Question 1

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress?&#10;A) Norepinephrine&#10;B) Cortisol&#10;C) Epinephrine&#10;D) Insulin

Accepted Answer

Insulin secretion is impaired during stress to promote energy from increased blood glucose.Norepinephrine is secreted during stress as a mediator of stress and adaptation.Cortisol is secreted during stress as a mediator of stress and adaptation and stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver to supply the body with glucose.Epinephrine is secreted during stress as a mediator of stress and adaptation and increases glycogenolysis and the release of glucose from the liver.

Question 2

Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in&#10;A) stress reduction.&#10;B) permanent damage and death.&#10;C) movement into the resistance stage.&#10;D) exhaustion of the sympathetic nervous system.

Accepted Answer

If the alarm stage were to persist, the body would soon suffer undue wear and tear and become subject to permanent damage and even death.Actions taken by the individual during the resistance stage lead to stress reduction.The resistance stage may or may not occur following the alarm stage, based on resource availability.The sympathetic nervous system will continue to function, resulting in continued release of stress hormones.

Question 3

Aldosterone may increase during stress, leading to&#10;A) decreased urinary output.&#10;B) increased blood potassium.&#10;C) increased sodium retention.&#10;D) increased blood volume.&#10;E) decreased blood pressure.

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone increases water and sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the renal distal tubules and collecting ducts, thus leading to decreased urinary output, sodium retention in the body, and increased extracellular fluid volume.Because it leads to potassium excretion, aldosterone leads to decreased blood potassium.

Question 4

Events which occur during the alarm stage of the stress response include secretion of&#10;A) catecholamines.&#10;B) ACTH.&#10;C) glucocorticoids.&#10;D) immune cytokines.&#10;E) TSH.

Accepted Answer

During the alarm stage, catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine), ACTH, glucocorticoids, and immune cytokines are secreted.TSH is not secreted during the stress response.

Question 5

Selye's three phases of the stress response include all the following except&#10;A) allostasis.&#10;B) resistance.&#10;C) alarm.&#10;D) exhaustion.

Accepted Answer

Allostasis is defined as the ability to successfully adapt to challenges.Allostasis may/may not occur in response to stress.Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion are the three phases of the stress response as described by Selye in the general adaptation syndrome.

Question 6

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by&#10;A) norepinephrine.&#10;B) cortisol.&#10;C) glucagon.&#10;D) ACTH.

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine is secreted in response to activation of the sympathetic nervous system during stress by the adrenal medulla.Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex.Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas.ACTH is secreted by the pituitary gland.

Question 7

Chronic activation of stress hormones can lead to&#10;A) cardiovascular disease.&#10;B) depression.&#10;C) impaired cognitive function.&#10;D) autoimmune disease.&#10;E) overactive immune function.

Accepted Answer

Excessive cortisol levels promote hypertension, atherosclerosis, and the development of cardiovascular disease.Chronic overactive stress hormones may result in atrophy and death of brain cells.Elevated levels of stress hormones are found in individuals with depressive disorders.Chronic stress leads to immune function impairment, rather than overactive immune function, and has been implicated in autoimmune disorders.

Question 8

All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except&#10;A) aldosterone.&#10;B) cortisol.&#10;C) norepinephrine.&#10;D) epinephrine.

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone results in water and sodium retention and potassium loss in the urine.It does not affect blood glucose.Cortisol is a glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex.Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver, thus increasing blood glucose.Norepinephrine inhibits insulin secretion, thus increasing blood sugar.Epinephrine increases glucose release from the liver and inhibits insulin secretion, thus increasing blood glucose.

Question 9

Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except&#10;A) tachycardia.&#10;B) diaphoresis.&#10;C) increased peripheral resistance.&#10;D) pupil constriction.

Accepted Answer

Pupils dilate during stress from the effects of catecholamines.Tachycardia, diaphoresis, and increased peripheral resistance are indicators of stress and also occur due to catecholamine release.

Question 10

Allostasis is best defined as&#10;A) steady state.&#10;B) a state of equilibrium, of balance within the organism.&#10;C) the process by which the body heals following disease.&#10;D) the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being.

Accepted Answer

Allostasis refers to the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being.

Question 11

The effect of stress on the immune system&#10;A) is unknown.&#10;B) has been demonstrated to be non-existent in studies.&#10;C) most often involves enhancement of the immune system.&#10;D) may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The effect of stress on the immune...

Question 12

The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is&#10;A) energy and repair.&#10;B) invoke resting state.&#10;C) produce exhaustion.&#10;D) set a new baseline steady state.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The primary adaptive purpose of the substances...

Question 13

The effects of excessive cortisol production include&#10;A) immune suppression.&#10;B) hypoglycemia.&#10;C) anorexia.&#10;D) inflammatory reactions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The effects of excessive cortisol production include&#10;A)...

Deck 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors