Deck 10: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

_________ is vital for successful peer relationships and overall emotional health.

A) Individualism
B) Emotional competence
C) Collectivism
D) Mental representation

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Five-year-old Anthony and his 4-year-old sister Angela are engaged in a typical sibling dispute over a favorite chair. In order to help them gain sensitivity to their sibling's feelings, their parents should

A) intervene with reasoning and negotiating.
B) let them work through the dispute on their own, intervening only if there are tears involved.
C) settle the dispute by making the children each take a turn in the chair for a set amount of time.
D) totally ignore the dispute.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Of the following, which is supported by research on emotional understanding?

A) Preschoolers whose mothers negotiate during conflicts with them show delayed emotional understanding.
B) Preschoolers whose parents talk about diverse emotions are better able to judge others' emotions.
C) With age, preschoolers engage in less emotion talk with siblings and friends.
D) The less preschoolers refer to feelings when interacting with peers, the better they are liked by their peers.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Reylynne describes herself by saying, "I'm helpful, but I'm shy." Reylynne is probably

A) under 3 years old.
B) 3 to 5 years old.
C) 4 to 5 years old.
D) not a preschooler.

Question 5

Erikson described early childhood as a period of

A) doubt-filled industry.
B) vigorous unfolding.
C) trusting simplicity.
D) autonomous initiative.

Question 6

Three-year-old Sara says, "I have three dolls. I have brown hair. I made a tall tower." This demonstrates that Sara is beginning to develop

A) self-esteem.
B) a self-concept.
C) a gender identity.
D) gender typing.

Question 7

If you asked 3-year-old Aidan to tell you about himself, which of the following is he most likely to say?

A) "I have a new cat."
B) "I am funny."
C) "I am a good boy."
D) "I am shy."

Question 8

Research examining cultural variations in personal storytelling revealed that

A) Irish-American parents often told stories about the child's misdeeds.
B) Chinese parents downplayed the child's misdeeds, attributing them to assertiveness.
C) Chinese parents did little to cultivate their child's individuality.
D) Irish-American parents generally saw self-esteem as unimportant or even negative.

Question 9

By age 3, children with a history of parental criticism

A) give up easily when faced with a challenge.
B) are usually nonemotional after failing.
C) are nonetheless enthusiastic and highly motivated.
D) seek approval and anticipate it.

Question 10

Four-year-old D'Andre is upset when his friends exclude him from a game. D'Andre sits in the sandbox alone and plays with the dump truck instead. D'Andre is displaying

A) effortful control.
B) situational empathy.
C) scaffolding.
D) altruistic behavior.

Question 11

According to research on cultural variations in personal storytelling, which of the following self-descriptions is most likely to come from a Chinese child?

A) "I do lots of puzzles."
B) "I like pigs."
C) "I am really smart."
D) "I help my sister wash dishes."

Question 12

Preschoolers' self-concepts largely consist of

A) talents.
B) personality traits.
C) observable characteristics.
D) temperamental qualities.

Question 13

According to Erikson, play

A) allows young children to escape from the demands of their lives into a fantasy world.
B) symbolically represents preschoolers' unconscious wishes and desires.
C) is secondary to academic learning for preschoolers.
D) permits preschoolers to try out new skills with little risk of criticism or failure.

Question 14

For Erikson, the negative outcome of early childhood is an overly

A) strict superego.
B) lenient id.
C) strict ego.
D) lenient ego.

Question 15

Studies of self-esteem demonstrate that preschoolers

A) tend to overestimate the difficulty of tasks.
B) usually have an accurate understanding of their abilities.
C) usually rate their own abilities as extremely high.
D) give up easily when faced with a challenging task.

Question 16

If you asked 4-year-old Hannah to describe herself, which of the following is she most likely to say?

A) "I am friendly."
B) "I am smart."
C) "I am helpful."
D) "I do not like bugs."

Question 17

_____________ seems to foster a more positive, coherent early self-concept.

A) Early birth order
B) A warm, sensitive parent-child relationship
C) Permissive parenting
D) Authoritarian parenting

Question 18

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the preschool years is

A) trust versus mistrust.
B) industry versus inferiority.
C) initiative versus guilt.
D) autonomy versus shame.

Question 19

Which of the following is true about cognitive development and emotional understanding?

A) Preschoolers cannot yet predict what a playmate expressing a certain emotion might do next.
B) Young children focus on the most obvious aspect of a complex emotional situation to the neglect of other relevant information.
C) Preschoolers believe that thinking and feeling are not connected.
D) Preschoolers can usually make sense of situations with conflicting cues about how a person is feeling.

Question 20

At a parade, 3-year-old Kyle puts his fingers in his ears when he hears the fire trucks coming down the street. Kyle is displaying

A) scaffolding.
B) situational empathy.
C) social problem-solving.
D) emotional self-regulation.

Question 21

When parents are _________, their children are likely to react in a concerned way to the distress of others.

A) warm and sensitive
B) permissive
C) authoritarian
D) attentive, but discourage emotional expressiveness

Question 22

By age 3,

A) self-conscious emotions are clearly linked to self-evaluation.
B) children no longer depend on adults to know when to feel self-conscious emotions.
C) children are not yet sensitive to praise and blame.
D) children have not yet developed the capacity to feel guilty or ashamed.

Question 23

Cousins Easton and Jack are both infants. Sometimes Easton watches Jack while he rolls on the floor. However, both babies engage in solitary play. This is known as

A) parallel play.
B) cooperative play.
C) associative play.
D) nonsocial activity.

Question 24

When a peer is in distress, children who are assertive react with

A) lip biting.
B) a rise in heart rate.
C) an increase in EEG brain-wave activity.
D) sympathetic concern.

Question 25

Three-year-old Sasha makes a structure out of toy blocks. Sasha is engaging in _________ play.

A) make-believe
B) parallel
C) constructive
D) functional

Question 26

Shelby and Sharon are 4 years old and are best friends. They probably

A) count on each other's emotional support.
B) have similar values and attitudes.
C) feel lasting trust and caring for each other.
D) have fun playing together.

Question 27

Twins Jillian and Wesley, 11 months old, play near each other with similar materials. However they do not try to direct each other's activities. They are engaged in __________ play.

A) parallel
B) cooperative
C) associative
D) nonsocial

Question 28

When guilt occurs in appropriate circumstances and is not accompanied by shame, it is related to

A) ineffective parenting.
B) good adjustment.
C) poor emotional self-regulatory skills.
D) an insecure attachment.

Question 29

When 3-year-old Kaylee spills her water after filling her glass too full, her mother says, "You filled the glass very full. Next time try putting less water in the glass." Assuming that Kaylee's mother repeatedly gives this sort of feedback, which of the following is most likely to be true?

A) Kaylee is likely to show little sympathy to others in distress.
B) Kaylee is likely to experience self-conscious emotions intensely.
C) Kaylee is likely to experience moderate, adaptive levels of shame and pride.
D) Kaylee is likely to experience a low level of pride after a success.

Question 30

Two-year-old Beck runs around the room, grabs a car and rolls it on the floor, and then pokes at some play dough. Beck is engaging in ___________ play.

A) constructive
B) functional
C) parallel
D) make-believe

Question 31

Which of the following is supported by research on peer sociability during the preschool years?

A) All types of play coexist during early childhood.
B) Nonsocial activity increases with age.
C) By kindergarten age, children rarely engage in nonsocial activity.
D) From ages 3 to 6 years, the frequency of solitary play decreases.

Question 32

___________ plays a role in whether empathy prompts sympathetic, prosocial behavior or a personally distressed, self-focused response.

A) Effortful control
B) Emotional masking
C) Temperament
D) Birth order

Question 33

In the sandbox, Amelia makes a pie while Franklin pours sand from one container to another. The children talk and pass tools back and forth. They are engaged in _______ play.

A) parallel
B) cooperative
C) associative
D) nonsocial

Question 34

Children from 4 to 7 years old regard friendship as

A) an understanding of thoughts and feelings.
B) pleasurable play and sharing of toys.
C) based on mutual trust.
D) long-term and enduring.

Question 35

When parents repeatedly comment on the worth of a child and his or her performance, that child experiences

A) less shame after failure.
B) less pride after success.
C) no self-conscious emotions.
D) self-conscious emotions intensely.

Question 36

Jade and Christiana are playing house. Jade is pretending to be the mom and Christiana is pretending to be the dad. Two dolls are used as their children. They are engaged in _______ play.

A) parallel
B) cooperative
C) associative
D) nonsocial

Question 37

With age, preschoolers' conflicts center less on _______ and more on ________.

A) ideas; toys
B) attitudes; resources
C) differences of opinion; toys
D) resources; differences of opinion

Question 38

Four-year-old Rock has authoritarian parents who sometimes physically abuse him. When his friend Dax has a bad day and cries, Rock is most likely to respond with

A) sympathetic concern.
B) anxiety and distress.
C) fear and anger.
D) strong feelings of empathy.

Question 39

When portraying an emotion they do not feel, children of all ages find it easier to act _______ than _______.

A) sad; pleased
B) pleased; angry
C) disgusted; pleased
D) angry; pleased

Question 40

When her friend, Reagan, loses her favorite toy, 4-year-old Nahla puts her arm around Reagan and offers to give Reagan a cookie from her lunch. Nahla's emotional response to Reagan's loss exhibits

A) sympathy.
B) effortful control .
C) emotional self-regulation.
D) empathy.

Question 41

According to Freud, children obey the _________ to avoid guilt.

A) id
B) superego
C) ego
D) other-sex parent

Question 42

Research on friendships shows that

A) preschoolers interact in essentially the same ways with both friends and nonfriends.
B) preschoolers give the same amount of reinforcement to nonfriends as to friends.
C) most friendships during the preschool years are based on mutual trust.
D) children who begin kindergarten with friends in their class adjust to school more favorably.

Question 43

According to the psychoanalytic perspective, ________ leads to the formation of the conscience and moral behavior.

A) the emergence of the reality principle
B) avoidance of guilt
C) identification with the other-sex parent
D) repression of sexual longings for the mother or father

Question 44

Nicki Crick and Kenneth Dodge's circular model showing the steps of social problem solving takes a(n) ________________ approach to conflict resolution.

A) Piagetian
B) information-processing
C) Vygotskian
D) ethological

Question 45

Inductive discipline

A) promotes only momentary compliance, not lasting changes in behavior.
B) teaches children to expect rewards for good behavior.
C) helps children see how their actions affect others.
D) often leads to high levels of self-blame among children.

Question 46

Parents of impulsive children can foster conscience development by

A) using requests, suggestions, and explanations.
B) combining firm correction of misbehavior with induction.
C) using gentle discipline that incorporates frequent rule reminders.
D) asserting their power.

Question 47

Malek is a fearless preschooler. What tactics would you recommend to his parents to prompt guilt reactions and conscience development?

A) mild patient tactics such as requests, suggestions, and explanations
B) coercive techniques that force guilt feelings onto the child
C) discussions with Malek in which he determines the consequence for his misbehavior
D) a combination of firm correction of misbehavior and induction

Question 48

Which of the following children is the most likely to make gains in academic achievement during kindergarten?

A) Allie, an impulsive girl
B) Bert, an aggressive boy
C) Calinda, a girl who makes friends easily
D) Dow, a shy boy

Question 49

Mild, patient tactics are sufficient to prompt conscience development in ________ children.

A) all
B) fearless
C) impulsive
D) anxious

Question 50

Which of the following types of parent-child play is most strongly linked to social competence in the child?

A) parent-directed play
B) mother-son play
C) mother-daughter play
D) father-daughter play

Question 51

Most theories agree that

A) a child's morality is regulated by inner standards from birth.
B) truly moral individuals do the right thing to conform to others' expectations.
C) at first, a child's morality is externally controlled by adults.
D) conscience does not begin to take shape until age 7.

Question 52

Children who get along well with agemates tend to

A) request an explanation when they do not understand a peer's behavior.
B) attend selectively to social cues.
C) hover around peers' activities.
D) barge into play groups without asking.

Question 53

Which of the following disciplinary statements is the most likely to promote prosocial behavior?

A) "Pushing your sister is not okay."
B) "Your sister is crying because you pushed her and she fell down."
C) "You should be ashamed of yourself. Good girls do not push."
D) "Only bad girls push their sisters."

Question 54

Silas and Jake are engaged in a conflict over a ball on the playground. Jake grabs the ball away. Silas hits Jake. Jake runs crying to the nearest adult. Silas and Jake are probably _____ years old.

A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 9

Question 55

Research shows that interventions designed to teach social problem solving

A) do not benefit children from lower-SES homes.
B) rarely improve peer relations.
C) offer children a sense of mastery in the face of stressful life events.
D) do not reduce the risk of adjustment difficulties for children from troubled families.

Question 56

Which of the following is true about the psychoanalytic perspective and the development of morality?

A) Freud believed that young children form a superego by internalize the other-sex parent's moral standards.
B) Most researchers today agree with Freud's view of conscience development.
C) In Freud's theory, fear of punishment and loss of parental love motivate moral behavior.
D) Freud believed that moral development is largely complete by 10 to 12 years of age.

Question 57

By age ____, children use words to evaluate their own and others' actions.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 58

One of the best ways for Johann's mom to promote peer interaction skills is for her to

A) provide opportunities for Johann to play with peers.
B) avoid arranging frequent play dates that may overwhelm Johann.
C) avoid providing specific suggestions to Johann on how to interact with other children.
D) prevent Johann from interacting with children who have conflicts with Johann.

Question 59

The fact that children ________ provides evidence that Freud's account of conscience development is inaccurate.

A) whose parents frequently use threats or physical force tend to feel little guilt following transgressions
B) whose parents frequently use threats or physical force tend to feel overwhelming guilt when they violate standards
C) who feel little guilt frequently have loving and nurturing parents
D) who grow up in abusive households tend to violate standards infrequently

Question 60

Conscience formation is promoted by ________ discipline.

A) child-directed
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) inductive

Question 61

The cognitive-developmental perspective regards children as

A) passive learners of moral standards.
B) active thinkers about social rules.
C) blank slates with regard to morality.
D) prewired with moral compasses.

Question 62

Three-year-old Madison is shown two pictures: one depicting a child stealing another child's toy and the other showing a child eating spaghetti with her fingers. Madison is most likely to view

A) both actions as equally wrong.
B) both actions as okay as long as they were not witnessed by an adult.
C) the stealing as worse than the bad table manners.
D) the bad table manners as worse than the stealing.

Question 63

Within the moral domain, preschool and young school-age children

A) tend to reason rigidly.
B) rarely make judgments based on consequences.
C) cannot distinguish social conventions from moral imperatives.
D) tend to reason flexibly.

Question 64

When Erin takes her brother's book away and makes him cry, Erin's father says, "Your brother is crying because you took his book away. Your behavior disappointed me." Erin's father is using ____________ as a means of influencing Erin.

A) coercion
B) empathy-based guilt
C) fear of loss of parental love
D) shame

Question 65

Sending a child to her room for a few minutes

A) is useful when a child is out of control.
B) often generates much resentment in children.
C) is less effective than punishment in producing the desired behavior.
D) is the most effective form of discipline.

Question 66

Rachel tells her friends, "Don't play with Jaynie. She dresses funny." This is an example of ________ aggression.

A) hostile
B) instrumental
C) passive
D) relational

Question 67

The most effective forms of discipline encourage good conduct by

A) only punishing children for severe misconduct.
B) warning children that they will be punished if they act immaturely.
C) letting children know ahead of time how to act.
D) combining firm intervention with a temporary withdrawal of affection.

Question 68

Which of the following uses of punishment is the most effective?

A) Mr. Allen tells his son that he is using punishment as a last resort.
B) Mrs. Vello allows her children to act inappropriately from time to time but scolds them at other times.
C) Mr. Reilly uses punishment in public because his daughter is very embarrassed by being scolded around others.
D) Mrs. Seldon, a warm parent, uses mild punishment consistently and provides reasons for the punishment.

Question 69

Research on punishment shows that spanking is

A) associated with a rise in behavior problems regardless of the parents' child-rearing style.
B) viewed by most Caucasian-American children as a practice carried out with their best interests in mind.
C) associated with a rise in behavior problems if parents are cold and rejecting but not if they are warm and supportive.
D) a more effective form of discipline than time out and withdrawal of privileges.

Question 70

Warmth and responsiveness, competence and power, and consistency between assertions and behavior are all

A) characteristics of a model that increase a child's willingness to imitate the model's behavior.
B) characteristics of emotional development that are necessary for moral behavior to occur.
C) important characteristics of inductive discipline.
D) characteristics of a prosocial child who has learned empathy-based guilt.

Question 71

A sharp reprimand or physical force to restrain or move a child is justified only when

A) reasoning is ineffective.
B) the child misbehaves repeatedly.
C) immediate obedience is necessary.
D) the parent wishes to foster long-term goals.

Question 72

Models are most influential in

A) adulthood.
B) adolescence.
C) middle childhood.
D) the early years.

Question 73

According to social learning theorists,

A) morality has a unique course of development.
B) reinforcement for good behavior is enough for children to acquire moral responses.
C) moral behavior is acquired just like any other set of responses: through reinforcement and modeling.
D) positive reinforcement for a child's character decreases a behavior's frequency.

Question 74

When her two sons fight over rights and possessions, Laura allows the boys to negotiate and work out their first ideas about justice and fairness. She then talks to them warmly and discusses moral issues with them. As a result, Laura's sons will probably

A) have advanced moral thinking.
B) rarely fight with each other.
C) tend toward physical, rather than verbal, aggression in fights.
D) experience feelings of frustration and be delayed in moral reasoning.

Question 75

Three-year-old Connor is asked to choose the child who is the "most wrong." Which child is Connor the most likely to choose?

A) a child eating ice cream with her fingers
B) a child who does not say "please" when she asks her friend to pass the water
C) a child who hits her sister for no reason
D) a boy who wears his long hair in a ponytail

Question 76

Emily is chosen as Student of the Day. Gretel is angry that she was not selected, and she calls Emily a "do-do head." This is an example of ______________ aggression.

A) hostile
B) instrumental
C) passive
D) relational

Question 77

Which of the following is true about harsh punishment?

A) Although corporal punishment spans the SES spectrum, its frequency and harshness are elevated among the educated and economically advantaged parents.
B) A punitive adult is likely to punish with greater frequency over time because harsh punishment gives adults immediate relief.
C) Adults whose parents used corporal punishment are less accepting of such discipline because they've seen the consequences firsthand.
D) There is no evidence that heredity contributes to the link between punitive discipline and children's adjustment difficulties.

Question 78

Which of the following is true about social experience and moral understanding?

A) Social experiences are not vital to the development of morality.
B) Children rarely benefit from adult-child discussions of moral issues.
C) Children learn to care about the welfare of others from warm, sensitive parental communication.
D) Children who verbally and physically assault others tend to have parents who tell stories with moral implications.

Question 79

Research on the consequences on punishment reveals that in African-American families,

A) most children view spanking as a practice carried out with their best interests in mind.
B) physical punishment is positively associated with adolescent aggression and antisocial behavior.
C) children view spanking as an act of personal aggression.
D) physical punishment is generally considered wrong.

Question 80

To sit next to her mother at a restaurant, Diana pushes her little brother Mark out of the way. This is an example of __________ aggression.

A) hostile
B) instrumental
C) passive
D) relational