Deck 3: Neuroanatomy and Development

Question 1

The corpus callosum

A)permits communication between the two cerebral hemispheres.
B)is the area of the cortex in which information about touch,pain,temperature,and limb position is processed.
C)separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.
D)is a fluid-filled chamber that cushions and supports the brain.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT part of the peripheral nervous system?

A)Autonomic nerves
B)Parasympathetic nerves
C)Motor neurons
D)The spinal cord

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Horseradish peroxidase is a retrograde tracer.This means that if it is injected into

A)axon terminals,it is taken up by the axon and then transported back to the neuron's cell body.
B)dendrite terminals,it is taken up by the dendrite and then transported back to the neuron's cell body.
C)axon receptors,it is taken up by the axons and then transported forward to presynaptic regions of the dendrites.
D)dendritic receptors,it is taken up by the dendrites and then transported forward to presynaptic regions of the axons.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Neurons in two different regions of Brodmann's cytoarchitectonic map always

A)use different types of neurotransmitters to communicate.
B)differ in cell morphology,density,and layering.
C)lie inside different lobes of the cerebral cortex.
D)are separated by fissures in the cortex.

Question 5

The distinction between the terms gross neuroanatomy and fine neuroanatomy lies in whether

A)the researcher is interested more in form or function.
B)the structures in question are involved in the control of fine motor skills.
C)the researcher is interested more in physiology or cognition.
D)the structures in question are visible to the naked eye.

Question 6

Of the following choices,the most anterior portion of the frontal lobes-the prefrontal cortex-is most critical to

A)processing information about pain,touch,and temperature.
B)planning and executing movements.
C)the "what" visual pathway.
D)the "where" visual pathway.

Question 7

Gray matter is to white matter as ________ are to ________.

A)gyri / sulci
B)glial cells / neurons
C)cell bodies / axon tracts
D)oligodendrocytes / Schwann cells

Question 8

Histology is the study of

A)gross anatomical structure across different species.
B)physiology at the systems level.
C)tissue structure through microscopic techniques.
D)the functional interconnectivity of individual neurons.

Question 9

The most caudal lobe of the cerebral cortex is the ________ lobe.

A)frontal
B)temporal
C)occipital
D)parietal

Question 10

The temporal lobe likely bears this name because

A)it is the brain's center for temporal processing.
B)its functions are particularly susceptible to the effects of aging.
C)it lies beneath the area of the scalp where hair grays with age.
D)its neurons fire more quickly than neurons in other brain regions.

Question 11

The tough layer of collagenous fibers that encloses the brain within the skull is the

A)gray matter.
B)white matter.
C)myelin sheath.
D)dura mater.

Question 12

The central sulcus is an anatomical landmark that separates the ________ lobe from the ________ lobe.

A)temporal / frontal
B)frontal / parietal
C)parietal / occipital
D)occipital / temporal

Question 13

Communication between the two hemispheres of the brain occurs mainly through the

A)basal ganglia.
B)cingulate gyrus.
C)corpus callosum.
D)limbic system.

Question 14

The term cytoarchitectonics refers to

A)how cells in one brain region appear morphologically and how they are arranged with respect to each other.
B)how assemblies of neurons function together and how they communicate with neighboring ganglia.
C)how different brain regions differ in volume and how they interact to produce complex cognitive phenomena.
D)how the brains of different animals differ from each other in gross anatomy and the evolutionary bases of these differences.

Question 15

All of the following are advantages of a folded cerebral cortex EXCEPT

A)the need for blood vasculature in the cortex is eliminated.
B)neural conduction time between areas is reduced.
C)neurons are brought into closer three-dimensional relationships.
D)more cortical surface can be packed into the skull.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a staining technique used to visualize tissue structure?

A)Weigert stain
B)Posner stain
C)Nissl stain
D)Marchi stain

Question 17

The difference between gray matter and white matter is that gray matter refers to ________,whereas white matter refers to ________.

A)protruding rounded surfaces / fissures and invaginations
B)fissures and invaginations / protruding rounded surfaces
C)cell bodies / axons
D)axons / cell bodies

Question 18

All of the following are tools of histology EXCEPT

A)tract-tracing methods.
B)microscopes.
C)staining techniques.
D)magnetoencephalography.

Question 19

The morphology of the brain of Albert Einstein revealed an unusual Sylvian fissure-the division that separates the ________ lobe from the ________ lobes.

A)occipital / frontal and parietal
B)temporal / frontal and parietal
C)frontal / temporal and occipital
D)parietal / temporal and occipital

Question 20

The two main divisions of the central nervous system are the

A)forebrain and brainstem.
B)white matter and gray matter.
C)brain and spinal cord.
D)cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum.

Question 21

All of the structures listed here are major components of the basal ganglia EXCEPT the

A)globus pallidus.
B)amygdala.
C)caudate nucleus.
D)putamen.

Question 22

The primary auditory cortex is organized using a tonotopic map,which means that there is an orderly representation of

A)loudness.
B)frequency.
C)duration.
D)spatial location.

Question 23

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)is produced in the lateral and third ventricles by the

A)dura mater.
B)substantia nigra.
C)globus pallidus.
D)choroid plexus.

Question 24

Following a focal brain injury,a patient shows great difficulty in discriminating tones that differ in frequency.Which area of the cortex is most likely affected?

A)The superior temporal lobe
B)The inferior temporal lobe
C)The anterior parietal lobe
D)The posterior parietal lobe

Question 25

Injury to the hypothalamus would most likely interfere with

A)hormone regulation.
B)motor control.
C)memory.
D)olfactory sensation.

Question 26

The primary visual cortex,or V1,is located in

A)the striate cortex.
B)Brodmann area 17.
C)the calcarine cortex.
D)all of the above.

Question 27

A patient reports that she is functionally blind after a focal brain injury,even though her eyes and optic nerves are completely intact.Of the structures listed here,the most probable location for the brain injury is the

A)inferior colliculus.
B)lateral geniculate nucleus.
C)superior temporal lobe.
D)postcentral gyrus.

Question 28

Although the primary somatosensory cortex ultimately processes information about both ________ and ________,information about these two sensations is carried there through separate neural pathways.

A)pain / temperature
B)temperature / touch
C)proprioception / touch
D)proprioception / movement

Question 29

The frontal lobe is ________ to the occipital lobe,whereas the temporal lobe is ________ to the parietal lobe.

A)posterior / superior
B)anterior / inferior
C)superior / caudal
D)inferior / rostral

Question 30

The brainstem includes all of the following components EXCEPT the

A)medulla.
B)midbrain.
C)hypothalamus.
D)pons.

Question 31

The precentral gyrus is to the postcentral gyrus as the primary ________ cortex is to the primary ________ cortex.

A)somatosensory / auditory
B)auditory / visual
C)visual / motor
D)motor / somatosensory

Question 32

The volume of cortex that is not sensory or motor has traditionally been termed ________ cortex.

A)extrastriate
B)cognitive
C)association
D)equipotential

Question 33

As a result of a brain injury to the medial temporal lobes and neighboring subcortical structures,a patient exhibits a number of cognitive and behavioral changes.Of the options here,which is the LEAST likely to be affected?

A)Memory
B)Emotional processing
C)Learning
D)Somatosensation

Question 34

All of the following terms refer to the same cortical region that processes visual input EXCEPT

A)striate cortex.
B)area V1.
C)Heschl's gyrus.
D)Brodmann area 17.

Question 35

Which of the following functions is NOT mediated primarily by the hypothalamus?

A)Endocrine system regulation
B)Maintenance of homeostatic states in the body
C)Relay of sensory information from the body to the cortex
D)Mediation of emotional processes

Question 36

The part of the thalamus that is most important in relaying information to the primary visual cortex is the

A)lateral geniculate nucleus.
B)superior colliculus.
C)medial geniculate nucleus.
D)inferior colliculus.

Question 37

This brain structure is often called the gateway to the cortex because almost all sensory inputs synapse here before continuing to their primary cortical sensory areas.

A)Hypothalamus
B)Hippocampus
C)Thalamus
D)Amygdala

Question 38

As a result of a brain injury to this diencephalic structure,a patient is experiencing disruptions in emotional processing,maintaining homeostasis of bodily states,and endocrine control.

A)Thalamus
B)Hypothalamus
C)Hippocampus
D)Cingulate gyrus

Question 39

The neocortex typically contains ________ cortical layers,with ________ typically being the input layer.

A)10 / layer IV
B)10 / layer I
C)6 / layer IV
D)6 / layer I

Question 40

All of the following functions are associated with the limbic system EXCEPT

A)memory.
B)learning.
C)emotion.
D)sleep.

Question 41

The ³H-thymidine labeling method is especially useful in determining when particular cells in the nervous system emerge because

A)only cells that are fully myelinated at the time of injection are radioactively labeled.
B)only glial cells absorb the marker and are radioactively labeled.
C)only cells that are fully mature at the time of injection are radioactively labeled.
D)only cells that are undergoing cell division at the time of injection are radioactively labeled.

Question 42

________ refers to the process of rapid cell division that occurs early in development of the nervous system.

A)Neurulation
B)Neuronal proliferation
C)Neuronal migration
D)Neural determination

Question 43

When stimulated by a touch to the right side of the face,a patient who has had her right arm amputated reports sensations that seem to be coming from the missing limb.This phenomenon is called

A)phantom limb sensation.
B)radial glial interactions.
C)sensory corticogenesis.
D)cortical magnification.

Question 44

Parts of the brain where metabolic activity is relatively high are characterized by

A)elevated regional blood flow.
B)increased cerebrospinal fluid production.
C)a high degree of myelination.
D)greater concentrations of calcium ions.

Question 45

A patient has great difficulty in maintaining his posture,walking,and coordinating his movements.His brain injuries probably involve the

A)cerebellum.
B)corpus callosum.
C)superior colliculus.
D)third ventricle.

Question 46

Corticogenesis,or the development of the cortex,is said to occur inside-out because

A)the outermost layers of cortex develop earlier than do the deeper layers of cortex.
B)the outermost layers of cortex develop later than do the deeper layers of cortex.
C)glial cells develop only after neurons have fully matured.
D)the cortex matures first,followed by white matter,and then the cerebral ventricles.

Question 47

The dorsal portions of the gray matter in the spinal cord carry

A)motor information.
B)sensory information.
C)motor and sensory information from the dorsal surface of the body.
D)sensory and motor information to the cerebellum.

Question 48

The region of the midbrain that participates in arousal,respiration,cardiac modulations,muscle reflex modulations,and pain regulation is the

A)reticular formation.
B)medulla.
C)cerebellum.
D)limbic system.

Question 49

Which of the following statements regarding the prenatal development of the human nervous system is CORRECT?

A)The brain develops from ectoderm cells,whereas the spinal cord develops from mesoderm cells.
B)Ectoderm cells are the precursors of the entire nervous system.
C)Glial cells are derived from endoderm,whereas neurons are derived from ectoderm.
D)Mesoderm cells are the precursors for all parts of the human nervous system.

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT considered part of the forebrain?

A)Thalamus
B)Hypothalamus
C)Pons
D)Cerebral cortex

Question 51

________ is the idea that the columnar organization in the adult cortex is derived during development from the cells dividing in the ventricular region.

A)Topographic mapping
B)The sensory homunculus
C)The radial unit hypothesis
D)The ventricular zone hypothesis

Question 52

If you removed a cell that emerged EARLY from the ventricular zone at the early stages of corticogenesis (prior to its migration),transplanted it into the brain of a developing host animal that was in the LATE stages of corticogenesis,and allowed the cell complete migration,you would probably find it in layer ________ of the host cortex.

A)I
B)II
C)IV
D)VI

Question 53

The innermost layers of cortex contain

A)the neurons that emerge first in corticogenesis.
B)the neurons that migrate the longest distance in corticogenesis.
C)the greatest concentration of gray matter in the cortex.
D)the neurons with the greatest amount of dendritic branching in the cortex.

Question 54

The particular type of neuron that a migratory neuron will become in the mature cortex is determined

A)at the point of cell division in the ventricular zone.
B)during the migration period.
C)by interactions between the neuron and its associated radial glia.
D)by interactions between the neuron and its neighbors once the cell reaches its target layer of cortex.

Question 55

Following cell migration,a cell that originally emerged from the ventricular zone EARLY in corticogenesis would probably be found in layer ________ of the cortex.

A)I
B)II
C)IV
D)VI

Question 56

The cells in the brain that guide migrating neurons to their final locations are called

A)microglia.
B)radial glia.
C)oligodendrocytes.
D)ventricular cells.

Question 57

Which of the following is controlled by the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system?

A)Slowing of the heart
B)Inhibiting the secretion of adrenaline
C)Lowering the rate of breathing
D)Decreasing activity of the stomach

Question 58

Which of the following sequences best describes the prenatal sequence of development in most animal species?

A)Gastrulation -> blastulation -> neurulation
B)Blastulation -> gastrulation -> neurulation
C)Neurulation -> blastulation -> gastrulation
D)Neurulation -> gastrulation -> blastulation

Question 59

The specialized structures that comprise the midbrain control functions such as

A)hormone regulation.
B)visual reflexes.
C)memory.
D)emotional processing.

Question 60

This type of early cell line is the precursor to the cells that will compose the nervous system.

A)Blastula
B)Gastrula
C)Endoderm
D)Ectoderm

Question 61

Together,the pons and medulla form the hindbrain.

Question 62

The hippocampus is considered part of the neocortex.

Question 63

Histological methods have been used to classify the cerebral cortex into different cytoarchitectonic divisions,such as the Brodmann areas.Can we predict the function of a brain region based on cytoarchitectonics? Why or why not?

Question 64

Choose six of the following eight brain regions.For each region,briefly describe its location in the brain and one of its functions.Draw a picture to accompany your answer.
•Frontal lobe
•Parietal lobe
•Temporal lobe
•Occipital lobe
•Basal ganglia
•Hippocampus
•Amygdala
•Cerebellum

Question 65

What is meant by the term neural plasticity? Provide three examples of this phenomenon discussed in the text or in class.

Question 66

What are the advantages of a cerebral cortex with gyri and sulci? Why might the human cerebral cortex be more heavily folded than those of other mammals?

Question 67

Describe the events following the fertilization of an egg that pertain to the development of the nervous system.In your answer,name the three main types of cell lines found in the blastula and describe what parts of the organism these cells become.

Question 68

Sulci are the protruding rounded surfaces of the cortex,and gyri are the fissures and invaginations between the sulci.

Question 69

During development,a structure called the blastula begins to form when the neural plate invaginates via neural folds being pushed up at its border.

Question 70

Anterograde tracers are absorbed by the dendrites or soma of a neuron and then diffuse along the axons.

Question 71

The cerebellum is believed to contain as many neurons as the rest of the central nervous system combined.

Question 72

Neural inputs that target the cortex and originate in the thalamus are referred to as corticothalamic.

Question 73

The visual cortex is able to remap to process information about touch and audition in blind people.

Question 74

The term commissure refers to the white matter tracts that connect the brain and spinal cord.

Question 75

Tract-tracing methods allow researchers to identify connections between different neurons and brain regions.