Deck 3: Prenatal Development

Question 1

The _______ produces blood cells until the developing liver, spleen, and bone marrow are mature enough to take over this function.

A) amnion
B) chorion
C) placenta
D) yolk sac

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Sperm can survive for up to

A) twelve hours.
B) two days.
C) four days.
D) six days.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

When asked about the disadvantages of parenthood, Americans cite _____________ most often.

A) loss of freedom
B) financial strain
C) loss of privacy
D) work conflicts

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following statements is supported by research on family size?

A) Parental quality declines as new children are born.
B) New births lead to an increase in maternal affection toward older siblings.
C) Limiting family size increases the chances of having children with high intelligence scores.
D) Parents who have many children tend to reallocate their energies.

Question 5

The period of the zygote lasts

A) for about 13 weeks, or a trimester.
B) from fertilization to implantation.
C) for about 6 weeks.
D) from conception to fertilization.

Question 6

The ovum can survive for _____ after it is released into the fallopian tube.

A) a couple of hours
B) one day
C) four days
D) six days

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true about birthrate trends between 1970 and 2008?

A) The birthrate increased during this period for women 20 to 24 years of age.
B) The birthrate decreased during this period for women 25 years of age and older.
C) For women in their thirties, the birthrate more than doubled during this period.
D) The greatest decline in the birthrate during this period was for women in their thirties.

Question 8

Today, the issue of whether to have children is a

A) biological given.
B) compelling social expectation.
C) matter of true individual choice.
D) matter of legacy.

Question 9

Valerie, 2-months pregnant, wonders how food and oxygen are delivered to the developing organism. You should tell Valerie that the ___________ performs this function.

A) chorion
B) amnion
C) placenta
D) neural tube

Question 10

Which of the following was a finding by the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth?

A) Mothers with lower intelligence test scores tend to have larger families than mothers with higher scores.
B) Mothers with small families are usually less well-off economically than mothers with larger families.
C) First-born children in large families are more intelligent than their younger siblings.
D) Only children have lower intelligence test scores than children with siblings.

Question 11

Most conceptions result from intercourse during the

A) first week of the menstrual cycle.
B) last week of the menstrual cycle.
C) day of ovulation and the two days following it.
D) two days preceding ovulation and the day of ovulation.

Question 12

The ________ becomes the new organism.

A) embryonic disk
B) trophoblast
C) amnion
D) chorion

Question 13

In the United States today, ______ percent of married couples bear children.

A) 50
B) 60
C) 70
D) 80

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true about only children?

A) They are more intelligent than children with siblings.
B) They are as well-adjusted as children with siblings.
C) They have more emotional problems than children with siblings.
D) They are less intelligent than children with siblings.

Question 15

Research on childbearing reveals that

A) fertility problems do not increase for men between ages 25 and 45.
B) fertility problems among women do not show any increase until age 40.
C) reproductive technologies are equally successful among younger and older parents.
D) a 45-year-old man is less fertile than a 25-year-old man.

Question 16

As many as _____ percent of zygotes do not survive the first two weeks.

A) 20
B) 30
C) 40
D) 50

Question 17

The average number of children per couple in North America today is

A) 3.1.
B) 2.7.
C) 2.2.
D) 1.8.

Question 18

Following conception, the one-celled ________ multiplies and forms a(n) ________.

A) blastocyst; zygote
B) blastocyst; embryo
C) zygote; blastocyst
D) embryo; fetus

Question 19

Between the seventh and the ninth days after fertilization, _________ occurs.

A) the period of the embryo
B) the period of the fetus
C) implantation
D) cell duplication

Question 20

The __________ secretes hormones that prepare the lining of the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum.

A) ovaries
B) corpus luteum
C) fallopian tubes
D) cervix

Question 21

The ________ becomes the nervous system.

A) ectoderm
B) mesoderm
C) endoderm
D) trophoblast

Question 22

In one study, more active fetuses during the third trimester became 1-year-olds who __________ than those who were less active prenatally.

A) could better handle frustration
B) less readily interacted with unfamiliar adults
C) were more fearful
D) less readily interacted with toys

Question 23

Carmen is prematurely delivering her baby at 28 weeks. The baby will probably

A) not survive.
B) need oxygen assistance to breathe.
C) experience intense pain.
D) spend the next few weeks with no periods of alertness.

Question 24

Mel wonders when he will be able to find out the sex of his baby. You tell him that he should be able to detect the sex with ultrasound as early as the _____ week of pregnancy.

A) ninth
B) twelfth
C) fifteenth
D) eighteenth

Question 25

At the beginning of the embryonic period, the ________ system develops fastest.

A) nervous
B) circulatory
C) digestive
D) skeletal

Question 26

The most rapid prenatal changes take place during the

A) period of the zygote.
B) period of the fetus.
C) period of the embryo.
D) final trimester.

Question 27

From the twentieth week until birth,

A) brain weight increases tenfold.
B) glial cells decrease at a rapid rate.
C) the fetus is viable.
D) brain growth slows.

Question 28

A study involving the fetal heart rate's response to auditory stimuli during the third trimester suggests that fetuses

A) cannot hear sounds from the outside world.
B) can remember for at least a brief period.
C) cannot distinguish between their mother's voice and a stranger's voice.
D) cannot distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar melodies.

Question 29

During her first prenatal visit, LaToya's doctor explains that the _______ prevent(s) the skin from chapping during the long months spent bathing in the amniotic fluid.

A) villi
B) vernix
C) glial cells
D) chorion

Question 30

Synchrony between fetal heart rate and motor activity peaks between _______ and _______ weeks.

A) 20; 22
B) 24; 26
C) 27; 29
D) 30; 34

Question 31

During the second month of pregnancy, the

A) embryo reacts to light.
B) embryo kicks and bends its arms.
C) heart begins to pump blood.
D) heart develops separate chambers.

Question 32

The placenta is connected to the developing organism by the

A) uterine wall.
B) amnion.
C) chorion.
D) umbilical cord.

Question 33

During the period of the fetus, the

A) developing organism increases rapidly in size.
B) most rapid prenatal changes take place.
C) heart begins to pump blood.
D) brain is formed.

Question 34

During the second trimester,

A) convolutions appear on the surface of the brain.
B) the fetus takes on the beginnings of a personality.
C) lanugo appears over the entire body.
D) the fetus can distinguish the tone and rhythm of different voices.

Question 35

During the third trimester,

A) the fetus spends the majority of the day awake.
B) painkillers should be used during any surgical procedures performed on a fetus.
C) fetuses can hear bodily noises but not noises that occur outside of the womb.
D) higher fetal activity is linked with abnormal neurological development.

Question 36

The age of viability occurs sometime between _______ and _______ weeks.

A) 18; 22
B) 20; 24
C) 22; 26
D) 26; 30

Question 37

Sara's doctor is looking inside her uterus using fetoscopy. Her 22-week-old fetus may react by

A) grabbing at the light.
B) holding its toes.
C) shielding its eyes.
D) kicking its legs.

Question 38

Which of the following statements is true about Zola's third month of pregnancy?

A) She should be able to feel the baby move.
B) She should avoid regular exercise.
C) She should be able to hear the heartbeat through a stethoscope.
D) She should have gained at least 10 pounds since becoming pregnant.

Question 39

During the third month of pregnancy,

A) the fetus can suck its thumb.
B) tiny buds become arms, legs, fingers, and toes.
C) neuron production begins.
D) the eyes, ears, and nose form.

Question 40

The developing organism responds to touch during the ________ month of pregnancy.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth

Question 41

Although it has been linked to low birth weight, infant death, and lower intelligence test scores in early childhood, __________ is/are one of the most common over-the-counter medications taken by pregnant women.

A) cough syrup
B) antacids
C) aspirin
D) antihistamines

Question 42

Monica provides her fetus with stimulation specially designed to enhance later mental development. Monica should know that

A) playing classical music is likely to have a long-lasting impact on cognitive development.
B) reading aloud is likely to have a long-lasting impact on cognitive development.
C) later experiences can override the impact of fetal stimulation.
D) prolonged exposure to sounds is just as harmless to fetal inner-ear structure as they are to the mature ear.

Question 43

Sophie weighed 8.9 pounds when she was born. Research shows that she is at an increased risk of ________ in adulthood.

A) breast cancer
B) lung cancer
C) heart disease
D) stroke

Question 44

The _________ is the time when serious defects from teratogens are most likely to occur.

A) period of the zygote
B) period of the embryo
C) second trimester
D) third trimester

Question 45

The _____ have a long period of sensitivity to teratogens.

A) hands and feet
B) palate and mouth
C) arms and legs
D) brain and eyes

Question 46

During the fetal period,

A) teratogens rarely have any impact.
B) teratogens are most likely to cause serious defects.
C) the ears can be strongly affected by teratogens.
D) teratogenic damage usually causes miscarriage.

Question 47

Beatrice has smoked throughout her pregnancy. Now in her seventh month, Beatrice is considering quitting. You can tell her that

A) the damage was already done during the zygotic period.
B) if she quits now, she reduces the likelihood that her baby will be born underweight.
C) the damage was already done during the embryonic period.
D) quitting now will not reduce the likelihood that her baby will have colic.

Question 48

Jesse weighed 3.3 pounds when he was born. Research shows that he is at an increased risk of __________ in adulthood.

A) prostate cancer
B) diabetes
C) lymphatic cancer
D) Alzheimer's disease

Question 49

Jenna's physical growth is slow. She has short eyelid openings, a thin upper lip, a flattened philtrum, and brain injury. Jenna's mother probably _______ during pregnancy.

A) drank heavily
B) smoked cigarettes
C) used cocaine
D) used methadone

Question 50

Caffeine use during pregnancy

A) can result in low birth weight.
B) is only safe during the first trimester.
C) can result in gross fetal abnormalities.
D) is linked to respiratory distress in childbirth.

Question 51

The harm done by teratogens

A) is simple and straightforward.
B) always creates a "monstrosity" or malformation.
C) depends on dose, heredity, age, and other negative influences.
D) can rarely be prevented.

Question 52

Children exposed to thalidomide were often born

A) with noncancerous tumors.
B) six to eight weeks premature.
C) with gross deformities of the arms and legs.
D) with severe cognitive delays.

Question 53

From one-third to one-half of nonsmoking pregnant women

A) use alcohol regularly.
B) smoked prior to finding out they were pregnant.
C) take antidepressants.
D) are "passive smokers."

Question 54

Today, an estimated ______ percent of U.S. women smoke during pregnancies.

A) 4
B) 10
C) 14
D) 20

Question 55

________ is associated with ________ in adulthood.

A) Low birth weight; breast cancer
B) High birth weight; diabetes
C) High birth weight; Alzheimer's disease
D) Low birth weight; cardiovascular disease

Question 56

During the final months of pregnancy, the fetus

A) gains more than 5 pounds and grows 7 inches.
B) spends the majority of the day awake.
C) assumes a right-side-up position.
D) gains less than 2 pounds and grows less than 3 inches.

Question 57

Which of the following statements is true about illegal drug use during pregnancy?

A) Motor development is rapid in children who are prenatally exposed to illegal drugs.
B) Children who are prenatally exposed to illegal drugs can have long-term difficulties.
C) The difficulties of prenatally exposed children disappear once the drugs are out of their systems.
D) The effects of illegal drugs on the developing organism are consistent.

Question 58

Daughters of mothers who took diethylstilbestrol to prevent miscarriages

A) were born with gross deformities of the arms and legs.
B) showed unusually high rates of vaginal cancer.
C) had abnormally high-pitched and shrill cries.
D) often developed diabetes in adulthood.

Question 59

The effects of teratogens

A) may not show up for decades.
B) rarely go beyond physical damage.
C) are always immediate.
D) are always obvious.

Question 60

The most widely used potent teratogen is prescribed

A) as a sedative.
B) to treat severe acne.
C) to prevent miscarriages.
D) to treat depression.

Question 61

Expectant mothers can prevent toxoplasmosis by

A) making sure the vegetables they eat are clean.
B) avoiding exposure to X-rays.
C) avoiding eating swordfish.
D) making sure that the meat they eat is well-cooked.

Question 62

Enriching women's diets with calcium

A) can cause miscarriages in the zygotic period.
B) helps prevent neural tube defects.
C) eliminates the risk of osteoporosis in offspring.
D) helps prevent maternal high blood pressure.

Question 63

Which of the following statements is true about Rh factor incompatibility?

A) The damage caused by Rh incompatibility can be avoided if the mother receives a blood transfusion during delivery.
B) Rh-positive blood is dominant and Rh-negative blood is recessive, so the chances are good that a baby will be Rh-positive.
C) Rh-positive babies are routinely given a vaccine at birth to prevent the buildup of harmful Rh antibodies.
D) The harmful effects of Rh incompatibility can be prevented if the newborn is immediately placed on a diet low in phenylalanine.

Question 64

The relationship between social support, positive pregnancy outcomes, and subsequent child development is

A) strongest for affluent women.
B) moderate for minority women.
C) particularly strong for low-income women.
D) strongest for middle-income women.

Question 65

Pregnant women are wise to avoid __________ to reduce the likelihood of mercury exposure.

A) getting X-rays
B) changing cat litter boxes
C) painting
D) eating long-lived predatory fish

Question 66

Prenatal maternal stress is

A) especially damaging during the first trimester.
B) related to pyloric stenosis.
C) associated with emotional, but not physical, difficulties.
D) related to neural tube defects.

Question 67

Rh factor incompatibility

A) affects Rh positive mothers.
B) can result in infant death.
C) cannot be prevented in most cases.
D) usually affects firstborn children.

Question 68

Which of the following statements is true about radiation exposure during pregnancy?

A) Low-level radiation from medical X-rays is safe.
B) When mothers are exposed to radiation during pregnancy, the risk of miscarriage increases.
C) The effects of radiation exposure are immediate and apparent.
D) Radiation exposure affects physical development, but not cognitive or emotional development.

Question 69

Joslyn, a school custodian, is pregnant and works in an old school building where multiple layers of paint are flaking off the walls. To be safe, Joslyn should have the paint tested for

A) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
B) mercury.
C) dioxins.
D) lead.

Question 70

Matthew was prenatally exposed to alcohol. His physical growth is typical and he has no facial abnormalities. However, he has impaired motor coordination, attention span, and memory. Matthew was probably born with

A) fetal alcohol syndrome.
B) alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder.
C) partial fetal alcohol syndrome.
D) a genetic disorder.

Question 71

The greatest damage from rubella occurs when it strikes pregnant mothers during the

A) zygotic period.
B) embryonic period.
C) second trimester.
D) third trimester.

Question 72

It is safe to drink _________ during pregnancy.

A) no amount of alcohol
B) one alcoholic beverage per day
C) 3 to 5 alcoholic beverages per week
D) a few alcoholic beverages per month

Question 73

In healthy, physically fit women, ___________ exercise is related to _________.

A) aerobic; low birth weight
B) vigorous; a reduction in the risk of high blood pressure
C) moderate; a reduction in the risk of maternal diabetes
D) frequent; high birth weight

Question 74

Dioxin seems to impair the fertility of __________ prior to conception.

A) X-bearing ova
B) Y-bearing sperm
C) X-bearing sperm
D) Y-bearing ova

Question 75

Which of the following statements is true about HIV and AIDS?

A) HIV-positive pregnant women pass the virus to their fetus 20 to 30 percent of the time.
B) About 25 to 35 percent of prenatal AIDS babies die by 1 year of age.
C) There are no antiviral drugs that reduce prenatal AIDS transmission without harmful consequences.
D) Most infant HIV cases are curable if caught and treated early.

Question 76

A severe famine in the Netherlands during World War II revealed that

A) the sensitive-period concept operates with nutrition.
B) malnutrition during the first trimester is not associated with miscarriage.
C) malnutrition in the second trimester is associated with large head size.
D) malnutrition during the third trimester is associated with physical defects.

Question 77

Taking a folic acid supplement around the time of conception reduces the risk of

A) miscarriage.
B) spina bifida.
C) Down syndrome.
D) cytomegalovirus.

Question 78

In Taiwan, prenatal exposure to very high levels of ______ in rice oil resulted in low birth weight, discolored skin, and delayed cognitive development.

A) dioxins
B) mercury
C) PCBs
D) lead

Question 79

Kelly, a pregnant 30-year-old, has contracted the most common parasitic infection. Kelly has

A) rubella.
B) toxoplasmosis.
C) cytomegalovirus.
D) herpes simplex 2.

Question 80

Marzanne is pregnant and wonders how much weight she should gain. Her doctor will probably recommend that she gain _______ to _______ pounds.

A) 10; 15
B) 20; 25
C) 25; 30
D) 30; 35