Deck 14: Personality in Context: Interpersonal Relations, Culture, and Development Across the Course of Life

Question 1

Work by Andersen on transference reveals that

A) transference is a myth.
B) psychoanalytic concepts are of no value to contemporary researchers.
C) social cognitive theory and psychoanalysis are unrelated.
D) social cognitive analyses can illuminate phenomena originally of interest to psychoanalysts.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The relationships of people high in rejection sensitivity are relatively more likely to

A) break up.
B) last a lifetime.
C) be filled with achievement.
D) be filled with happiness.
E) c and d.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Research by Ayduk et al. demonstrates that people can control their emotions regarding interpersonal relationships by

A) focusing on hot aspects of the relationship.
B) focusing on cool aspects of the relationship.
C) focusing on their level of rejection sensitivity.
D) focusing on their internal feelings of anger.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The RSQ measures

A) rational stimuli.
B) role specialization.
C) regional styles.
D) rejection sensitivity.

Question 5

Rejection sensitivity is

A) not a personality variables.
B) a global, decontextualized personality variable.
C) a contextualized personality variable.
D) none of the above.

Question 6

Research on day-to-day interactions by Gable, Reis, and Downey finds that

A) the only important factor in interpersonal relationships is physical attraction.
B) inaccurate interpretations of a relationships partner influence the quality of relationships.
C) people are basically accurate in their perceptions of relationship partners.
D) personality has surprisingly little affect in interpersonal relationships.

Question 7

The effects of strategies such as optimism and defensive pessimism are most apparent

A) during periods of relaxation.
B) during life transitions.
C) during middle adulthood.
D) during later adulthood.

Question 8

A key feature of research by Downey and Feldman is that rejection sensitivity

A) predicted outcomes after controlling for other personality variables.
B) did not predict outcomes after controlling for other personality variables.
C) did not predict outcomes at all.
D) was unrelated to other personality variables.

Question 9

Work by Downey and Feldman documents the impact of rejection sensitivity on

A) academic performance.
B) neuroticism.
C) relationship outcomes.
D) schizophrenia.

Question 10

A questionnaire that asks if a relationship partner was intentionally hurtful is the

A) RET.
B) RSQ.
C) BDI.
D) Defensive Pessimism Scale.

Question 11

Research by Ayduk et al. demonstrates the importance of

A) goals.
B) schemas.
C) attentional focus.
D) expectations.

Question 12

Transference

A) only occurs in therapy settings.
B) cannot be studied in laboratory settings.
C) is of little interest to contemporary researchers.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.

Question 13

People who strategically use negative thinking to motivate themselves are called

A) highly motivated people.
B) neurotics.
C) defensive pessimists.
D) high in rejection sensitivity.

Question 14

Having feelings towards someone that are based on experiences from someone else in your past is called

A) transference
B) rejection sensitivity
C) self-verification
D) self-enhancement

Question 15

A personality style involving anxious expectations of rejection is called

A) neuroticism.
B) bad relationship style.
C) rejection sensitivity.
D) emotional instability.
E) a and d.

Question 16

Andersen's research on transference is based on a(n) ___________ strategy.

A) case study
B) experimental
C) correlational
D) none of the above

Question 17

Rejection sensitivity involves primarily

A) anxious expectations.
B) learning goals.
C) self-guides.
D) unconscious motives.

Question 18

Based on Andersen's research, people are more likely to exhibit false-positive memories when a new person they encounter

A) resembles a significant past acquaintance.
B) resembles a forgotten past acquaintance.
C) is highly attractive.
D) is rejection sensitive.

Question 19

Susan Andersen and colleagues explain transference in terms of

A) personality traits.
B) basic social-cognitive processes.
C) psychodynamic transfer of energy.
D) genetic influences.

Question 20

In recent years, personality psychologists have focused on personality factors in

A) laboratory settings.
B) stimulus-response situations.
C) psychoanalytic encounters.
D) close relationships.

Question 21

Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture demonstrates that

A) personality is not consistent across situations.
B) personality is consistent in the manner trait theory had anticipated.
C) personality consistency is driven by mood states.
D) social-cognitive analyses can illuminate questions of cross-situational consistency.

Question 22

Research on personality development shows that the effects of impulsivity

A) are basically good.
B) are bad no matter where you live.
C) are worse if you live in high SES neighborhoods.
D) are worse if you live in low SES neighborhoods.

Question 23

Research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness stresses the importance of

A) evolution.
B) television influences on personality.
C) early-childhood conflicts.
D) sociohistorical context.

Question 24

To disentangle cause and effect in the study of real-life personality development, it is necessary to engage in __________ research.

A) correlational
B) experimental
C) case study
D) longitudinal

Question 25

Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture is strongly

A) nomothetic.
B) idiographic.
C) physiological.
D) evolutionary.

Question 26

Work by Caspi, Lynam, Elder, et al. on personality development shows that personality outcomes

A) are genetically determined.
B) reflect social influenced.
C) reflect interactions between personality and social setting.
D) are unpredictable.

Question 27

Research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness finds that, among men, this personality variable

A) has no effects once one considers SES (socioeconomic status).
B) has life effects as large as the effects of SES (socioeconomic status).
C) explains people's SES (socioeconomic status).
D) has no effect.

Question 28

The tendency to display bouts of anger is called

A) neuroticism.
B) agreeableness.
C) ill-temperedness.
D) extraversion.

Question 29

Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture demonstrates that people have consistently high self-efficacy appraisal across situations

A) linked to negative self-schemas.
B) linked to positive self-schemas.
C) linked to generic positive traits.
D) linked to generic negative traits.

Question 30

The overall design and operating characteristics of personality systems are termed, by Cervone,

A) the architecture of personality.
B) knowledge.
C) appraisal.
D) social cognition.

Question 31

Research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness finds that this personality variable

A) has different effects among women than men.
B) has the same effects among women than men.
C) has no effects among women or men.
D) does not occur in women or men.

Question 32

Research indicates that older adults show very high levels of

A) anxiety.
B) depression.
C) extraversion.
D) resilience.

Question 33

Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture reveals personality consistency across

A) idiosyncratic sets of situations.
B) fixed, nomothetically-defined sets of situations.
C) pleasant situations.
D) unpleasant situations.

Question 34

Optimists and defensive pessimists differ

A) in their levels of achievement.
B) in their strategies for achievement.
C) in their expectations.
D) b and c.

Question 35

Baltes' analysis of selection processes has been applied mainly to issues of personality and

A) marketing.
B) older adult development.
C) child development.
D) memory.

Question 36

Optimism and defensive pessimism

A) are not personality variables.
B) are global, decontextualized personality variables.
C) are contextualized personality variables.
D) none of the above.

Question 37

Research in academic settings reveals that defensive pessimists ______ optimists.

A) do worse than
B) do better than
C) do about the same as

Question 38

Research by Caspi et al. shows that socioeconomic status

A) is genetically determined.
B) influences personality outcomes.
C) is socially determined.
D) does not influence personality outcomes.
E) c and d.

Question 39

It has been found that, among defensive pessimists

A) expectations for GPA strongly predict actual GPA.
B) academic self-discrepancies negatively influence performance.
C) negativity of plans negatively predict performance.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.

Question 40

The KAPA model of personality architecture is based on a distinction between

A) procedural and declarative knowledge.
B) Bandura's and Mischel's research contributions.
C) genetics and the environment.
D) knowledge and appraisal.

Question 41

The idea that personality and culture are mutually constitutive means that

A) personality influences culture.
B) culture influences personality.
C) personality and culture make each other up.
D) personality and culture are independent forces.

Question 42

Asian students who moved to North America were found to gradually display higher scores in

A) neuroticism.
B) depression.
C) extraversion.
D) intelligence.

Question 43

"Hot" attentional focus reduces emotional arousal.

Question 44

Compared in Western nations, in Asian cultures self concept is

A) non-existent.
B) barely existent.
C) more independent.
D) more interdependent.

Question 45

Rejection-sensitive persons have poorer relationship outcomes.

Question 46

Socioemotional selectivity theory predicts that older adults will value

A) money.
B) cognitive functioning.
C) the learning of new skills, especially for dealing with technology.
D) emotion regulation, especially personal relationships.

Question 47

Research on the priming of cultural concepts by Hong et al. suggests that culture can be understood within a ______________ framework.

A) social-cognitive
B) psychoanalytic
C) trait theory
D) none of the above

Question 48

People who employ selection and optimization strategies

A) become confused from all the psychological work involved.
B) are more depressed.
C) subsequently become more depressed.
D) experience greater well-being.

Question 49

Socioemotional selectivity theory suggest that awareness of ______ is important to development.

A) one's life span
B) one's social group
C) one's nation of origin
D) one's parental influences

Question 50

Defensive pessimists obtain poor grades in school.

Question 51

People in India have been found to be less likely to attribute causes of actions to

A) personality characteristics.
B) situations.
C) chance.
D) all of the above.

Question 52

In Eastern cultures, people experience greater intrinsic motivation when tasks

A) are chosen by an authority figure.
B) are chosen by oneself.
C) are not very challenging.
D) are performed on a salary basis.

Question 53

Research investigating native people's of Bali indicates that in this nation

A) personal names are not used as frequently as in Western nations.
B) people do not value their role in the family.
C) people do not value their role in the community.
D) people are more emotional than in Western nations.

Question 54

Transference can be studied in the lab.

Question 55

The text suggests that issues of culture

A) of only small important to the study of personality.
B) are of central importance to the study of personality.
C) can be studied adequately by importing US research methods to other cultures.
D) none of the above.

Question 56

Rejection sensitivity cannot be measured via questionnaires.

Question 57

The quote from Clifford Geertz suggests that

A) personality influences culture.
B) culture influences personality.
C) culture is unimportant to personality.
D) there is no such thing as human nature without culture.

Question 58

Socioemotional selectivity theory examines life-course changes in

A) memory.
B) motives.
C) intelligence.
D) problem solving.

Question 59

Rejection-sensitive persons are just neurotic.

Question 60

Social-cognitive theory cannot explain the cross-situational consistency of personality functioning.

Question 61

The self concept is the same in all parts of the world.

Question 62

Personality development is uninfluenced by social context.

Question 63

The historical setting in which one grows up can influence the relation between personality factors and life outcomes.

Question 64

Suppose you were designing an intervention to promote environmental conservation. What would you do (applying the principles discussed in Chapter 14)?

Question 65

The pleasantness of emotional experiences is a strong predictor of life satisfaction in Eastern cultures.

Question 66

Older adults are most motivated to develop new skills.

Question 67

Discuss some research examples in which personality development is shown to reflect an interaction of early-life personality styles and social context.

Question 68

Are all personality variables global, or context-free? What are some examples of contextualized personality variables?

Question 69

In Western nations, self concept can be characterized as independent.