Deck 2: Biological and Environmental Foundations

Question 1

In humans, ___ of the 23 pairs of chromosomes are matched and contain similar genes in almost identical positions and sequence.

A) 5
B) 14
C) 20
D) 22

Answer 1

22

Question 2

A process called ______ enables couples with a family history of diseases carried on the sex chromosomes to have a healthy baby of the sex unaffected by the disease they carry.

A) sex selection
B) gender modification
C) gene therapy
D) surrogacy

Answer 2

sex selection

Question 3

A human zygote contains ____ chromosomes from the biological mother and ____ chromosomes from the biological father.

A) 10; 20
B) 23; 46
C) 23; 23
D) 46; 46

Answer 3

23; 23

Question 4

In each human cell, a nucleus contains _____ chromosomes.

A) 12
B) 12 matching pairs of
C) 23
D) 23 matching pairs of

Question 5

Lu is from Korea and Pedro is from Ecuador. Lu and Pedro share ____ percent of their genes.

A) 15.7
B) 25.8
C) 44.2
D) 99.7

Question 6

Sex cells produce _____.

A) DNA
B) chromosomes
C) gametes
D) the genome

Question 7

The 23rd pair of chromosomes specify the ______ of the individual.

A) DNA
B) biological sex
C) intelligence
D) personality

Question 8

The ______ contains genetic instructions that will cause the fetus to develop male reproductive organs.

A) X chromosome
B) Y chromosome
C) gamete
D) nucleus

Question 9

The ____ is the set of instructions to construct a living organism.

A) zygote
B) nucleus
C) genome
D) gamete

Question 10

A(n) ____ is a fertilized egg.

A) chromosome
B) gamete
C) allele
D) zygote

Question 11

Genes are composed of stretches of _____, a complex molecule shaped like a twisted ladder or staircase.

A) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
B) gametes
C) zygotes
D) nuclei

Question 12

As a human, you share ___ percent of your DNA with our closest genetic relative, the chimpanzee.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 68
D) 99

Question 13

The human nucleus contains 23 matching pairs of rod-shaped structures called _______.

A) genomes
B) DNA
C) chromosomes
D) zygotes

Question 14

Genes are:

A) rod-shaped structures located in each human nucleus.
B) the blueprint for creating all of the traits that organisms carry.
C) sex cells that combine to create a unique individual.
D) identical molecules for every existing species on earth.

Question 15

If an ovum is fertilized by a(n) ____ sperm, a male fetus will develop. If an ovum is fertilized by a(n) ____ sperm, a female fetus will form.

A) Y; X
B) X; Y
C) XY; XX
D) XX; XY

Question 16

Mitosis ultimately enables humans to:

A) reproduce and pass on their genetic material.
B) develop from a single fertilized egg into a child, adolescent, and eventually, an adult.
C) develop into either a male or a female.
D) establish a unique genetic blueprint for development.

Question 17

Gametes reproduce through _____.

A) mitosis
B) meiosis
C) fertilization
D) dominant-recessive inheritance

Question 18

Child A has two large X-shaped chromosomes (XX), and Child B has one large X-shaped chromosome and one much smaller Y-shaped chromosome (XY). Child A is _____ and Child B is ____.

A) female; male
B) male; female
C) an identical twin; a fraternal twin
D) a fraternal twin; an identical twin

Question 19

_____ is the process of cell division during which DNA replicates itself.

A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) Fertilization
D) Cellular mutation

Question 20

Researchers have estimated that ______ to ______ genes reside within the chromosomes and influence all genetic characteristics.

A) 10,000; 15,000
B) 20,000; 25,000
C) 50,000; 70,000
D) 100,000; 200,000

Question 21

When an individual is heterozygous for a particular trait, the dominant gene is expressed and the person becomes _____ the recessive gene.

A) codominant for
B) an allele for
C) a carrier of
D) a producer of

Question 22

_____ increases genetic variability and accounts for genetic uniqueness.

A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) Sexual selection
D) Fertilization

Question 23

Dizygotic twins:

A) are also known as identical twins.
B) share about one half of their genes.
C) are more similar to each other than ordinary siblings.
D) occur less frequently than monozygotic twins.

Question 24

Shannon and Frankie just found out that they are pregnant. They are interested in the odds of having twins. You can tell them that twins occur in about 1 out of every ____ births in the United States.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 25

Chase and Carson share the same genotype, with identical instructions for all physical and psychological characteristics. Chase and Carson:

A) are dizygotic twins.
B) are monozygotic twins.
C) each have two large X-shaped chromosomes.
D) each have two small Y-shaped chromosomes.

Question 26

Xavier has dark curly hair and facial dimples. These characteristics are called _____ traits.

A) recessive
B) dominant
C) polygenic
D) codominant

Question 27

The genes within each chromosome can be expressed in different forms, or ______, that influence a variety of physical characteristics.

A) zygotes
B) nuclei
C) gametes
D) alleles

Question 28

In about ____ of fraternal twin pairs, one twin is a boy and other is a girl.

A) 10 percent
B) one third
C) half
D) 80 percent

Question 29

Maddox and Maecy both carry alleles for brown hair. Their 4-year-old son, Drake, also has brown hair. Therefore, Drake is ______ the trait of brown hair.

A) homozygous for
B) heterozygous for
C) a carrier of
D) recessive for

Question 30

When alleles of the pair of chromosomes are different, the person is _____ and the trait expressed will depend on the relations among the genes.

A) homozygous
B) heterozygous
C) dominant
D) polygenic

Question 31

Approximately 8 percent of African Americans carry the recessive sickle cell trait. However, sickle cell carriers do not develop full-blown sickle cell anemia. In fact, they may function normally but show some symptoms, such as reduced oxygen distribution throughout the body and exhaustion after exercise. This illustrates the ______ genetic inheritance pattern.

A) dominant-recessive
B) incomplete dominance
C) polygenic
D) mutated

Question 32

Tonya has straight red hair, blue eyes, and her big toe is longer than her second toe. These characteristics are called _____ traits.

A) recessive
B) dominant
C) polygenic
D) codominant

Question 33

____ twins originate from the same zygote.

A) Monozygotic
B) Dizygotic
C) Male
D) Female

Question 34

Which of the following factors increases the likelihood of having twins?

A) Being underweight
B) One or both parents of Asian ancestry
C) Older maternal age
D) High carb diet

Question 35

Which of the following traits reflect polygenic inheritance?

A) sickle cell anemia
B) facial dimples
C) baldness
D) intelligence

Question 36

Some genes are passed through __________, in which some genes are always expressed, regardless of the gene they are paired with other. Others will only be expressed if paired with another recessive gene.

A) dominant-recessive inheritance
B) incomplete dominance
C) polygenic inheritance
D) genomic imprinting

Question 37

Preconception sperm sorting and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis are two methods of _____.

A) surrogacy
B) gene therapy
C) gender modification
D) sex selection

Question 38

Identical twins occur in ____ of every 1,000 U.S. births.

A) 4
B) 17
C) 23
D) 35

Question 39

____ are conceived when a woman releases more than one ovum and each is fertilized by a different sperm.

A) Dizygotic twins
B) Conjoined twins
C) Triplets
D) Monozygotic twins

Question 40

_______ is a genetic inheritance pattern in which both genes influence the characteristic.

A) Dominant-recessive inheritance
B) Polygenic inheritance
C) Incomplete dominance
D) Genomic imprinting

Question 41

Vince has one of the most common sex chromosome abnormalities. Vince has _____ syndrome.

A) Klinefelter
B) Down
C) XYY
D) fragile X

Question 42

Kevin suffers from the most widely known chromosome disorder. Kevin has ____ syndrome.

A) Prader-Willi
B) Klinefelter
C) Down
D) triple X

Question 43

Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes illustrate the concept of _____.

A) polygenic inheritance
B) genomic imprinting
C) dominant-recessive inheritance
D) incomplete dominance

Question 44

_______ is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation.

A) Fragile X syndrome
B) PKU
C) Tay-Sachs disease
D) Down syndrome

Question 45

______ is a recessive disease that primarily affects descendants of Central and Eastern European Jews. There is no cure for this disease and most die by age 4.

A) Tay-Sachs disease
B) Cooley's anemia
C) Sickle cell anemia
D) Huntington's Disease

Question 46

Instances in which the expression of a gene is determined by whether it is inherited from the mother or the father is called _______.

A) polygenic inheritance
B) incomplete dominance
C) dominant-recessive inheritance
D) genomic imprinting

Question 47

Today, the average life expectancy of individuals with Down syndrome is ____.

A) 25
B) 40
C) 60
D) 75

Question 48

Most traits are a function of the interaction of multiple genes, known as _______.

A) polygenic inheritance
B) incomplete dominance
C) dominant-recessive inheritance
D) genomic imprinting

Question 49

Some research suggests that fragile X syndrome is strongly associated with ____.

A) autism
B) ADHD
C) Huntington's disease
D) PKU

Question 50

Daughters who inherit the gene for hemophilia:

A) usually die from the disease before the age of 20.
B) demonstrate more severe symptoms than sons who inherit the gene.
C) typically do not show the disorder.
D) have an 80 percent chance of transmitting the gene to their offspring.

Question 51

Emily has Prader-Willi syndrome, a disorder that is characterized by obesity, insatiable hunger, short stature, motor slowness, and mild to moderate intellectual impairment. According to the concept of genomic imprinting, Emily inherited this disorder from her _____.

A) mother
B) father
C) maternal grandmother
D) paternal grandfather

Question 52

About 1 in ____ males are affected by color blindness.

A) 5
B) 12
C) 70
D) 100

Question 53

Levi has a fatal disease that causes the central nervous system to deteriorate, leading to significant declines in muscle coordination and cognition. He was unaware that he had the disease until his late-30s because he did not experience any symptoms in childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood. Levi has ______.

A) cystic fibrosis
B) Marfan syndrome
C) Huntington's disease
D) PKU

Question 54

Some of the most common chromosomal abnormalities affect the _____ pair of chromosomes.

A) 9th
B) 15th
C) 21st
D) 23rd

Question 55

Which of the following diseases/disorders is an example of dominant-recessive inheritance?

A) Prader-Willi syndrome
B) Down syndrome
C) Autism
D) Cystic fibrosis

Question 56

Which of the following statements about fragile X syndrome is true?

A) It only affects males.
B) It only affects females.
C) It occurs in about 1 in every 3,000 U.S. births.
D) It occurs in both males and females.

Question 57

Down syndrome occurs in approximately 1 out of every ____ births.

A) 500
B) 700
C) 1200
D) 1500

Question 58

Trenton, age 50, has Down syndrome. Compared to unaffected adults his age, Trenton is at greater risk for developing ______.

A) Huntington's disease
B) Alzheimer's disease
C) Cooley's anemia
D) Cystic fibrosis

Question 59

Down syndrome is also called ______.

A) fragile X syndrome
B) trisomy 21
C) Klinefelter syndrome
D) trisomy 15

Question 60

One of the most common recessive disorders is _____, which is diagnosed in about 1 of every 15,000 newborns.

A) cystic fibrosis
B) Marfan syndrome
C) Huntington's disease
D) PKU

Question 61

Which of the following tests is the least invasive for detecting chromosomal abnormalities?

A) ultrasound
B) amniocentesis
C) chorionic villus sampling
D) NIPT

Question 62

Approximately 1 in 1,000 females are born with _____ syndrome.

A) Klinefelter
B) triple X
C) XYY
D) fragile X

Question 63

Amniocentesis should not be conducted before the _____ week of pregnancy, as it may increase the risk of miscarriage.

A) 15th
B) 20th
C) 27th
D) 30th

Question 64

Danica, age 28, is very short in stature, has an abnormally small jaw, and her neck has extra folds of skin. Danica has never ovulated and she has underdeveloped breasts. Danica suffers from ____syndrome.

A) Klinefelter
B) triple X
C) XYY
D) Turner

Question 65

When is prenatal screening likely to be recommended?

A) When genetic counseling has determined a risk for genetic abnormalities
B) When the mother is under age 20 or over age 30
C) When the mother has gained more than the recommended weight in the first trimester
D) Prenatal screening is recommended for all pregnancies in the United States

Question 66

Gia has brown hair, brown eyes, and dark skin. These traits are part of Gia's ______.

A) genotype
B) phenotype
C) reaction range
D) epigenetic framework

Question 67

______ is a medical specialty that helps prospective parents determine the risk that their children will inherit genetic defects and chromosomal abnormalities.

A) Obstetrics
B) Behavior genetics
C) Prenatal diagnosis
D) Genetic counseling

Question 68

______ is recommended for women ages 35 and over, especially if the woman and partner are both known carriers of genetic diseases.

A) Ultrasound
B) Amniocentesis
C) Chorionic villus sampling
D) Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT)

Question 69

Kaden is very thin, has severe acne, and demonstrates poor coordination. He also produces excessive levels of testosterone. Kaden has _____ syndrome.

A) Klinefelter
B) Down
C) XYY
D) fragile X

Question 70

In Africa, children who inherit a single sickle cell allele are more resistant to malarial infection and more likely to survive. This demonstrates:

A) that nature is more influential than nurture.
B) the epigenetic framework.
C) that mutations can sometimes be beneficial.
D) the purpose of behavioral genetics.

Question 71

Our genetic makeup, inherited from our biological parents, consists of a complex blend of hereditary characteristics known as ______.

A) genotype
B) phenotype
C) behavior genetics
D) canalization

Question 72

Which of the following may result in mutated genes?

A) High-fat diet
B) Exposure to radiation
C) Young maternal age
D) Poverty

Question 73

Due to recent advances in genetics and fetal medicine, _______ can repair defects of the heart, lung, urinary tract and other areas.

A) fetal surgery
B) chorionic villus sampling
C) NIPT
D) ultrasound

Question 74

In some instances, a(n) ______ causes a sudden change and abnormality in the structure of genes.

A) mutation
B) extra chromosome
C) broken chromosome
D) allele

Question 75

Using _____, cell-free fetal DNA are examined by drawing blood from the mother.

A) amniocentesis
B) chorionic villus sampling
C) NIPT
D) ultrasound

Question 76

Which of the following individuals would be a good candidate for genetic counseling?

A) Maria, who previously had twins
B) Beth, who is 37
C) Ariel, who is a pregnant teenager
D) Coral, who is unsure if she wants children

Question 77

______ requires studying a small amount of tissue from the chorion to determine the presence of chromosomal abnormalities.

A) Amniocentesis
B) Chorionic villus sampling
C) Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT)
D) Ultrasound

Question 78

The most widespread and routine method of prenatal diagnosis is _______.

A) amniocentesis
B) chorionic villus sampling
C) noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT)
D) ultrasound

Question 79

When conducted prior to 10 weeks gestational age, _______ may increase the likelihood of limb defects and miscarriage.

A) ultrasound
B) amniocentesis
C) chorionic villus sampling
D) noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT)

Question 80

Ultrasound allows physicians to:

A) analyze the fetus' genotype.
B) administer hormones to the developing fetus.
C) diagnose most chromosomal disorders.
D) determine the sex of the fetus.