Deck 5: A Phenomenological Theory: Carl Rogers Person-Centered Theory of Personality

Question 1

Which of the following is not part of the phenomenal field?

A) conscious perceptions.
B) unconscious perceptions.
C) feelings.
D) all of the above.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

According to Rogers, the direction of our movement basically is toward

A) self-actualization.
B) maturity.
C) socialization.
D) all of the above.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In terms of his view of people, Rogers

A) has a Pollyanna view.
B) denies that people can be hostile or selfish.
C) emphasizes the potential for destruction.
D) emphasizes positive tendencies.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Rogers' theory is primarily a theory of

A) the structure of personality.
B) the nature of psychology as a science.
C) the process of change.
D) psychopathology.

Question 5

Rogers' theory of personality is associated with a particular view of human nature. That view is reflected in which of the following statements?

A) to the extent that people are as Freud pictured them they are neurotic.
B) human nature is basically negative.
C) self-actualization is essentially the same as Freud's concept of socialization.
D) people are basically sinful.

Question 6

Unconscious is to projective, as _______ is to the Q-sort.

A) phenomenal field.
B) defense.
C) self-actualization.
D) conflict.

Question 7

Which of the following was not employed by phenomenologists?

A) Q-sort.
B) semantic differential.
C) adjective checklist.
D) MMPI.

Question 8

The phenomenological approach emphasizes

A) feelings-experiences.
B) perceptions.
C) self-report measures.
D) all of the above.

Question 9

In terms of the potential for discovery of laws of personality, Rogers is

A) optimistic.
B) pessimistic.
C) uncertain.
D) ambivalent.

Question 10

Which of the following is not expressive of Rogers?

A) experience is the highest authority.
B) people have inherently cruel parts.
C) life is a flowing, changing process.
D) people drop false fronts when provided with security.

Question 11

For Rogers, the source of most concepts is (are)

A) novels.
B) experiments.
C) psychological tests.
D) therapy.

Question 12

The Q-sort can be used as a quantitative measure of

A) the difference in meaning between two concepts.
B) the independence of various motives.
C) anxiety associated with incongruence.
D) depression associated with incongruence.

Question 13

The person's perceptions of the world make up the

A) construct system.
B) phenomenal field.
C) ego.
D) self.

Question 14

Which of the following is not a characteristic Rogerian emphasis?

A) research.
B) phenomenology.
C) objective tests.
D) unstructured tests.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is not true of Rogers' phenomenological theory?

A) Reactions to the environment are based on individual perceptions.
B) Subjective self-reports can be treated objectively.
C) There is an orderly process of change.
D) Structure and fixity are more important than process and change.

Question 16

For Rogers, the highest authority is

A) data.
B) the scientific process.
C) experience.
D) there is no single authority.

Question 17

Which of the following statements does not accurately reflect an aspect of Rogers' theory of personality?

A) A person's phenomenological field is made up of both conscious and unconscious perceptions.
B) The most important determinants of behavior are those which are unconscious.
C) A person's phenomenological field is made up of both symbolized and unsymbolized perceptions.
D) The most important determinants of behavior are those which are symbolized.

Question 18

Which of the following was developed as a measure of attitudes and the meaning of concepts?

A) Q-data.
B) Q-sort.
C) adjective checklist.
D) semantic differential.

Question 19

Which of the following is not a phenomenological method?

A) Q-sort.
B) Thematic Apperception Test.
C) adjective checklist.
D) semantic differential.

Question 20

Two main trends seen throughout Rogers' life are

A) a concern with the subjective-experiential and the objective-scientific.
B) concern with religion and philosophy.
C) concern with individuals and media.
D) concern with the correlational approach and the construct validity approach.

Question 21

The concept of self-actualization

A) can be measured in terms of projective tests.
B) is too concrete to be of scientific utility.
C) has yet to be tied to an objective measure.
D) all of the above.

Question 22

The self as Rogers has conceptualized it and as related to his client-centered therapy can be thought of as

A) self-as-progress.
B) self-as-object.
C) self-as-doer.
D) all of the above.

Question 23

Within the framework of the Rogerian theory of personality, the "self" is the most important structural concept. In short, the "self" is

A) those particular parts of an individual's phenomenal field which relate to the individual.
B) the total system of events which make up the individual's life.
C) the perceptions and meanings which are potentially relevant to the individual and which are highly valued by the individual.
D) all of the above.

Question 24

As Rogers conceptualizes it, a number of meaningful statements can be made about the "self." Which of the following statements would Rogers agree with?

A) In general, the complex of meanings and perceptions which make up the "self" are unsymbolized by the individual.
B) The "self" is not structural in nature--being instead, an amorphous unit.
C) The "self" represents an organized set of perceptions.
D) The concept of the "self" as conceptualized by Rogers does not fit into what traditionally has been a topic of study in psychology.

Question 25

According to Rogers, the basic tendency for humans is to strive for

A) satisfaction of biological needs.
B) meeting security needs.
C) self-actualization.
D) psychosocial maturation.

Question 26

On the Q-sort, the subject distributes the statements according to

A) a random distribution.
B) a normal distribution.
C) a binomial distribution.
D) whichever distribution is chosen by the experimenter.

Question 27

According to the phenomenological position

A) the normal individual perceives the world in ways corresponding to other individuals.
B) for normals, the phenomenological field contains chiefly conscious perceptions.
C) the most important determinants of behavior are the unconscious ones.
D) study of the subjective phenomena cannot be "scientific."

Question 28

With which of the following statements would Rogers be most likely to disagree?

A) There is no one self but many selves.
B) Most tests of the self only get at a conscious aspect.
C) Most tests used are subject to defensive distortion.
D) No one test provides a satisfactory measure of the self concept.

Question 29

Freud is to drives as Rogers is to

A) tension reduction.
B) self actualization.
C) incongruence.
D) subception.

Question 30

Which of the following is not typically a measure of the self-concept?

A) Q-sort.
B) adjective checklist.
C) Rorschach.
D) semantic differential.

Question 31

Compared to people with high self-esteem, research shows that people with low self-esteem

A) are more motivated to improve their negative moods
B) are less motivated to improve their negative moods
C) are equally motivated to improve their negative moods

Question 32

Stephenson developed the

A) Q-sort technique.
B) adjective checklist.
C) semantic differential.
D) TAT.

Question 33

In the Q-sort, the subject

A) sorts statements into categories following a normal distribution.
B) sorts statements into categories following a binomial distribution.
C) sorts statements into self and ideal self categories.
D) sorts statements into desired self and undesired self categories.

Question 34

One measure of recognition of the self is

A) self-directed mirror behavior.
B) startle response at one's mirror image.
C) reflected appraisals.
D) all of the above.

Question 35

The psychoanalytic concept most relevant to that of self-actualization is

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) competence motivation.

Question 36

For Rogers, the self is made up of `

A) an organization of parts.
B) parts.
C) stimulus-response units.
D) parts that basically are stable and unchanging.

Question 37

According to current research, recognition of the self

A) is limited to humans.
B) is limited to humans and chimps.
C) is present in humans and dolphins.
D) is present in dogs if they are given practice.

Question 38

A measure of the self-concept used frequently by Rogers in his research is called

A) REP test.
B) Q technique.
C) Rorschach test.
D) self-as-object.

Question 39

An outstanding feature of the Q-sort is that

A) it is an objective measure of the phenomenal field.
B) it provides for comparisons of concepts.
C) it does not require a verbal response.
D) it can be used with all age groups.

Question 40

The concept of self-actualization most differs from

A) a tension-reduction model.
B) an existential model.
C) an ego model.
D) all of the above.

Question 41

Subception is the process through which experiences unavailable to awareness can lead to

A) depression.
B) ambiguity.
C) anxiety.
D) freedom.

Question 42

The view that one should be true to oneself is violated in

A) incongruence.
B) congruence.
C) consistency.
D) self-ideal self discrepancy.

Question 43

Research on the variability of self suggests that

A) high variability expresses flexibility.
B) high variability expresses instability.
C) variability is not a personality characteristic.
D) none of the above.

Question 44

Efforts to maintain self-consistency have been demonstrated in relation to

A) perception.
B) recall.
C) behavior.
D) all of the above.

Question 45

A discrepancy between self and experience leads to the state of

A) incongruence.
B) reflected appraisal.
C) depression.
D) anger.

Question 46

Congruence is a synonym for

A) equifinality.
B) genuineness.
C) equality.
D) moral integrity.

Question 47

Through the defense mechanism of denial we

A) allow an experience into awareness, but in a form consistent with the self.
B) preserve the self structure from threat.
C) experience a stimulus without bringing it into awareness.
D) none of the above.

Question 48

Rogers' view of self-actualization includes

A) a concept similar to competence motivation.
B) a concept like tension-reduction.
C) one of three motives relevant to process.
D) both (a) and (b).

Question 49

The concept of self consistency was originally developed by

A) Rogers.
B) Lecky.
C) Kelly.
D) Allport.

Question 50

Cartwright found subjects were better able to recall

A) adjectives consistent with the self.
B) adjectives inconsistent with the self.
C) There was no difference.
D) It depended on the situation.

Question 51

Two major defensive processes described by Rogers are

A) distortion and denial.
B) distortion and subception.
C) denial and subception.
D) distortion and repression.

Question 52

Within the Rogerian framework of personality, anxiety is the result of

A) subception.
B) denial.
C) incongruence.
D) the need for positive regard from others.

Question 53

According to Lecky,

A) the individual seeks to maintain the self structure.
B) rewards determine the elements of the self.
C) the individual seeks self enhancement.
D) all of the above.

Question 54

According to Rogers, a discrepancy between perceived self and experience leads to a state of

A) congruence.
B) incongruence.
C) confusion.
D) terror.

Question 55

The basis for the denial of experience is

A) imposition of conditions of worth.
B) early trauma.
C) fixation and regression.
D) all of the above.

Question 56

The process of subception refers to

A) cases in which an individual can experience a stimulus without bringing it into awareness.
B) self-consistency.
C) the process whereby a therapist understands the emotional experience of a client.
D) the need for positive regard from others.

Question 57

According to Rogers, the response to incongruence is

A) growth.
B) defense.
C) self-actualization.
D) none of the above.

Question 58

Relative to nondefensive subjects, defensive subjects are likely to

A) be more self-actualizing.
B) recall more stimuli inconsistent with the self.
C) recall fewer stimuli inconsistent with the self.
D) show no difference in recall of stimuli inconsistent with the self.

Question 59

Rogers' concept for the experiencing of a stimulus without bringing it into awareness is

A) incongruence.
B) subception.
C) self-actualization.
D) defensiveness.

Question 60

According to Rogers, vulnerability to anxiety is due to

A) incongruence.
B) inconsistency.
C) aggressive thoughts.
D) unconscious wishes.

Question 61

Which of the following was not true of Rogers?

A) emphasized change.
B) used few structural concepts.
C) emphasized the defensive processes present in the person.
D) emphasized self-report.

Question 62

According to Rogers, the imposition of conditions of worth on children causes

A) a lack of self-efficacy.
B) demands on the ego.
C) a rift between organism and self.
D) a rift between self and negative self.

Question 63

With regard to the interaction of parent and child during the child's development, it has been found that

A) there appears to be an inverse relationship between the types of evaluations a parent makes of himself and the types of evaluations he makes of the child.
B) the most critical determinant of what a child feels about himself is his perception of his parents' feeling about him.
C) children of authoritarian parents tend to have greater intellectual development.
D) children of democratic parents tend to be more aggressive in filling their needs.

Question 64

Freud's concept of the superego might be related to Rogers' concept of

A) self-actualization.
B) subception.
C) need for positive regard.
D) defense.

Question 65

Which of the following is not suggested as an important aspect of parent-child interaction?

A) degree of acceptance.
B) degree of narcissism.
C) permissiveness.
D) democratic processes.

Question 66

The development of self-esteem is associated with

A) freedom.
B) limits.
C) freedom within boundaries.
D) freedom without boundaries.

Question 67

Parents of children with high self-esteem

A) set clearly defined limits which are enforced.
B) use punishments rather than awards for behaviors.
C) are autocratic.
D) don't compromise their methods of control.

Question 68

According to Rogers, an organism may react to threatening stimuli with

A) denial.
B) projection.
C) neither (a) nor (b).
D) both (a) and (b).

Question 69

According to Coopersmith, which of the following is not a building block for high self-esteem in children?

A) loving mother.
B) democratic parenting.
C) varying enforcement of rules.
D) they all are building blocks.

Question 70

Parents who communicate negative appraisals may be suspected of

A) having low self-regard.
B) being hostile.
C) enforcing strict standards.
D) being zealous in the enforcement of rules.

Question 71

Rogerian theory holds that the dissociation of experiences and the rift between organism and self in children are the results of

A) unconditional positive regard given to the child by the parents.
B) conditional positive regard.
C) the imposition of conditions of worth on the child.
D) both (b) and (c).

Question 72

The evaluation an individual makes and maintains with regard to the self is

A) self-efficacy.
B) reflected appraisal.
C) positive regard.
D) self-esteem.

Question 73

Research suggests that the following parental attitudes most facilitate psychological growth in children:

A) acceptant, authoritarian.
B) acceptant, democratic.
C) strict, democratic.
D) authoritarian, kind.

Question 74

The development of creative potential is associated with conditions of

A) psychological safety and freedom.
B) psychological safety and no guidelines.
C) guidelines and intermittent reinforcement.
D) all of the above.

Question 75

For Rogers, defense occurs due to the threat of

A) punishment.
B) loss of positive regard.
C) reflected appraisal.
D) the ideal self.

Question 76

Parents with high self-esteem were found to

A) give little guidance.
B) set ambiguous limits.
C) make clear demands.
D) all of the above.

Question 77

One way in which people maintain a self-concept is through

A) being hostile to others.
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) manipulating others through guilt.
D) dreams.

Question 78

Which of the following does not have a significant effect on the development of self-esteem in children?

A) degree of acceptance.
B) amount of education.
C) permissiveness and punishments.
D) democratic practices.

Question 79

The utilization of the views of others to define the self is expressed in the concept of

A) dependence.
B) reflected appraisals.
C) mirroring.
D) self-directedness.

Question 80

Parental attitudes and practices are very important factors in the development of self-esteem in children. The research on the subject to date indicates that

A) parental permissiveness allows the child to develop confidence in his own decisions and enhances self-esteem.
B) parents of high self-esteem children tend to set behavioral guidelines and enforce them consistently.
C) parents of high self-esteem children tend to set few behavioral guidelines and are consistent in their enforcement of those rules.
D) low self-esteem children are given a wide latitude for individual action within the limited rules which are established.