Deck 14: Health, Health Care, and Disability.

Question 1

A(n) __________ is an objective reality. It is a particular destructive process in the body, with specific causes and characteristic symptoms. There are specific medical criteria for identifying it.

A)addiction
B)disease
C)illness
D)disorder

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A TV actor is advertising a drug and states that, "I have had the same affliction and I know what you are going through." This illustrates _________________ framing.

A)intuitive
B)sympathetic
C)mainstream
D)thematic

Answer 2

B

Question 3

__________ is the term for any activity intended to improve health.

A)Holistic medicine
B)Healing
C)Medicine
D)Health care

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The __________ is the number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.

A)child mortality rate
B)infant mortality rate
C)first year of life rate
D)baby mortality

Question 5

__________ refers to an estimate of the average lifetime of people born in a specific year.

A)Life expectancy
B)Life cycle
C)Life span
D)Life longevity

Question 6

Which statement concerning framing prescription drug ads is false?

A)A strength is that patients become aware of newer products and certain illnesses of which they were previously not aware.
B)A strength is that the TV narrator usually makes great efforts to alert the consumer to the negative effect of the drug.
C)A limitation is that some of these ads play down the fact that other drugs may be more effective.
D)A limitation is that ads may encourage people who are not good candidates for a particular drug to pressure their physicians to prescribe it anyway.

Question 7

__________ is the term for an institutional system concerned with the scientific diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness.

A)Health care
B)Medicine
C)Scientific medicine
D)Holistic medicine

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true?

A)There has been an actual decrease in the health of Native American in recent decades.
B)The U.S.is only one of two other high-income, developed nations that do not have some form of universal health coverage.
C)Epidemiologists focus on the health problems of individuals.
D)Sickness is not interpreted by any social scientists to be a specific form of deviance.

Question 9

__________ is the study of the causes and distribution of health, disease, and impairment throughout a population.

A)Sociology of medicine
B)Social epidemiology
C)Social health
D)Social medicine

Question 10

At one time, health was considered to be simply the absence of disease. However, the World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as the __________.

A)state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
B)absence of infection
C)absence of sickness, viruses, and physical pains
D)state of equilibrium, with all the parts in balance

Question 11

Over the past 15 years, life expectancy in low-income nations increased on average from 53 to 62 years, and mortality of children under 5 years of age dropped from 149 to 85 per 1,000 live births. An important factor in the increase in life expectancy in low-income nations has been the development of __________.

A)better doctor care
B)a safe water supply
C)healthier diets
D)a good exercise program

Question 12

A(n) __________ is socially defined and may change over time and between cultures. For example, in the United States, obesity is viewed as unhealthy whereas in other times and places, obesity signaled that a person was prosperous and healthy.

A)disease
B)disorder
C)illness
D)addiction

Question 13

In relation to social epidemiology, __________ include(s) biological agents such as insects, bacteria, and viruses that carry or cause disease; nutrient agents such as fats and carbohydrates; chemical agents such as gases and pollutants in the air; and physical agents such as temperature, humidity, and radiation.

A)the human host
B)the environment
C)disease agents
D)health coefficients

Question 14

A child born in the United States in 2000 had a life expectancy of __________.

A)72.5 years
B)75.3 years
C)77.1 years
D)79.8 years

Question 15

In comparing health care expenditures in Sweden and the United States, we find that __________.

A)Sweden spends less per person on health care, but has a lower infant mortality rate than the U.S.
B)Sweden spends less on health care but has a higher infant mortality rate
C)Sweden has a shorter life expectancy
D)the more money spent on health care, the better the people's health

Question 16

The infant mortality rate in some low-income nations is staggering. In fact, almost __________ percent of all children born in low-income nations die before they reach their first birthday.

A)7
B)14
C)21
D)28

Question 17

The shorter life expectancy of African Americans is primarily due to their higher rate of

A)violence in the central cities.
B)violence in the South.
C)accidents (for example, car deaths).
D)life threatening illnesses such as cancer and heart disease.

Question 18

Pharmaceutical companies that hold the patents on various drugs see their products as something that needs to be protected by law, whereas people in human relief agencies around the world are concerned about the fact that __________ of the world's population does not have access to essential medicines.

A)one-fifth
B)one-fourth
C)one-third
D)one-half

Question 19

There are many reasons for the differences in life expectancy and infant mortality rates in low-income countries compared to high-income countries. Which of the following reasons was not identified as a reason for differences in life expectancy?

A)insufficient or contaminated food
B)lack of access to pure, safe water
C)do not have adequate sewage and refuse disposal
D)ample qualified physicians and health care facilities

Question 20

Although it is estimated that only __________ percent of U.S. citizens will die prior to age 60, health experts estimate that in low-income nations such as Zambia, that __________ percent of the people are not expected to see their 60ᵗʰ birthday.

A)5; 85
B)10; 90
C)13; 80
D)19; 75

Question 21

__________ use occurs when a person takes a drug for a specific purpose.

A)Pleasure
B)Therapeutic
C)Chronic
D)Recreational

Question 22

__________ use occurs when a person takes a drug for no purpose other than for achieving a pleasurable feeling or an altered psychological state.

A)Recreational
B)Chronic
C)Therapeutic
D)Acute

Question 23

In relation to social epidemiology, __________ take(s) into account demographic factors (age, sex, and race/ethnicity), physical condition, habits and customs, and lifestyle.

A)the human host
B)disease agents
C)health coefficients
D)the environment

Question 24

Two of the most common sources of chronic disease and premature death are __________.

A)tobacco use and infectious disease
B)AIDS and heart disease
C)heart disease and alcohol abuse
D)tobacco use and alcohol abuse

Question 25

For babies born in the United States in 2004, life expectancy at birth was __________ for females.

A)74.2
B)80.4
C)81.7
D)83.5

Question 26

A person taking an aspirin for reducing a fever is an example of __________ drug use.

A)recreational
B)chronic
C)pleasure
D)therapeutic

Question 27

Several factors have been attributed to long-term chronic heavy drinking or alcoholism. Which of the following factors relating to long-term chronic heavy drinking or alcoholism
Was not identified?

A)nutritional deficiencies
B)cardiovascular problems
C)hearing impairment
D)alcoholic cirrhosis

Question 28

__________ are illnesses that are long-term or lifelong and that develop gradually or are present from birth.

A)Disabilities
B)Acute diseases
C)Epidemics
D)Chronic diseases

Question 29

In relation to social epidemiology, __________ include(s) the physical (geography and climate), biological (presence or absence of known disease agents), and social (socioeconomic status, occupation, and location of home).

A)health coefficients
B)disease agents
C)the human host
D)the environment

Question 30

For babies born in the United States in 2004, life expectancy at birth was __________ for males.

A)79.9
B)81.7
C)75.2
D)83.5

Question 31

According to a study by the Stanford Center for Research in Disease Prevention, researchers identified several reasons why neighborhoods make a difference in relation to health and mortality. Which of the following reasons was not cited as a reason why neighborhoods make a difference in relation to health and mortality?

A)access to transportation, education, and good jobs
B)availability of safe areas to exercise
C)adequate numbers of police and fire departments
D)availability of grocery stores with nutritious foods

Question 32

Younger people are more likely to have __________ diseases.

A)acute
B)epidemic
C)chronic
D)disabling

Question 33

Sociologist Ingrid Waldron notes that gender roles and gender socialization contribute to the differences in life expectancy. Which of the following statements was not a contributing factor to the differences in life expectancy between men and women?

A)Young males are more likely than young females to be socialized to engage in risky behavior.
B)Men are more likely to be employed in hazardous situations.
C)Men are more reluctant to consult doctors than women.
D)Women are less likely than men to use the health care system and have early testing for potential health problems.

Question 34

Older people (over age 65) are more likely to have __________ diseases.

A)acute
B)epidemic
C)chronic
D)infectious

Question 35

The population of persons age 85 and over in 2000 was about 4 million. The Census Bureau projects that by the year 2050, the population of persons age 85 and over will be about __________.

A)8 million
B)12 million
C)20 million
D)25 million

Question 36

The Census Bureau projects that about __________ percent of the U.S. population will be at least 65 by the year 2050.

A)15
B)20
C)25
D)30

Question 37

__________ are illnesses that strike suddenly and cause dramatic incapacitation and sometimes death.

A)Epidemics
B)Acute diseases
C)Disabilities
D)Chronic diseases

Question 38

A __________ is any substance other than food and water that, when taken into the body, alters its function in some way.

A)drink
B)juice
C)drug
D)vitamin

Question 39

People drinking alcoholic beverages together at the local pub is an example of __________ drug use.

A)therapeutic
B)chronic
C)acute
D)recreational

Question 40

Although rural Americans make up 20 percent of the U.S. population, only __________ of the nation's physicians practice in rural areas, and fewer specialists such as cardiologists are available in these areas.

A)2 percent
B)5 percent
C)9 percent
D)12 percent

Question 41

According to the United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS, more than two-thirds of the people with HIV/AIDS live in __________.

A)the United States
B)England
C)sub-Saharan Africa
D)Canada

Question 42

Although the overall proportion of smokers in the general population has declined somewhat since the 1964 Surgeon General warning that smoking is linked to cancer and other serious diseases, tobacco (nicotine) is still responsible for about __________ of the deaths in this country.

A)one-third
B)one-fifth
C)three-fourths
D)two-thirds

Question 43

As a dependency-producing psychoactive drug, __________ is more addictive than __________.

A)heroin; alcohol
B)heroin; tobacco (nicotine)
C)alcohol; tobacco (nicotine)
D)tobacco (nicotine); heroin

Question 44

Although most people find sexual activity enjoyable, it can result in transmission of certain sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Which of the following STDs was not cited as being prevalent in the United States?

A)genital herpes
B)gonorrhea
C)fever blisters
D)syphilis

Question 45

High doses of __________ used during pregnancy can disrupt the development of the fetus and result in congenital abnormalities and neurological disturbances of the fetus.

A)tobacco
B)alcohol
C)heroin
D)marijuana

Question 46

Tobacco (nicotine) is classified as a(n) __________ because it excites central nervous system receptors and activates them to release adrenaline, which raises blood pressure, speeds up the heartbeat and gives the user a temporary sense of alertness.

A)depressant
B)hallucinogen
C)stimulant
D)inhalant

Question 47

About __________ of people over age 12 have tried marijuana at least once.

A)one-fifth
B)one-fourth
C)one-third
D)one-half

Question 48

Regarding AIDS, which of the following statements is not valid?

A)AIDS reduces the body's ability to fight diseases.
B)No one actually dies of AIDS.
C)The number of AIDS cases has dropped worldwide.
D)In the United States, AIDS related deaths have dropped.

Question 49

Regarding the transmission of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), which of the following statements is not valid?

A)HIV is transmitted through unprotected or inadequately protected sex with an infected partner.
B)HIV is transmitted through sharing a hypodermic needle with someone who is infected with HIV.
C)An infected mother can pass the virus on to her child through breastfeeding the child.
D)HIV can be transmitted through casual contact, such as shaking hands.

Question 50

When comparing gonorrhea and syphilis to genital herpes, which of the following statements is valid?

A)All three STDs can be cured through the use of penicillin.
B)Of the three STDs, genital herpes cannot be cured.
C)All three STDs are life threatening.
D)All three STDs create a painful rash on the genitals.

Question 51

Compared with non-users, individuals who use __________ over extended periods of time have higher rates of infection, heart problems, internal bleeding, hypertension, stroke, and other neurological and cardiovascular disorders.

A)alcohol
B)marijuana
C)tobacco
D)cocaine

Question 52

Researchers have found that environmental tobacco smoke (the smoke in the air inhaled by nonsmokers as a result of other people's tobacco smoking), __________.

A)affects smokers more so than nonsmokers
B)affects female smokers more than it does male smokers
C)is especially hazardous for nonsmokers who carpool or work with heavy smokers
D)is not as dangerous as once assumed

Question 53

__________ is the most extensively used illegal drug in the United States.

A)Tobacco
B)Marijuana
C)Heroin
D)Alcohol

Question 54

__________ is a progressive development of scar tissue that chokes off blood vessels in the liver and destroys liver cells by interfering with their use of oxygen as a result of continued alcohol consumption.

A)Alcoholic cirrhosis
B)Cardiovascular deficiencies
C)Alcoholic deficiencies
D)Cardiovascular cirrhosis

Question 55

According to the United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS, of all new cases worldwide, __________ are children.

A)5 percent
B)14 percent
C)25 percent
D)33 percent

Question 56

Alcoholic cirrhosis is the __________ most frequent cause of death in the United States.

A)third
B)fifth
C)seventh
D)ninth

Question 57

AIDS is caused by __________, and is among the most significant health problems that this nation and the world faces today.

A)human immunity virus
B)human immunodeficiency virus
C)high level immunity virus
D)acquired human virus

Question 58

For alcoholics, the long-term negative health effects include nutritional deficiencies resulting from poor eating habits. Chronic heavy drinking contributes to __________.

A)high caloric consumption and high nutritional intake
B)low caloric consumption and high nutritional intake
C)low caloric consumption and low nutritional intake
D)high caloric consumption and low nutritional intake

Question 59

When attempting to treat gonorrhea and syphilis, penicillin __________.

A)can cure most cases of both STDs if the disease has not spread
B)can not cure most cases of either STD
C)is ineffective in treating gonorrhea, but effective in treating syphilis
D)is ineffective in treating syphilis, but effective in treating gonorrhea

Question 60

Regarding gonorrhea and syphilis, which of the following statements is not valid?

A)Both STDs can cause cardiovascular problems.
B)Both STDs can cause brain damage.
C)Both STDs can result in nutritional deficiencies.
D)Both STDs can cause death.

Question 61

According to medical sociologist Paul Starr, __________ is the main reason for medical inflation because it gives doctors and hospitals an incentive to increase medical services.

A)health maintenance organization
B)managed care
C)third-party fee-for-service
D)Medicare

Question 62

In a __________, patients pay premiums into a fund that in turn pays doctors and hospitals for each treatment that patient receives.

A)fee-for-service program
B)third-party provider program
C)health maintenance organization program
D)managed care program

Question 63

Throughout its history in the United States, medical care has been on a __________.

A)fee-for-service basis
B)third-party provider basis
C)health maintenance organization basis
D)managed care basis

Question 64

__________ are the only high income nations without some form of universal health coverage for all citizens.

A)New Zealand and the United States
B)The United States and the Union of South Africa
C)The United States and Japan
D)The United States and Switzerland

Question 65

In most __________ programs, patients choose a primary care physician from a list of participating doctors.

A)fee-for-service
B)health maintenance organizations
C)managed care
D)third-party provider

Question 66

__________ is any system of cost containment that closely monitors and controls health care providers' decisions about medical procedures, diagnostic tests, and other services that should be provided to patients.

A)Fee-for-service programs
B)Health maintenance organizations
C)Third-party providers
D)Managed care

Question 67

__________ means that patients are billed individually for each service that they receive, including treatment by doctors, laboratory work, hospital visits, prescriptions, and other health-related expenses.

A)Third-party provider
B)Fee-for-service basis
C)Health maintenance organization
D)Managed care basis

Question 68

An estimated 47.0 million people in the United States had no health insurance in 2006-approximately __________ of the nation's population.

A)10.2 percent
B)15.8 percent
C)20.5 percent
D)25.3 percent

Question 69

Which of the following states has an obesity rate of over 30 percent of its population

A)Colorado
B)Mississippi
C)New York
D)Oregon

Question 70

During the nineteenth century, several factors eventually led to reducing the number of medical schools in the United States. Which of the following was not cited as a reason leading to the number of medical schools in the United States?

A)Medical school graduates were typically poor.
B)There were too many doctors in the profession.
C)There were too many "poor student" graduates.
D)The federal government began to provide too many funds for medical schools and students.

Question 71

__________ is a nationwide public health insurance program which is a jointly funded federal-state-local program established to make health care more available to the poor.

A)Medicaid
B)Medicare
C)Social Security
D)Social Supplementary Income

Question 72

With professionalization, __________ gained control over the entire medical establishment.

A)the American Medical Association
B)licensed medical doctors
C)insurance companies
D)medical schools

Question 73

The Flexner report did help professionalize medicine. When we compare post-Flexner medicine with the characteristics of professions, we find that it has several characteristics. Which of the following was not a characteristic cited?

A)autonomy
B)self-regulation
C)universal, general knowledge
D)altruism

Question 74

Fee-for-service basis resulted in several effects on medicine, which of the following was not identified as an effect on medicine?

A)It has created a two-tier system of medicine.
B)It is available for those who can afford it.
C)It has contributed to remarkable advances in medicine.
D)Private insurers pick up large portions of doctor bills.

Question 75

Despite public and private insurance programs, about __________ of all U.S. citizens are without health insurance or have had difficulty getting or paying for medical care at some time in the last year.

A)one-fourth
B)one-third
C)one-fifth
D)one-half

Question 76

In a third-party provider of health care, which of the following statements is valid?

A)Patients have an incentive to limit their visits to doctors, but not hospitals.
B)Patients usually seek a second opinion on recommended medical procedure.
C)Patients usually pay for their own service.
D)Patients have no incentive to limit doctor or hospital visits.

Question 77

The __________ became the catalyst for modern medical education.

A)Coleman Report
B)Landsteiner Report
C)Ford Foundation
D)Flexner Report

Question 78

__________ provide, for a set monthly fee, total care with an emphasis on prevention to avoid costly treatment later.

A)Managed care programs
B)Fee-for-service
C)Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)
D)Third-party servers

Question 79

Which of the following was not an outcome of the Flexner report?

A)All but two of the African American medical schools were closed.
B)Only one of the medical schools for women survived.
C)White women and people of color were heavily recruited to attend private medical schools.
D)White upper-middle calls males became the American model of medical students and physicians.

Question 80

__________ is a nationwide public health insurance program for persons age 65 or older who are covered by Social Security or who are eligible and "buy into" the program by paying a monthly premium.

A)Medicaid
B)AARP
C)Medicare
D)Social Supplementary Income