B)A factor of too frequent retrieval
C)A factor of too infrequent retrieval
D)None of the above

Question 80

With age,the normal brain usually shows:

A)A loss of NMDA receptors
B)An increase in NMDA receptors
C)Significant loss of neurons in the hippocampus
D)Random branching of neurons in the prefrontal area