Deck 3: Socialization.

Question 1

__________ focus on how humans design their own culture and transmit it from generation to generation through socialization. By contrast, __________ assert that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior.

A)Psychologists; sociologists
B)Sociologists; sociobiologists
C)Sociobiologists; psychologists
D)Sociobiologists; sociologists

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In the "nature versus nurture" debate regarding socialization, the "nature" component refers to __________.

A)cultural tradition
B)heredity
C)contact with others
D)social environment

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Full-day child care may cost up to $______ per child.

A)2,000
B)5,000
C)10,000
D)15,000

Answer 3

C

Question 4

__________ includes physical abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, and emotional mistreatment of children and young adolescents.

A)Infant maladjustment
B)Child neglect
C)Child maltreatment
D)Toddler neglect

Question 5

Children whose biological and emotional needs are met in settings characterized by affection, warmth, and closeness see the world __________.

A)as a non-trustworthy and abusive place
B)with suspicion and fear
C)as a safe and comfortable place
D)as a hostile place

Question 6

The case of Genie, an isolated child, illustrates that __________.

A)with proper therapy, children who have been isolated can become a part of the mainstream
B)children who have experienced extreme isolation do not live long enough to reach adulthood
C)children who experience social isolation and neglect may be defined as "retarded" when they reach adulthood
D)isolated children actually can recover quickly from any physical damages

Question 7

__________ is the systematic study of how biology affects social behavior and asserts that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior.

A)Psychophysiology
B)Genetic analysis
C)Sociobiology
D)Cybernation

Question 8

__________ occurs when children's basic needs including emotional warmth and security, adequate shelter, food, health care, education, clothing, and protection are not met, regardless of cause.

A)Child neglect
B)Infant maladaptiveness
C)Child mistreatment
D)Toddler maladjustment

Question 9

In a series of laboratory experiments, psychologists Harry and Margaret Harlow attempted to __________.

A)demonstrate the effects of social isolation on nonhuman primates raised without contact with others of their own species
B)demonstrate that human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality
C)demonstrate how conflicts that coincide with major changes in a person's social environment can be resolved in a positive manner
D)demonstrate that cognitive development occurs in stages and children's activities are governed by their perception of the world around them

Question 10

From a __________ perspective, individual conformity to existing norms is
Not taken for granted; rather basic individual needs and desires must be balanced against the needs of the social structure.

A)functionalist
B)symbolic interactionist
C)conflict
D)postmodernist

Question 11

In the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to __________.

A)social environment
B)contact with others
C)cultural tradition
D)heredity

Question 12

A teenage boy, nervous because he is about to go out on his first date, receives advice from his older sister about how to act. This is an example of:

A)self-representation
B)acculturation
C)socialization
D)assimilation

Question 13

Sociologist Kingsley Davis was interested in the case of Anna, a child who was kept in an attic?like room in her grandfather's house, because __________.

A)he was studying parental attitudes of young, unmarried mothers
B)he wanted to know more about what happens when a child is raised in isolation
C)he was attempting to determine how children develop a generalized other
D)he was examining the relationship between sexual motives and human behavior

Question 14

What is the most frequent form of child maltreatment?

A)physical abuse
B)emotional abuse
C)criminal sexual assault
D)neglect

Question 15

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. Which of the following is not one of the states?

A)id
B)superego
C)libido
D)ego

Question 16

The basic assumption in psychologist __________ psychoanalytic approach is that human behavior and personality originate from unconscious forces within individuals.

A)George Herbert Mead's
B)Charles Horton Cooley's
C)Jean Piaget's
D)Sigmund Freud's

Question 17

According to zoologist __________, who pioneered sociobiology, genetic inheritance underlies many forms of social behavior such as war and peace, envy and concern for others, and competition and cooperation.

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Lawrence Kohlberg
C)Jean Piaget
D)Edward Wilson

Question 18

__________ is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.

A)Acculturation
B)Socialization
C)Assimilation
D)Self-representation

Question 19

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. The __________ is the component of personality that includes all of the individual's basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)libido

Question 20

The case of Anna illustrates the effects of __________ and provides insights into the importance of a positive socialization process and the negative effects of social isolation.

A)sexual abuse
B)cognitive abuse
C)physical abuse
D)emotional abuse

Question 21

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, the newborn child's personality is all __________, and from birth the child finds that urges for self-gratification such as wanting to be held, fed, or changed are not going to be satisfied immediately.

A)ego
B)libido
C)superego
D)id

Question 22

According to psychologist Jean Piaget, in the __________ stage, children understand the world only through sensory contact and immediate action because they cannot engage in symbolic thought or use language.

A)sensorimotor
B)formal operational
C)preoperational
D)concrete operational

Question 23

John and Nancy really would like to have a new sports utility vehicle now, but with the newborn baby they can't afford the monthly payments. After thinking about it, John says to Nancy, "I guess we'll have to wait until we have the money to buy it." According to psychologist Sigmund Freud's theory of personality, which level is illustrated by this example?

A)libido
B)ego
C)id
D)superego

Question 24

Psychologist Jean Piaget was a pioneer in the field of __________, which relates to changes over time in how people think.

A)psychoanalysis
B)psychosocial development
C)cognitive development
D)interactionism

Question 25

Psychologist Jean Piaget showed children two identical glasses filled with the same amount of water. After the children agreed that both glasses held the same amount of water, Piaget poured the water from one glass into a taller, narrower glass and then asked them about the amounts of water in each glass. Sally, in the __________ stage, says that the containers (even though they are different shapes) have the same amount of water.

A)sensorimotor
B)concrete operational
C)formal operational
D)preoperational

Question 26

According to psychologist Jean Piaget, in the __________ stage, children are limited in their ability to use logic to solve problems or to realize that physical objects may change in shape or appearance while still retaining their physical properties.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 27

According to Sigmund Freud, the id remains with us throughout life in the form of

A)psychic energy.
B)id impulses.
C)impulse control.
D)the ego ideal.

Question 28

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, the __________ is first expressed as the recognition of parental control and eventually matures as the child learns that parental control is a reflection of the values and moral demands of the larger society.

A)superego
B)id
C)ego
D)libido

Question 29

In psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, during the __________ level, children's perceptions are based on punishment and obedience. Evil behavior is that which is likely to be punished; good behavior is based on obedience and avoidance of unwanted consequences.

A)conventional
B)subconventional
C)postconventional
D)preconventional

Question 30

According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, in the __________ level, people are most concerned with how they are perceived by their peers and on how one conforms to rules.

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)subconventional

Question 31

Psychologist Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development are organized around specific tasks that, when mastered, lead to the acquisition of new mental capacities, which then serve as the basis for the next level of development. Which of the following is the correct sequence Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A)preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, and concrete operational
B)concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational, and sensorimotor
C)preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational, and sensorimotor
D)sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Question 32

According to psychologist Jean Piaget, toward the end of the second year of life, children begin to use words as mental symbols and to form mental images. He referred to this as the __________ stage.

A)concrete operational
B)preoperational
C)sensorimotor
D)formal operational

Question 33

In psychologist Jean Piaget's theory, during the __________ stage, children think in terms of tangible objects and actual events. They can draw conclusions about the likely physical consequences of an action without always having to try the action out. Additionally, they begin to take the role of others and start to empathize with the viewpoints of others.

A)sensorimotor
B)formal operational
C)preoperational
D)concrete operational

Question 34

Psychologist Jean Piaget showed children two identical glasses filled with the same amount of water. After the children agreed that both glasses held the same amount of water, Piaget poured the water from one glass into a taller, narrower glass and then asked them about the amounts of water in each glass. Bobby, still in the __________ stage, believed that the taller glass held more water because the water line was higher than in the shorter, wider glass.

A)sensorimotor
B)concrete operational
C)preoperational
D)formal operational

Question 35

Psychologist Jean Piaget believed that in each stage of human development (from birth through adolescence), children's activities are governed by their __________.

A)individual psyches
B)perception of the world around them
C)socialization
D)interactions with others

Question 36

In psychologist Jean Piaget's theory, by the __________ stage, adolescents are able to engage in highly abstract thought and understand places, things, and events they have never seen. They can think about the future and evaluate different options or courses of action.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)formal operational
D)concrete operational

Question 37

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. The __________, or conscience, consists of the moral and ethical aspects of personality.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)libido

Question 38

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. The __________ is the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure-seeking drives of individuals.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)libido

Question 39

Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg elaborated on Piaget's theories by conducting a series of studies in which children, adolescents, and adults were presented with a(n) __________ that took the form of stories.

A)moral dilemma
B)ethical principle
C)philosophical problem
D)tautology

Question 40

When asking a child what they want to be when they grow up; a seven-year-old child might say a "teacher," but a twelve-year-old child might reply that they would like a job that helps others. In relation to psychologist Jean Piaget's theory, the seven-year-old child would be in the __________ stage. By contrast, the twelve-year-old child would be in the __________ stage.

A)sensorimotor; preoperational
B)concrete operational; formal operational
C)preoperational; sensorimotor
D)formal operational; concrete operational

Question 41

Sociologist George Herbert Mead stated that __________ others are those persons whose care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of the self.

A)significant
B)perceived
C)generalized
D)primary

Question 42

The __________ represents the sum total of perceptions and feelings that an individual has of being a distinct and unique person (a sense of who and what one is).

A)personality
B)psyche
C)self
D)individual orientation

Question 43

The "I" is the __________ element of the self and represents the spontaneous and unique traits of each person.

A)subjective
B)objective
C)imaginary
D)neutral

Question 44

Psychologist Carol Gilligan believes that women and men often have divergent views on morality. She stated that men become more concerned with __________.

A)law and order
B)social skills
C)social relationships
D)personal maturity

Question 45

Bob's football coach is a very important influence in his life. Many of Bob's actions are attempts to win the approval of his coach. Sociologist George Herbert Mead would suggest that the coach is one of Bob's __________.

A)generalized others
B)secondary group members
C)significant others
D)reference group members

Question 46

Psychologist Carol Gilligan believes that women and men often have divergent views on morality. She concluded that women tend to analyze __________ and the social consequences of behavior.

A)personal maturity
B)social relationships
C)law and order
D)social skills

Question 47

In psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, in the __________ level, people view morality in terms of individual rights. "Moral conduct" is judged by principles based on human rights that transcend government and laws.

A)subconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)preconventional

Question 48

According to psychologist Carol Gilligan, the key weakness of Lawrence Kohlberg's model was that it __________.

A)underestimated human potential for immorality
B)was based on only male respondents
C)ignored key social psychological insights
D)overemphasized the subconscious mind

Question 49

According to sociologist Charles Horton Cooley, the __________ refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.

A)human psyche
B)looking-glass self
C)process of role-taking
D)significant others

Question 50

Sociologist __________ divided the self into the "I" and the "me."

A)Charles Horton Cooley
B)Erik Erikson
C)Neil Smelser
D)George Herbert Mead

Question 51

According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, __________ refers to the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person's or group's point of view.

A)role-exploration
B)role-assumption
C)role-taking
D)role-searching

Question 52

Psychologist Carol Gilligan concluded that women and men often have divergent views on morality based on differences in __________ and life experiences.

A)social class
B)education
C)religion
D)socialization

Question 53

According to __________, we do not know who we are until we see ourselves as we believe that others see us. This perspective helps us understand how our self-identity is developed through our contact with others.

A)functionalists
B)conflict theorists
C)symbolic interactionists
D)postmodernists

Question 54

Based on sociologist Charles Horton Cooley's theory, how ___________ is not a step in the process of self-identity.

A)we imagine how our personality and appearance will look to other people
B)we imagine how other people judge the appearance and personality that we think we present
C)we develop a self-concept
D)we continually scrutinize the reactions of others

Question 55

The "me" is the __________ element of the self, which is composed of the internalized attitudes and demands of other members of society and the individual's awareness of those demands.

A)imaginary
B)subjective
C)objective
D)neutral

Question 56

Based on sociologist George Herbert Mead's theory, __________ often occurs through play and games, as children try out different roles (such as being mommy, daddy, doctor, or teacher) and gain an appreciation of them.

A)role-searching
B)role-assumption
C)role-exploration
D)role-taking

Question 57

George Herbert Mead breaks down the development of the self into three stages. Which is not one of them?

A)preparatory
B)conventional
C)play
D)game

Question 58

__________ is the totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves.

A)Personality
B)Psyche
C)Self-concept
D)Individual orientation

Question 59

According to the sociological perspective, four components make up our self-concept. Which of the following is not one of the components of our self-concept?

A)physical self
B)creative self
C)active self
D)social self

Question 60

A body builder admires her muscular physique while standing in front of a mirror. She thinks to herself, "I am muscular and strong." This perception is part of the woman's________________.

A)personality
B)psyche
C)subconscious mind
D)self-identity

Question 61

From a __________ perspective, schools are responsible for (1) socialization, or teaching students to be productive members of society; (2) transmission of culture; (3) social control and personal development; and (4) the selection, training, and placement of individuals on different rungs in the society.

A)functionalist
B)conflict
C)postmodern
D)symbolic interactionist

Question 62

__________ theorists assert that students have different experiences in the school system depending on their social class, their racial/ethnic background, the neighborhood in which they live, and their sex/gender.

A)Postmodern
B)Conflict
C)Symbolic interactionist
D)Functionalist

Question 63

__________ theorists stress that socialization contributes to false consciousness, which is a lack of awareness and a distorted perception of the reality of class as it affects all aspects of social life. Socialization reaffirms and reproduces the class structure in the next generation rather than challenging the conditions that presently exist.

A)Conflict
B)Postmodern
C)Functionalist
D)Symbolic interactionist

Question 64

We are exposed to many __________ throughout our lifetime. According to the text, the most pervasive ones in childhood include the family, the school, peer groups, and the mass media.

A)total institutions
B)moral structures
C)agents of socialization
D)counter groups

Question 65

__________ are the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society.

A)Interaction forums
B)Agents of socialization
C)Sources of social reference
D)Role sets

Question 66

According to the text, the __________ is the most important agent of socialization in all societies.

A)school
B)peer group
C)family
D)mass media

Question 67

According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, during the __________ stage of self-development, children understand not only their own social position but also the positions of others around them.

A)preparatory
B)play
C)assimilation
D)game

Question 68

The __________ approach emphasizes that socialization is a collective process in which children are active and creative agents, not just passive recipients of the socialization process. From this view, childhood is a socially constructed category.

A)postmodernist
B)functionalist
C)symbolic interactionist
D)conflict

Question 69

Theorists using a __________ perspective emphasize that families serve important duties in society because they are the primary source for the procreation and socialization of children.

A)conflict
B)symbolic interactionist
C)postmodern
D)functionalist

Question 70

Sociologist Melvin Kohn stated that parents from the middle and professional classes, who have more flexibility at work, tend to give their children more freedom to make their own decisions and to be __________.

A)dependent on others
B)creative
C)obedient and conform
D)cooperative

Question 71

Sociologist Melvin Kohn concluded that working-class parents, who are closely supervised and expected to follow orders at work, typically emphasize to their children the importance of __________.

A)creativity
B)independence
C)obedience and conformity
D)cooperation

Question 72

Sociologist George Herbert Mead's concept of the __________ other refers to the child's awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child's subculture.

A)generalized
B)perceived
C)secondary
D)significant

Question 73

The __________ perspective is illustrated in the following example: middle-income and upper-income families typically instill ideas of monetary and social success in children while encouraging them to think and behave in "socially acceptable" ways.

A)postmodern
B)functionalist
C)conflict
D)symbolic interactionist

Question 74

Tory is four years of age. He loves to dress up like Batman and pretend to save Gotham City from The Penguin. According to sociologist George Herbert Mead's theory, he is in the __________ stage of self-development.

A)preparatory
B)assimilation
C)play
D)game

Question 75

According to sociologists Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, much of what happens in school amounts to teaching a(n) __________ in which children learn to be neat, to be on time, to be quiet, to wait their turn, and to remain attentive to their work.

A)discipline scenario
B)authoritarian agenda
C)hidden curriculum
D)media program

Question 76

A __________ is a group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position, and (usually) similar age.

A)reference group
B)peer group
C)social group
D)primary group

Question 77

The research of sociologist William Corsaro suggests that the __________ is the most significant arena in which children and young people acquire cultural knowledge.

A)peer group
B)mass media
C)family
D)school

Question 78

According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, in the __________ stage of self-development, interactions lack meaning and children largely imitate the people around them.

A)play
B)preparatory
C)game
D)assimilation

Question 79

Sociologist William Corsaro states that __________ is a stable set of activities or routines, artifacts, values, and concerns that children produce and share. It emerges through interaction as children "borrow" from the adult culture but transforms it so that it fits their own situation.

A)peer culture
B)universal society
C)social culture
D)transitional society

Question 80

The __________ perspective is illustrated in the following example: children in low-income families may be unintentionally socialized to believe that acquiring an education and aspiring to lofty ambitions are pointless because of existing economic conditions in the family.

A)symbolic interactionist
B)conflict
C)postmodern
D)functionalist