Deck 27: Intrarenal Disorders

Question 1

A patient with gouty arthritis develops renal calculi.The composition of these calculi is most likely to be

A) potassium oxalate.
B) struvite.
C) cysteine.
D) uric acid crystals.

Answer 1

uric acid crystals.

Question 2

It is true that polycystic kidney disease is

A) always rapidly fatal.
B) due to a streptococcal infection.
C) associated with supernumerary kidney.
D) genetically transmitted.

Answer 2

genetically transmitted.

Question 3

The consequence of an upper urinary tract obstruction in a single ureter is

A) kidney stone formation.
B) hydronephrosis.
C) dilation of the urethra.
D) anuria.

Answer 3

hydronephrosis.

Question 4

Nephrotic syndrome does not usually cause

A) hyperlipidemia.
B) proteinuria.
C) hematuria.
D) generalized edema.

Question 5

Calcium oxylate stone formation is facilitated by

A) hypercalciuria.
B) hypoparathyroidism.
C) low urine pH.
D) protein intake.

Question 6

The most common type of renal stone is

A) uric acid.
B) calcium.
C) struvite.
D) cysteine.

Question 7

In addition to E.coli, a risk factor for development of pyelonephritis is

A) urinary retention and reflux.
B) nephrotic syndrome.
C) respiratory disease.
D) glomerulonephritis.

Question 8

The pain that accompanies kidney disorders is called

A) nephritic.
B) nephralgia.
C) nephrotic.
D) nephronitis.

Question 9

The most common direct cause of acute pyelonephritis is

A) urine obstruction.
B) systemic bacteremia.
C) urethral catheterization.
D) infection by E. coli.

Question 10

One cause of an extrinsic renal system obstruction is

A) clot.
B) pelvic tumor.
C) neurogenic bladder.
D) papillary necrosis.

Question 11

The organism most commonly associated with acute pyelonephritis is

A) Streptococcus.
B) Escherichia coli.
C) Klebsiella.
D) Enterobacter.

Question 12

Scrotal pain in males and labial pain in females may accompany renal pain due to

A) associated infections.
B) associated dermatomes.
C) muscle tension.
D) anxiety.

Question 13

Signs consistent with a diagnosis of glomerulonephritis include

A) anuria.
B) proteinuria.
C) red blood cell casts in the urine.
D) foul-smelling urine.

Question 14

Nephrotic syndrome involves loss of large amounts of ________ in the urine.

A) blood
B) sodium
C) glucose
D) protein

Question 15

A person with acute pyelonephritis would most typically experience

A) fever.
B) oliguria.
C) edema.
D) hypertension.

Question 16

A major modifiable risk factor for nephrolithiasis is

A) positive family history.
B) dehydration.
C) smoking.
D) drinking alcohol.

Question 17

The most common sign/symptom of renal calculi is

A) pain.
B) vomiting.
C) hematuria.
D) oliguria.

Question 18

The major underlying factor leading to the edema associated with glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome is

A) hematuria.
B) bacteriuria.
C) glycosuria.
D) proteinuria.

Question 19

Findings that should prompt an evaluation for renal cancer include

A) bacteria in the urine.
B) intermittent urinary colic.
C) hematuria.
D) red blood cell casts in the urine.

Question 20

The pathophysiologic basis of acute glomerulonephritis is

A) renal ischemia.
B) bacterial invasion of the glomerulus.
C) an anaphylactic reaction.
D) an immune complex reaction.

Question 21

The condition characterized by oliguria and hematuria is

A) acute glomerulonephritis.
B) polycystic kidney disease.
C) cystitis.
D) renal insufficiency.

Question 22

The primary risk factors for renal cell carcinoma include

A) genetics.
B) cigarette smoking.
C) obesity.
D) hypertension.
E) nulliparous women.

Question 23

Hyperlipidemia occurs in nephrotic syndrome because

A) hepatocytes synthesize excessive lipids.
B) lipids are not excreted in the urine.
C) body fats are catabolized.
D) muscles stop burning triglycerides for energy.

Question 24

The major cause of glomerulonephritis is

A) infection of the glomerular capsule secondary to a urinary tract infection.
B) immune system damage to the glomeruli.
C) hydronephrosis resulting from kidney stones.
D) Streptococcus infection that migrates from the bloodstream to the glomerulus.

Question 25

Glomerular disorders include

A) pyelonephritis.
B) obstructive uropathy.
C) interstitial cystitis.
D) nephrotic syndrome.

Question 26

A person who is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome is also experiencing hypoalbuminemia.This happens because

A) hepatocyte failure decreases albumin synthesis.
B) albumin is excreted in the urine.
C) albumin leaks into the interstitial spaces.
D) malnutrition is part of nephrotic syndrome.

Question 27

Risk factors for renal carcinoma include

A) genetics.
B) hypotension.
C) cigarette smoking.
D) obesity.
E) chemicals.

Question 28

The manifestations of acute pyelonephritis

A) are mild and insidious.
B) can result in dehydration.
C) often include symptoms of lower urinary tract infection.
D) include fever, chills, and costovertebral angle tenderness.
E) may include urosepsis.

Question 29

The urea-splitting bacteria (Proteus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas)contribute to the formation of ________ kidney stones.

A) struvite
B) calcium oxalate
C) uric acid
D) cystine

Question 30

The infection frequently associated with development of postinfectious acute glomerulonephritis is

A) pneumonia.
B) throat infection.
C) endocarditis.
D) urinary tract infection.

Question 31

The type of glomerulonephritis which is most likely to result in a swift decline in renal function that then progresses to acute kidney injury is

A) acute glomerulonephritis.
B) crescentic glomerulonephritis.
C) post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.
D) chronic glomerulonephritis.

Question 32

Which condition is caused by a genetic defect?

A) Acute pyelonephritis
B) Hydroureter
C) Incontinence
D) Polycystic kidney disease

Question 33

The main clinical manifestation of a kidney stone obstructing the ureter is

A) oliguria.
B) renal colic.
C) urge incontinence.
D) an abdominal mass.

Question 34

A patient who reported a very painful sore throat 3 weeks ago is now diagnosed with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.When asked, "Why is my urine the color of coffee?", the nurse responds

A) "Normally, red blood cells that enter the urine are taken back into the blood, but in glomerulonephritis, the kidney disease you have, they stay in the urine and make it coffee-colored."
B) "Your immune system was activated by your sore throat and has caused some damage in your kidneys that allows red blood cells to leak into the fluid that becomes urine and make it coffee-colored."
C) "The bacteria that caused your sore throat have traveled to your kidneys and are causing a little damage there that allows some red blood cells to leak into your urine and make it orange-colored."
D) "When parts of your kidneys stopped working, your blood kept flowing and broke some of your little blood vessels, so red blood cells are flowing into your urine and making it coffee-colored."

Question 35

A common component of renal calculi is

A) calcium.
B) cholesterol.
C) creatinine.
D) urobilirubin.

Question 36

The physiology that explains the intermittent nature of pain caused by a kidney stone is that

A) ureters use peristalsis and gravity to move urine.
B) ureters insert into the bladder at an angle.
C) in men, the prostate gland surrounds the urethra.
D) in men, the urethra is longer than in women.

Question 37

The individual at highest risk of pyelonephritis who requires monitoring for signs of its occurrence is the

A) woman who is paraplegic.
B) woman who is pregnant.
C) man who has glomerulonephritis.
D) man who has chronic urinary tract infections.

Question 38

When a patient experiencing nephrotic syndrome asks, "What causes my urine to be so full of protein," the nurse's response is based on the knowledge that

A) his glomeruli have been damaged by his own immune system.
B) the glomerular membrane has increased permeability.
C) his liver is extremely active in synthesizing protein.
D) his renal tubules are full of cellular debris.

Question 39

Renal stone formation is affected by

A) urine concentration.
B) urine PH.
C) metabolic/congenital conditions.
D) dietary intake.
E) potassium level.