Deck 10: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality.

Question 1

Various organizations of gays, lesbians, and transgendered persons have been unified in their desire to reduce hate crimes and other forms of __________-the extreme prejudice directed at gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and others who are perceived as not being heterosexual.

A)cynophobia
B)homophobia
C)heterophobia
D)androgyny

Answer 1

B

Question 2

At puberty, an increased production of hormones results in the development of __________, the physical traits (other than reproductive organs) that identify an individual's sex.

A)primary sex characteristics
B)hormonal correlates
C)secondary sex characteristics
D)tertiary sex characteristics

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Regarding women's and men's body images, which of the following statements is not true?

A)Both men and women may have negative perceptions about their body size, weight, and appearance.
B)Women and men receive different cultural messages about body image.
C)The image of female beauty as childlike and thin is flaunted by the advertising industry.
D)Women of all racial?ethnic groups, classes, and sexual orientations do not think of their weight as a crucial index of their acceptability to others.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Sex is not always clear-cut. Occasionally, a hormone imbalance before birth produces a __________-a person in whom sexual differentiation is ambiguous or incomplete.

A)transsexual
B)hermaphrodite
C)transvestite
D)homosexual

Question 5

In a definitive study of sexuality in the mid-1990s, researchers at the University of Chicago established three criteria for identifying people as homosexual or bisexual. Which of the following is not one of the criteria identified?

A)sexual attraction to persons of one's own gender
B)having engaged in a homosexual encounter at a young age
C)sexual involvement with one or more persons of one's own gender
D)self-identification as a gay, lesbian, or bisexual

Question 6

A male who lives as a woman, or a female who lives as a man but does not alter the genitalia is referred to as a __________.

A)hermaphrodite
B)transsexual
C)transvestite
D)homosexual

Question 7

Some people may be genetically of one sex but have a gender identity of the other. This is true for a __________, a person in whom the sex-related structure of the brain that defines gender identity is opposite from the physical sex organs of the person's body.

A)hermaphrodite
B)transsexual
C)transvestite
D)homosexual

Question 8

__________ is the process of treating people as if they were things, not human beings. Typically, this occurs when we judge people on the basis of their physical appearance rather than on the basis of their individual qualities or actions.

A)Objectification
B)Reification
C)Mechanization
D)Technological stereotyping

Question 9

Which of the following would not be an example of secondary sex characteristics in men?

A)penis
B)more muscular build
C)deeper voice
D)more body and facial hair

Question 10

Women are seen as "all alike" and are easily ignored. This represents

A)trivialization.
B)objectification.
C)deification.
D)mechanization.

Question 11

In relation to general aspects of objectification of women, which of the following was not identified as an element?

A)Women are responded to primarily as "females," while their personal qualities and accomplishments are of secondary importance.
B)Women are seen as being "all alike."
C)Women are seen as independent.
D)Women are seen as easily ignored, dismissed, or trivialized.

Question 12

At the core of the differences between gender and sex is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is conceived. An "XX" chromosome pairing would indicate what?

A)a hermaphrodite embryo
B)a male embryo
C)a heterosexual embryo
D)a female embryo

Question 13

At birth, male and female infants are distinguished by __________, the genitalia used in the reproductive process.

A)tertiary sex characteristics
B)primary sex characteristics
C)cultural tendencies
D)secondary sex characteristics

Question 14

__________ refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males.

A)Sex
B)Primary distinctions
C)Gender
D)Secondary distinctions

Question 15

A chromosomally normal (XY) male was born with a penis just one centimeter long and a urinary opening similar to that of a female. This individual would be referred to as a

A)transsexual.
B)bisexual.
C)hermaphrodite.
D)transvestite.

Question 16

What is the term for extreme prejudice directed at gays?

A)homophobia
B)homofear
C)ethnophobia
D)transgenderism

Question 17

__________ refer(s) to an individual's preference for emotional-sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both (bisexuality).

A)Sexual feelings
B)Sexual differentiations
C)Sexual identification
D)Sexual orientation

Question 18

At the core of the differences between gender and sex is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is conceived. An "XY" chromosome pairing would indicate what?
A)a heterosexual embryo

A)a male embryo
B)a hermaphrodite embryo
C)a female embryo

Question 19

Which of the following would not be an example of secondary sex characteristics in women?

A)enlarged breasts
B)wider hips
C)menstruation
D)vagina

Question 20

Recently, the term __________ was created to describe individuals whose appearance, behavior, or self-identification does not conform to common social rules of gender expression.

A)multigender
B)polygender
C)unigender
D)transgender

Question 21

__________ directed at women has three components: negative attitudes toward women; stereotypical beliefs that reinforce, complement, or justify the prejudice; and discrimination, acts that exclude, distance, or keep women separate.

A)Genderism
B)Patriarchal control
C)Sexism
D)Matriarchal control

Question 22

Sexism is interwoven with __________, which is a hierarchical system of social organization where cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men.

A)patriarchy
B)polyarchy
C)matriarchy
D)monoarchy

Question 23

Sexism is interwoven with __________, which is a hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by women.

A)monoarchy
B)patriarchy
C)polyarchy
D)matriarchy

Question 24

Virtually everything social in our lives is __________. People continually distinguish between males and females and evaluate them differentially. It is an integral part of the daily experiences of both women and men.

A)sexually linked
B)gendered
C)hormonally associated
D)biologically identified

Question 25

__________ refers to the attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process.

A)Sexual role
B)Gender identity
C)Gender role
D)Sexual identity

Question 26

Even today, some women who enter nontraditional occupations encounter hurdles that men do not face. An example of __________ directed against men is the mistaken idea that it is more harmful for female soldiers to be killed in combat than male soldiers.

A)matriarchal control
B)genderism
C)patriarchy control
D)sexism

Question 27

Which statement about body image and gender is false?

A)The vast majority (95%) of men believe they need to improve some aspect of their bodies.
B)The "ideal" body image for U.S.women has changed over time.
C)Anorexia and bulimia are problems solely associated with women; virtually no men have these problems.
D)Many people do not have an accurate perception of their bodies.

Question 28

The social significance of gender stereotypes is illustrated by eating disorders. With __________, a person has lost at least 25 percent of body weight due to a compulsive fear of becoming fat.

A)gestation
B)bulimia
C)obesity
D)anorexia

Question 29

The social significance of gender stereotypes is illustrated by eating disorders. With __________, a person binges by consuming large quantities of food and then purges the food by induced vomiting, excessive exercise, laxatives, or fasting.

A)anorexia
B)obesity
C)bulimia
D)gestation

Question 30

__________ is embedded in the images, ideas, and language of a society and is used as a means to divide up work, allocate resources, and distribute power.

A)Sex
B)Body consciousness
C)Gender
D)Sexuality

Question 31

A __________ system includes all the ideas regarding masculine and feminine attributes that are held to be valid in a society.

A)sexual image
B)gender belief
C)biological correlate
D)body consciousness

Question 32

__________ is how a person perceives and feels about his or her body; it also includes an awareness of social conditions in society that contribute to this self-knowledge.

A)Sexual identity
B)Gender identity
C)Body consciousness
D)Gender role

Question 33

In the United States, males are traditionally expected to demonstrate aggressiveness and toughness, whereas females have been expected to be passive and nurturing. This illustrates the concept of __________.

A)sexual identity
B)gender role
C)sexual role
D)gender identity

Question 34

The text points out that a macrolevel analysis of gender examines structural features, external to the individual, that perpetuate gender inequality. These structures have been referred to as __________, meaning that gender is one of the major ways by which social life is organized in all sectors of society.

A)gendered institutions
B)gendered structures
C)gendered correlates
D)gendered determinants

Question 35

Sociologist Becky Thompson argues that, based on stereotypes, the primary victims of eating disorders are presumed to be __________.

A)lower?class lesbians of color
B)middle?class Latinas
C)white, middle?class, heterosexual women
D)African American, heterosexual women

Question 36

Every society uses __________ to assign certain tasks, ranging from child rearing to warfare, and differentially rewards those who perform these duties.

A)body consciousness
B)sex
C)sexuality
D)gender

Question 37

__________ is the subordination of one sex, usually female, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.

A)Sexism
B)Patriarchal control
C)Genderism
D)Matriarchal control

Question 38

The social significance of gender stereotypes is illustrated by eating disorders. With __________, individuals are 20 percent or more above their desired weight as established by the medical profession.

A)bulimia
B)gestation
C)anorexia
D)obesity

Question 39

__________ refer(s) to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs and practices associated with "femininity" and "masculinity."

A)Gender
B)Primary sexual identifiers
C)Sex
D)Secondary sexual identifiers

Question 40

__________ is a person's perception of the self as female or male. Typically established between eighteen months and three years of age, it is a powerful aspect of our self-concept.

A)Gender identity
B)Sexual identity
C)Gender role
D)Body consciousness

Question 41

__________ in the United States created a gap between the nonpaid work performed by women at home and the paid work that was increasingly performed by men and unmarried girls.

A)Industrialization
B)Urbanization
C)Suburbanization
D)Commercialization

Question 42

In most hunting and gathering societies, which of the following statements is not true?

A)A relatively equitable relationship exists because neither sex has the ability to provide all of the food necessary for survival.
B)Women are full economic partners with men.
C)Relationships between women and men tend to be cooperative and relatively egalitarian.
D)Women do not contribute to food production in these societies.

Question 43

There are several characteristics of agrarian societies that may contribute to gender inequality. Which of the following was not identified as a characteristic?

A)private ownership of property
B)male control over distribution of the surplus and the kinship system
C)the cult of domesticity
D)emphasis on producing "legitimate" heirs to inherit the surplus

Question 44

A(n) __________ is one in which factory or mechanized production has replaced agriculture as the major form of economic activity.

A)commerce society
B)industrial society
C)urban society
D)suburban society

Question 45

In __________ societies, a steady source of food becomes available. People are able to grow their own food because of hand tools, such as the digging stick and the hoe.

A)horticultural
B)agrarian
C)industrial
D)pastoral

Question 46

A society's __________ refers to the level of technology and the organization of the economy in a given society.

A)subsistence
B)division of labor
C)technoeconomic base
D)pastoralism

Question 47

Islamic feminists believe that the rise of Islam

A)will lead to further discrimination against females.
B)will lead to more negative attitudes toward females.
C)might lead to greater equality for females.
D)will have no impact in how females are seen or treated.

Question 48

According to journalist Nicholas Kristof, which two religions have been on the rise in recent years?

A)Islam and Buddhism
B)Christianity and Hinduism
C)Evangelical Christianity and Islam
D)Hinduism and Buddhism

Question 49

Women have relative equality in which type of society?

A)hunting and gathering
B)horticultural
C)agrarian
D)industrial

Question 50

The Islamic holy book is known as the

A)Koran
B)Book of David
C)Islamic Bible
D)Book of Mormon

Question 51

A new form of feminist thinking is rising among Muslim women. This is called

A)Islamic feminism.
B)Islamic liberation.
C)Muslim liberation.
D)Muslim fundamentalism.

Question 52

__________ refers to the means by which a society gains the basic necessities of life, including food, shelter, and clothing.

A)Technoeconomic base
B)Division of labor
C)Subsistence
D)Pastoralism

Question 53

__________ refers to the domestication of large animals to provide food.

A)Agrarianism
B)Horticulture
C)Pastoralism
D)Industrialization

Question 54

Sociologist Virginia Cyrus explains, "Under __________, men are seen as "natural" heads of the households, Presidential candidates, corporate executives, college presidents, etc. Women, on the other hand, are men's subordinates, playing such supportive roles as housewife, mother, nurse, and secretary."

A)matriarchy
B)patriarchy
C)polyarchy
D)monoarchy

Question 55

In some societies men are the "natural" head of the household while women play a subordinate role. This is called

A)matriarchy.
B)patriarchy.
C)polyarchy.
D)monarchy.

Question 56

__________ refer to societies in which technology supports a service-based and information-based economy.

A)Preindustrial societies
B)Postmodern societies
C)Postindustrial societies
D)Industrial societies

Question 57

What is not true concerning Islamic feminism?

A)It believes that Muslim women should keep their allegiance to Islam.
B)It should work towards changing male control over the basic Islamic worldview.
C)It is different from what people think of as Western feminism.
D)It advocates changing laws first and if that fails, leaving the Islamic faith.

Question 58

According to the text, three factors are important in determining the gendered division of labor in a society. Which of the following is not one of the factors identified?

A)the type of subsistence base
B)the proportion of females within the power structure
C)the supply of and demand for labor
D)the extent to which women's childrearing activities are compatible with certain types of work

Question 59

The earliest known division of labor between women and men is in __________ societies.

A)pastoral
B)horticultural
C)agrarian
D)hunting and gathering

Question 60

Morgan Stanley, the Wall Street Bank, allegedly hired females less than males and often passed females over in favor of males. These practices represent

A)institutional discrimination. .
B)institutional prejudice.
C)industrial discrimination
D)industrial prejudice

Question 61

In discussing peers and gender socialization, the text points out that __________.

A)male peer groups place more pressure on boys to do "masculine" things than female peer groups place on girls to do "feminine" things
B)female peer groups place more pressure on girls to do "feminine" things than male peer groups place on boys to do "masculine" things
C)peer groups of both sexes are increasingly egalitarian in the 1990s
D)peer groups actually have little influence on adolescent development

Question 62

In relation to the assignment of chores to children by parents, which of the following statements is not true?

A)Maintenance chores are assigned to boys.
B)Domestic chores are assigned to girls.
C)Chores are not linked to future occupational choices of males and females.
D)Girls often are responsible for caring for younger brothers and sisters.

Question 63

For a variety of reasons, more postindustrial society households are headed by women with no adult male present. Almost __________ of all U. S. children live with their mother only.

A)one-tenth (10 percent)
B)one-fourth (23 percent)
C)half (50 percent)
D)two-thirds (67 percent)

Question 64

__________ consists of showing favoritism toward one gender over the other.

A)Gender preferences
B)Sexual harassment
C)Gender bias
D)Sexual discrimination

Question 65

Women are severely underrepresented at the top of U.S. corporations. Only about __________ of the executive jobs at Fortune 500 companies are held by women, and only eight women are the CEO of such a company.

A)5 percent
B)10 percent
C)15 percent
D)20 percent

Question 66

In __________, the division of labor in paid employment is increasingly based on whether people provide or apply information or are employed in service jobs such as fast-food restaurant counter help or health care workers.

A)industrial societies
B)postindustrial societies
C)postmodern societies
D)preindustrial societies

Question 67

The text cites a comprehensive study of gender bias in schools, suggesting that girls' self-esteem is undermined in school through a number of experiences. Which of the following experiences was not cited?

A)a relative lack of attention from teachers
B)direct rejection by instructors
C)the stereotyping and invisibility of females in textbooks, especially in science and math texts
D)test bias based on assumptions about the relative importance of visual-spatial ability, as compared with verbal ability

Question 68

In their investigation of college women, anthropologists Dorothy Holland and Margaret Eisenhart determined that __________.

A)the peer system propelled women into a world of romance in which their attractiveness to men counted most
B)the women's peers influenced everything from their choices of majors and careers to their final courses of action in making plans for the future
C)peer pressure did not involve appearance norms
D)peer pressure has diminished on college campuses in recent years

Question 69

Regarding adult gender socialization, which of the following statements is true?

A)Employers and co?workers teach men and women "appropriate" conduct for persons of their sex in the workplace.
B)In contemporary societies, women's child care responsibilities are not related to their participation in careers and professions.
C)Middle?aged women and men receive equal respect in the workplace because they can be evaluated on their experience, not on their ascribed statuses.
D)Men's socialization usually includes a measure of whether their work can be successfully combined with having a family.

Question 70

__________ is most visible in occupations that remain more than 90 percent female (for example, secretary and registered nurse) or more than 90 percent male (for example, carpenter and mechanic).

A)The sexist division
B)Gender-segregated work
C)Gender slanting
D)The gender ghetto

Question 71

In discussing women's participation in athletics, the text observes that __________.

A)women athletes no longer encounter any status conflicts between being "women" and "athletes"
B)few girls and women participate in sports that are regarded as exclusively "male" activities
C)women college basketball players may deal with status conflict by dividing their lives into segments, as "women" and "athletes"
D)men encourage women in participation in athletics

Question 72

In discussing sports and gender socialization, the text points out that __________.

A)both boys and girls are socialized to participate in highly competitive, rule-oriented games with a large number of participants
B)boys have been socialized to play exclusively with others of their own age
C)children spend more than half of their non-school time in play and games, and the types of games played does not differ with the child's sex
D)many women athletes believe that they have to manage the contradictory statuses of being both "women" and "athletes"

Question 73

In postindustrial societies such as the United States, approximately __________ of adult women are in the labor force, meaning that finding time to care for children, help aging parents, and the demands of the workplace will continue to place a heavy burden on women, despite living in an information and service-oriented economy.

A)25 percent
B)33 percent
C)50 percent
D)60 percent

Question 74

Regarding gender socialization by parents, which of the following statements is not true?

A)Children's toys reflect their parent's gender expectation.
B)When girl babies cry, parents respond to them more quickly.
C)Parents are more prone to talk and sing to male infants.
D)Girl babies receive more gentle treatment.

Question 75

The U.S. Census Bureau points out that in 2006, __________ percent of all secretaries in the United States were women, and __________ percent of all engineers in the United States were men.

A)80; 72
B)87; 80
C)92; 88
D)97; 95

Question 76

Regarding gender issues and television, which of the following statements is false?

A)Television programs are sex-typed and white-male oriented.
B)In television today, an equal number of male and female roles are depicted.
C)Most of the characters in educational programs have male names and masculine voices.
D)The media are a powerful source of gender stereotyping.

Question 77

The text points out that gender-appropriate behavior is __________.

A)acquired at birth
B)fixed and inalterable by age 5
C)learned through the socialization process
D)difficult for some people to learn

Question 78

For a variety of reasons, more postindustrial society households are headed by women with no adult male present. Among African American children, __________ live with their mother only.

A)25 percent
B)33 percent
C)48 percent
D)75 percent

Question 79

__________ refers to the concentration of women and men in different occupations, jobs, and places of work.

A)The gender ghetto
B)The sexist division
C)Gender-segregated work
D)Gender slanting

Question 80

According to the text's discussion of peers and gender socialization __________.

A)during adolescence, peers are usually less effective agents of gender socialization than are adults
B)male bonding does not occur until after adolescence is completed
C)peer acceptance does not appear to be as important to males and females today as it has been in the past
D)peer groups on college campuses are organized largely around gender relations