Deck 8: Managerial and Organizational Ethics.

Question 1

Failure to discipline someone who violates the organization's ethics standards implies approval of the person's behavior.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Personal and managerial ethics entails making decisions.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Individual managers, through ethical leadership, can have a direct effect on business ethics at the societal and global levels.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Managers must establish decision making processes that yield appropriate ethical decisions.

Question 5

Principles approach does not consider more solid foundations for ethical decision making.

Question 6

Ethics audits are designed to uncover acts that violate the firm's code of conduct.

Question 7

The ethical principle of justice is a deontological theory.

Question 8

For managers, the most powerful and useful ethical principle is the Golden Rule.

Question 9

Society's moral climate has an indirect impact on organizational ethics.

Question 10

The ethical principle of rights is categorized as a teleological theory.

Question 11

Integrity is the quality most sought after in leaders.

Question 12

Utilitarianism can be summarized by the saying "the greatest good for the greatest number."

Question 13

Leadership is the primary factor in improving an organization's ethical climate.

Question 14

The categorical imperative is closely associated with the principle of utilitarianism.

Question 15

The basis of the principle of justice is the concept of fairness.

Question 16

According to research done by Phillip V. Lewis, there is almost a step-by-step process to make a moral decision.

Question 17

The principle of caring is derived from utilitarianism.

Question 18

The lower one's position in the company, the more pressure one feels to compromise ethical principles.

Question 19

Virtue theory is the best example of a deontological theory.

Question 20

The ethical tests approach is considered a more pragmatic approach than the principles approach to ethics.

Question 21

Kant's categorical imperative argues that one's sense of duty is derived from

A) divine command.
B) reason.
C) emotion.
D) desire.

Question 22

The ethical principle that states, "we should always act so as to produce the greatest ratio of good to evil for everyone" is

A) deontology.
B) virtue ethics.
C) utilitarianism.
D) hedonism.

Question 23

Ethical theories that focus on duties are called

A) teleological.
B) virtue theories.
C) principled rights.
D) deontological.

Question 24

Moral rights

A) depend on a legal system for their validity.
B) are derived from religious teachings.
C) are important, justifiable claims.
D) are earned as people demonstrate their moral responsibilities.

Question 25

Teleological theories focus on

A) duties.
B) rights.
C) consequences.
D) virtues.

Question 26

The personal level of ethical challenges include situations we face in our personal lives

A) at work.
B) and in our families.
C) outside of the work context.
D) and spiritual lives.

Question 27

Unlike other ethical principles, virtue ethics focuses on

A) what acts should be done.
B) the consequences of our actions.
C) human dignity.
D) the individual becoming virtuous.

Question 28

According to research done by David Callahan, all of the following are reasons why cheating is on the rise except

A) higher levels of inequality.
B) declining wages.
C) cheating goes unpunished.
D) wealth, status, and personal gratification are glorified.

Question 29

The basic idea that underlies the principle of rights is that

A) they must be earned.
B) they are granted by the government.
C) they cannot be overridden by a more basic or important right.
D) they are universal to all peoples.

Question 30

Which of the following is not an act of misconduct commonly observed in the workplace?

A) misreporting time worked
B) discrimination
C) stealing, theft, or fraud
D) industrial espionage

Question 31

Which of the following is not a formulation of Kant's categorical imperative?

A) Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.
B) So act to treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of any other, in every case as an end and never as merely a means.
C) Every rational being is able to regard oneself as a maker of universal law.
D) Act only according to that maxim by which you increase the overall happiness of everyone affected by your action.

Question 32

Which of the following is not a level at which ethics may be addressed?

A) personal
B) industry
C) global
D) small group

Question 33

Kant's categorical imperative emphasizes all of the following concepts except

A) respect for persons.
B) virtues.
C) universalizability.
D) duty.

Question 34

Ethical issues at the organizational level

A) represent conflicts between two or more companies.
B) display conflicts between a person's role as family member and employee.
C) are generally more difficult to solve than issues at the personal level.
D) confront people in their roles as managers or employees.

Question 35

Which of the following is the most basic assumption we make in discussing managerial ethics?

A) With effort, the "right" answer can be reached.
B) The object of ethical principles is to minimize harm done to others.
C) The object of ethical principles is to maximize benefits to others and ourselves.
D) People want to behave ethically.

Question 36

Ethical issues at the industry level

A) are usually handled by industry trade associations.
B) are typically resolved through the legal system.
C) can also be related to a specific profession.
D) can usually be rectified by individual managers.

Question 37

Decisions about ethical situations often present a(n)

A) conflict of interest.
B) financial dilemma.
C) unresolvable problem.
D) legal problem.

Question 38

Which of the following is not a type of justice mentioned in the textbook?

A) distributive justice
B) compensatory justice
C) procedural justice
D) utilitarian justice

Question 39

The ethics of care may help managers utilize

A) deontological principles.
B) the stakeholder perspective.
C) utilitarianism.
D) the principle of rights.

Question 40

An ethical concept or rule that helps the decision maker take an ethical course is called a(n)

A) ethical principle.
B) moral challenge.
C) moral dilemma.
D) ethical rubric.

Question 41

An ethics screen is

A) a set of select standards against which the proposed action is compared.
B) a set of financial criteria which must be met before the proposed action is evaluated ethically.
C) a set of investment criteria used by ethical investors.
D) a set of ethical standards against which job candidates are evaluated.

Question 42

Moral organizations are

A) organizations that do not have unethical behaviors within their ranks.
B) developed through continuous ethics training.
C) fully populated by moral managers making moral decisions.
D) more prevalent in the United States than in other countries.

Question 43

The three attributes of being a moral person include all of the following except

A) traits.
B) behaviors.
C) attitudes.
D) decision making.

Question 44

The critical factor in the success of codes of conduct is

A) who wrote the document.
B) giving employees the chance for feedback before the document is adopted.
C) whether or not the codes become "living documents."
D) the level of precision in defining what is unacceptable behavior.

Question 45

Each of the following are characteristics of servant leaders except:

A) Persuasion
B) Deception
C) Stewardship
D) Building community

Question 46

The moral tone of an organization is set by

A) the board of directors.
B) regulatory agencies.
C) top management.
D) first line managers.

Question 47

Based on surveys of managers, the society's moral climate appears to

A) be a direct factor in managers' ethical deliberations.
B) be irrelevant to managers.
C) be a leading influence in managers' decisions.
D) serve as a background factor in managers' decisions.

Question 48

Being forthright, sincere, and honest in communicating with others is referred to as

A) candor.
B) transparency.
C) feedback.
D) criticism.

Question 49

Ethical leadership is founded on two pillars. These are

A) rewards and punishments.
B) the manager as a moral person and a moral manager.
C) ethical climate and ethics training.
D) ethics principles and ethics tests.

Question 50

The pressure to compromise one's personal ethical standards is felt most by

A) board members.
B) senior managers.
C) middle managers.
D) lower level managers.

Question 51

The test of one's best self relies on one's

A) self concept.
B) individual motivation.
C) self leadership.
D) self delusion.

Question 52

The most important factor in ethical leadership is

A) what leaders talk about.
B) the code of ethics.
C) what leaders do.
D) discipline of ethics violators.

Question 53

Reasons to use the Golden Rule as an ethical principle include all of the following except

A) it is accepted by most people.
B) it is a uniquely Christian principle.
C) it is easy to understand.
D) it is a win-win philosophy.

Question 54

Being a moral manager involves all of the following activities except

A) role modeling.
B) communicating about ethics and values.
C) delegating effectively.
D) using rewards and discipline effectively.

Question 55

____ refers to a quality, characteristic, or state in which activities, processes, practices, and decisions in companies become open or visible to the outside world.

A) Opacity
B) Corporate Transparency
C) Deontological
D) Utilitarianism

Question 56

The key to the Golden Rule is

A) caring.
B) duty.
C) justice.
D) impartiality.

Question 57

The top factor in managers' unethical behaviors is consistently cited as

A) greed.
B) financial need.
C) peer pressure.
D) behaviors of superiors.

Question 58

The Rawls Principle of Justice indicates that we need a fair method by which we may choose the principles through which conflicts will be resolved. Which of the following is not a principle of justice underlying his theory?

A) each person has equal rights to the most extrinsic basic liberties compatible with similar liberties for all others.
B) social and economic inequalities are arrange so that they are both to be everyone's advantage and attached to positions and offices open to all.
C) each person is to be treated equally.
D) public policy should raise as high as possible the social and economic well-being of society's best-off individuals.

Question 59

One of the most powerful ethical tests is the test of

A) one's best self.
B) making something public.
C) ventilation.
D) the purified idea.

Question 60

Virtue ethics have brought back the idea that _________ education be taught in more schools and corporations.

A) Leadership
B) Management
C) Communication
D) Character

Question 61

Provide a short answer to each of these questions. Be sure to fully explain your answer.
Some people argue that we are experiencing a "proliferation of rights claims," in which more and more people are claiming more and more rights. Do you agree with this argument? What are the implications for our society, if it is true?

Question 62

Provide a short answer to each of these questions. Be sure to fully explain your answer.
Discuss the board of directors' role in the firm's ethical climate.

Question 63

Provide a short answer to each of these questions. Be sure to fully explain your answer.
From your knowledge of human behavior, do you agree with Carol Gilligan's contention that women tend to view ethics differently than do men?

Question 64

Provide a short answer to each of these questions. Be sure to fully explain your answer.
Discuss the criticism of ethics hotlines that most of the reported wrongdoings are false accusations, which can cause great harm to company morale.

Question 65

Utilize the knowledge you have gained to respond to the following essay questions. Your answers should state your position and use logical arguments and content from this and other chapters in the textbook to support it.
Throughout the text, theory after theory has been offered. Some would even say that you should just go on your "gut feeling" anyway. With this in mind, what relevance does the common sense test and one's best self ethical tests have in this idea.

Question 66

Provide a short answer to each of these questions. Be sure to fully explain your answer.
Discuss and evaluate the Rawls principle of justice provided in the textbook.

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT a way of perceiving ethical codes?

A) as a magnifying glass.
B) as a compass.
C) as a shield.
D) as a club.

Question 68

Utilize the knowledge you have gained to respond to the following essay questions. Your answers should state your position and use logical arguments and content from this and other chapters in the textbook to support it.
Evaluate the principle of utilitarianism.

Question 69

Provide a short answer to each of these questions. Be sure to fully explain your answer.
The authors state that it seems that more often than not individuals think about a moral situation briefly, and then go with their instincts. Do you agree with this characterization of moral judgment? What evidence can you provide to support your position?

Question 70

Provide a short answer to each of these questions. Be sure to fully explain your answer.
The concept of servant leadership states that leaders should seek first to serve their followers, and by doing so, they become great leaders. Evaluate this idea. Is it something that would work in the United States?

Question 71

Provide a short answer to each of these questions. Be sure to fully explain your answer.
One answer that has been provided to combat the sinking status of ethics officers is for them to "manage ethics upward," i.e., overseeing the ethical practices of officers above them in the organization chart. Evaluate the potential effectiveness of this solution.

Question 72

Provide a short answer to each of these questions. Be sure to fully explain your answer.
Some people have proposed that character education be provided in schools and in corporations. Evaluate this proposal.

Question 73

Provide a short answer to each of these questions. Be sure to fully explain your answer.
Account for the differences in perceived pressure to compromise personal standards of conduct among senior managers, middle managers, and lower managers. Are the actual pressures really different, or is there a difference in perception, or is there some other reason?

Question 74

Utilize the knowledge you have gained to respond to the following essay questions. Your answers should state your position and use logical arguments and content from this and other chapters in the textbook to support it.
Explain the concept of corporate transparency. Evaluate its usefulness in creating an ethical climate within an organization.

Question 75

Utilize the knowledge you have gained to respond to the following essay questions. Your answers should state your position and use logical arguments and content from this and other chapters in the textbook to support it.
The motive behind managers' pressure on subordinates to perform is most likely the emphasis on economic success. Assuming this statement is true, relate this fact to Lawrence Kohlberg's observation that most adults operate at Level 2, the conventional level of moral development. What implications do these facts have for ethical behavior in organizations?

Question 76

Utilize the knowledge you have gained to respond to the following essay questions. Your answers should state your position and use logical arguments and content from this and other chapters in the textbook to support it.
Defend the idea of character education being provided by corporations.

Question 77

Utilize the knowledge you have gained to respond to the following essay questions. Your answers should state your position and use logical arguments and content from this and other chapters in the textbook to support it.
Think of a time when you were presented with an ethical dilemma. How did you respond? What motivated you to act as you did? How did you feel after you made the decision and its resulting consequences took place? Did you regret your decision or did you feel proud of it? Why?

Question 78

Provide a short answer to each of these questions. Be sure to fully explain your answer.
Compare and contrast compliance vs. ethics orientation.

Question 79

Which of the following is not an element of effective ethics and compliance programs?

A) compliance standards
B) systems for monitoring, auditing, and reporting
C) delegation of authority
D) enforcement