Deck 11: Physical Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Worldwide, a ___-inch gap exists between the smallest and the largest 8-year-olds.

A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 9

Answer 1

D

Question 2

On average, the dramatic adolescent growth spurt occurs _____ earlier in girls than in boys

A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 18 months
D) 2 years

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following changes could you anticipate for the child of Ethiopian immigrants who relocated to the United States?

A) She will be taller and longer-legged than her agemates in Ethiopia.
B) She will be heavier and have thicker bones than her agemates in Ethiopia.
C) She will be taller than her parents, but will have shorter legs.
D) She will be shorter and start menstruation later than her agemates in Ethiopia.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Between ages 6 and 8, girls are ______ boys.

A) slightly shorter than
B) taller than
C) slightly heavier than
D) the same height as

Question 5

After age 8, girls begin _________ at a faster rate than boys.

A) accumulating fat
B) adding muscle
C) pruning synapses
D) upper body growth

Question 6

Seal is getting ready to start first grade. During the school years, his parents can expect him to add about ________ inches in height and ________ pounds in weight each year.

A) 1 to 2; 3
B) 2 to 3; 5
C) 3 to 4; 10
D) 4 to 5; 15

Question 7

Kristin and Katie are taller and heavier than their mother was at their age. This is an example of

A) a generative effect.
B) a growth spurt.
C) a secular trend.
D) evolutionary adaptation.

Question 8

Physically small children tend to live in

A) tropical climates.
B) less developed regions.
C) countries where food is plentiful.
D) wealthy nations.

Question 9

By age ____, the sexual difference in the growth trend reverses.

A) 5
B) 7
C) 9
D) 11

Question 10

At age 6, the average North American child weighs about ______ pounds.

A) 40
B) 45
C) 50
D) 55

Question 11

Joey and Rachel are approaching adolescence. At this time, they are likely to grow out of their _____ more quickly than their ______.

A) hats; shoes
B) jeans; jackets
C) shirts; jeans
D) jackets; shoes

Question 12

In terms of growth norms, which of the following children is most likely to be the shortest?

A) Shane from Australia
B) Sayuri from Asia
C) Daryl from Canada
D) Alice from the United States

Question 13

In terms of growth norms, which of the following children is most likely to be the tallest?

A) Miguel from South America
B) Rondi from the Pacific Islands
C) Kota from Asia
D) Rainer from Switzerland

Question 14

Growth norms

A) should be applied universally to assess secular trends.
B) are particularly applicable to ethnic minorities.
C) must be applied cautiously.
D) consider height but not weight.

Question 15

Tanji is long and lean. She is probably from a

A) cold, Arctic area.
B) region where disease is common.
C) hot, tropical region.
D) poor nation.

Question 16

Secular trends in physical growth involve changes in body size from

A) one region to another.
B) evolutionary adaptation.
C) one generation to the next.
D) growth spurts.

Question 17

In regions with widespread poverty, famine, and disease, a secular _________ has occurred.

A) increase in height
B) increase in weight
C) increase in obesity
D) decrease in body size

Question 18

The larger size of today's children is mostly due to

A) food additives.
B) a faster rate of physical development.
C) a cultural change in body image.
D) widespread immunization.

Question 19

Body size

A) is determined exclusively by heredity.
B) sometimes reflects evolutionary adaptations to a particular climate.
C) is primarily determined by environmental factors.
D) tends to be larger in developing countries.

Question 20

The _______ grow(s) the fastest in middle childhood.

A) head
B) upper body
C) extremities
D) lower body

Question 21

Dental health affects a child's

A) resistance to disease.
B) personality.
C) speech.
D) IQ.

Question 22

Researchers believe that brain functioning may change in middle childhood because of

A) the rapid brain growth during that time period.
B) an overabundance of gray matter.
C) the influence of hormones.
D) the decrease in white matter in the corpus callosum.

Question 23

Most children need help with flossing until about ____ years of age.

A) 6
B) 9
C) 12
D) 15

Question 24

A common way to treat a malocclusion is by

A) requiring regular teeth cleaning.
B) filling all cavities.
C) putting braces on the teeth.
D) flossing at least three times per week.

Question 25

The weight of the brain increases by ____ percent during middle childhood and adolescence.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20

Question 26

Between the ages of 6 and 12, ___ primary teeth are lost and replaced by permanent teeth.

A) 14
B) 16
C) 20
D) 24

Question 27

During middle childhood, the bones of the body

A) stop growing.
B) shorten and narrow.
C) lengthen and broaden.
D) are firmly attached to ligaments.

Question 28

Wendi, a dental hygiene student, is visiting a second grade classroom to teach 26 children proper brushing techniques. Based on U.S. averages, how many students can she expect to see with some tooth decay?

A) 4
B) 9
C) 13
D) 20

Question 29

Secretions of __________ are related to cognitive performance.

A) the frontal lobes
B) particular neurotransmitters
C) the corpus callosum
D) growth hormone

Question 30

Around age 7 or 8, an increase in _______ occurs in children of both sexes.

A) androgens
B) estrogens
C) brain circuitry
D) endocrine

Question 31

Milo's neurotransmitters are not present in appropriate balances. He has begun to experience seizures and loss of motor control. Milo may suffer from

A) epilepsy.
B) cerebral palsy.
C) muscular dystrophy.
D) autism.

Question 32

Janice, age 7, is an eager thumb sucker. As a result, Janice is at risk for

A) tooth decay.
B) a malocclusion.
C) gum disease.
D) a tongue thrust.

Question 33

Grace, a third grader, is beginning to get many of her permanent teeth. Her mom is concerned because Grace's permanent teeth seem much too large. What can you tell Grace's mom?

A) Grace's permanent teeth will appear shorter as they "settle" in to her jaw.
B) As Grace loses all 24 of her primary teeth, the permanent teeth will appear smaller.
C) As Grace's neck and torso grow, her teeth will appear smaller.
D) Grace's jaw and chin bones will grow to accommodate the newly erupting teeth.

Question 34

Emma, age 8, can turn cartwheels, do the splits, and do handsprings. This is probably due to which two factors of growth in middle childhood?

A) ligaments not firmly attached to bones; increasing muscle strength
B) hardening of the bones; tightening of ligaments
C) muscles that are loosely attached to bones; undeveloped muscle tone
D) underdeveloped hip and knee joints; muscles that do not fully develop until adolescence

Question 35

Androgens

A) decrease among boys at puberty.
B) affect brain organization and behavior in many animal species.
C) increase among girls at puberty.
D) contribute to girls' lower activity level.

Question 36

Which of the following is a cause of malocclusion?

A) sleeping with a bottle at night
B) eating too many sweets
C) wearing braces
D) crowding of permanent teeth

Question 37

Gray matter

A) replaces white matter in middle childhood.
B) consists largely of myelinated nerve fibers.
C) increases steadily throughout childhood and adolescence.
D) declines as synaptic pruning and death of surrounding neurons proceed.

Question 38

White matter

A) increases steadily throughout childhood and adolescence.
B) consists mostly of neurons and synapses.
C) begins to decline in middle childhood.
D) contains fewer myelinated nerve fibers than does gray matter.

Question 39

Kyra's muscles are adapting to her enlarging skeleton. As a result, she will probably

A) experience a brief period of enhanced physical coordination.
B) display unusual physical dexterity of movement.
C) notice a slight decrease in muscular strength.
D) experience nighttime "growing pains."

Question 40

When neurotransmitters are not present in appropriate balances,

A) cognitive performance increases.
B) children may suffer serious developmental problems.
C) social adjustment improves.
D) the ability to withstand stress increases.

Question 41

Obese children

A) are at a risk for social difficulties, but not emotional problems.
B) are likely to have at least one obese parent.
C) usually decide when to eat on the basis of hunger.
D) are less likely than average-weight peers to spend many hours watching television.

Question 42

The most effective interventions for childhood obesity are

A) family-based and focus on changing behaviors.
B) crash diets.
C) school-based programs.
D) competitive sports.

Question 43

Studies conducted in Kenya, Egypt, and Mexico revealed that the

A) quality of food strongly predicted favorable cognitive development in middle childhood.
B) age at which government-sponsored food programs were available was more important than vitamin supplements.
C) quantity of food strongly predicted favorable cognitive development in middle childhood.
D) regularity of vitamin supplementation was more important than the quality of food.

Question 44

_________ constitutes one-sixth of the caloric intake of the average American age 2 and older.

A) Palm oil
B) Saturated fat
C) Fructose
D) Fiber

Question 45

Research reveals that when presented with supersized food portions, individuals increase their food intake on average by ________ percent.

A) 5 to 10
B) 10 to 15
C) 20 to 25
D) 25 to 30

Question 46

Pax suffers from malnutrition. Which of the following statements is probably correct?

A) Pax will be nonresponsive to stressful situations.
B) Pax will respond with greater fear to stressful situations.
C) Pax will exhibit normal motor skills, but altered psychological functioning.
D) Pax will display normal psychological functioning, but delayed motor functioning.

Question 47

Eating an evening meal with parents leads to a diet

A) lower in fruits.
B) higher in soft drinks.
C) lower in fried foods.
D) lower in vegetables.

Question 48

Willemina's mom is concerned that she is not eating a well-balanced diet. One solution is to

A) make sure she eats three healthy meals a day, but allow at least one junk food snack between meals.
B) keep cheese, fruit, raw vegetables, and peanut butter readily available for snacks.
C) make sure to have new, novel healthy food items available for snacks.
D) allow her to make her own food choices because children naturally select balanced diets.

Question 49

In developing countries, rates of obesity are

A) increasing rapidly.
B) stablizing.
C) decreasing slowly.
D) decreasing rapidly.

Question 50

Obese children ________ than average-weight children.

A) eat more slowly
B) are more responsive to internal huger cues
C) are less responsive to external stimuli associated with food
D) chew their food less thoroughly

Question 51

Jorda's parents are immigrants. As children, they suffered from long periods of food deprivation. As a result, they pressure Jorda to eat. This practice could contribute to

A) disrupting Jorda's appetite control centers in the brain.
B) Jorda becoming overweight.
C) Jorda attaching great value to treats.
D) Jorda becoming malnourished.

Question 52

Rewarding children for ________ seems to increase their sense of personal control of exercising.

A) time spent exercising
B) giving up inactivity
C) eating less
D) documenting daily physical activity

Question 53

_________ is related to obesity.

A) Breastfeeding
B) Reduced sleep
C) A fast metabolism
D) Vegetarianism

Question 54

As an overweight girl, Maggi is _______ than her average-weight peers.

A) more likely to reach puberty late
B) less likely to suffer from depression
C) more likely to be socially isolated
D) more likely to be given financial aid for college

Question 55

Which of the following children is at risk for excessive weight gain?

A) Lauralee, whose parents are average weight
B) Stewart, who lives in a stressful family environment
C) Donato, who was breastfed for two years
D) Donna, whose parents are vegans

Question 56

Jonathan, age 10, was born underweight because his mother smoked during pregnancy. Jonathan is at risk for

A) obesity.
B) anorexia.
C) bulimia.
D) a fast basal metabolism.

Question 57

An obese child is more than ____ percent over healthy weight, based on body mass index.

A) 15
B) 20
C) 25
D) 30

Question 58

Between the 1970s and the 1990s, due to increasingly busy lives and the growing assortment of high-calorie snack foods, average daily food intake rose by almost ______ calories.

A) 100
B) 200
C) 300
D) 400

Question 59

Childhood obesity in China

A) is practically nonexistent.
B) is especially high in rural regions.
C) has reached 10 percent in cities.
D) has decreased in the past 25 years.

Question 60

School-age children report which of the following after eating junk foods?

A) They feel better.
B) They focus better.
C) They are happier.
D) They feel sluggish.

Question 61

The most effective treatment for enuresis is/are

A) stimulants.
B) a urine alarm.
C) anxiety medication.
D) punishment.

Question 62

School-age children with low birth weights show an especially high rate of

A) myopia.
B) otitis media.
C) malnutrition.
D) presbyopia.

Question 63

The most frequent cause of school absence is

A) oversleeping.
B) asthma.
C) the flu.
D) the common cold.

Question 64

The Eustachian tube becomes longer, narrow, and more slanted during middle childhood, resulting in

A) more frequent bouts of otitis media.
B) higher rates of strep throat.
C) lower rates of sinus infections.
D) reduced incidence of otitis media.

Question 65

Children experience a somewhat higher rate of illness during

A) toddlerhood.
B) the preschool years.
C) the first two years of elementary school.
D) the last two years before the onset of adolescence.

Question 66

Which of the following children is most likely to have myopia?

A) Travis, who lives in a high-SES household
B) Devin, whose parents have good eyesight
C) Chen, who weighed 8 pounds at birth
D) Hallie, whose lives in a low-SES household

Question 67

Seven-year-old Derek is having problems with bedwetting at night. Which of the following is probably true?

A) Derek has not seen a health professional about his problem.
B) Derek will outgrow this problem by age 8 or 9.
C) When Derek's parents punish him for wetting, he wets less often.
D) Derek's problem is a learned behavior, rather than a biological issue.

Question 68

When Anne engages in intense exercise, particularly in cold weather or during allergy season, her bronchial tubes fill with mucus and contract. This causes her to cough and have serious breathing difficulties. Anne has

A) nocturnal enuresis.
B) asthma.
C) emphysema.
D) bronchitis.

Question 69

________ percent of U.S. school-age children suffer from nocturnal enuresis, which refers to ________.

A) Twenty; nightmares
B) Ten; bedwetting during the night
C) Five; a brief period when breathing stops temporarily
D) Ten; fear of the dark

Question 70

Which of the following is true about childhood injuries?

A) Injury fatalities decrease from middle childhood into adolescence.
B) Injury rates for girls rise considerable above those for boys.
C) Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of injury fatalities in middle childhood.
D) Sports-related injuries are the second leading cause of injury in middle childhood.

Question 71

On average, illness causes children to miss about ____ days of school per year.

A) 3
B) 8
C) 11
D) 14

Question 72

__________ is related to asthma in middle childhood.

A) Obesity
B) Enuresis
C) Otitis media
D) Myopia

Question 73

One of the most common causes of enuresis is

A) the use of prescription antidepressant drugs, which increase the amount of urine produced.
B) abnormalities in the child's urinary tract or bladder.
C) falling asleep in a room that is too warm or using too many blankets.
D) a hormonal imbalance that permits too much urine to accumulate during the night.

Question 74

By the end of the school years, nearly ____ percent of all children have myopia.

A) 15
B) 25
C) 35
D) 45

Question 75

As many as _____ percent of low-SES children develop some hearing loss as a result of repeated middle ear infections.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 20
D) 30

Question 76

Parents who tell their children not to read in dim light for fear of ruining their eyes are

A) voicing well-founded concerns.
B) repeating unfounded "old wives tales."
C) unnecessarily scaring their children.
D) actually putting the children at further risk for myopia.

Question 77

________is the most common vision problem in middle childhood.

A) Presbyopia
B) Tunnel vision
C) Astigmatism
D) Myopia

Question 78

Myopia is one of the few health conditions that

A) decreases with age.
B) can be entirely prevented through changes in behavior.
C) increases with family income.
D) is unique to industrialized nations.

Question 79

Schools can help reduce obesity by

A) serving fewer meals.
B) offering more sports.
C) providing additional recess time.
D) having adults chose meals for overweight children.

Question 80

Mikkah is 8 years old and experiences nocturnal enuresis. His parents have decided against any type of treatment, feeling that he will "outgrow it." His parents should know that

A) treatment in middle childhood has immediate positive psychological consequences.
B) enuresis is not something that can be outgrown.
C) doing nothing is, in fact, the most effective treatment for enuresis.
D) without medical intervention, he runs a high risk of having this problem reoccur throughout his life.