Deck 2: The Digestive System: Mechanism for Nourishing the Body

Question 1

Bile is most important for the digestion and absorption of ____.

A)carbohydrates
B)proteins
C)fats
D)vitamins

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which structure is not considered an accessory organ?

A)pancreas
B)liver
C)gallbladder
D)spleen

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which structural component of the gastrointestinal tract lies within the muscularis externa and controls the contractions that cause motility?

A)muscularis mucosae
B)submucosal plexus
C)myenteric plexus
D)lumen

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The parietal cells secrete ____.

A)hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
B)intrinsic factor and gastrin
C)gastrin and zymogens
D)zymogens and hydrochloric acid

Question 5

Endocrine cells of the pancreas are found in which structure?

A)the pancreatic duct
B)the islets of Langerhans
C)the sphincter of Oddi
D)the beta cells

Question 6

A decrease in the function of the parotid glands is most likely to result in ____.

A)a lack of triglyceride digestion
B)bolus that is difficult to form
C)saliva that is too thin, that is, a high water to mucus ratio
D)diarrhea due to malabsorption

Question 7

The product(s)of pepsin's action is/are ____.

A)disaccharides
B)amylose
C)short-chain fatty acids
D)hydrolyzed proteins

Question 8

Delayed gastric emptying is known as ____.

A)cholecystitis
B)cholelithiasis
C)gastritis
D)gastroparesis

Question 9

The chief cells secrete ____.

A)gastrin
B)mucus
C)zymogens
D)hydrochloric acid

Question 10

Which cells,found both in the oxyntic glands and pyloric glands of the stomach,secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor?

A)neck cells
B)parietal cells
C)chief cells
D)enteroendocrine cells

Question 11

Pepcid,a drug that is classified as an H₂ receptor blocker,acts by ____.

A)inhibiting the secretion of hydrogen ions by the parietal cells
B)inhibiting the release of acetylcholine by the vagus nerve
C)inhibiting the binding of gastrin to the parietal cells
D)inhibiting the binding of histamine to the parietal cells

Question 12

What product produced by neck cells in the oxyntic gland of the stomach protects the epithelium from mechanical and chemical damage?

A)amylase
B)pepsin
C)gastrin
D)mucus

Question 13

When the pH of the stomach is increased to avoid GERD,over time,the stomach may not be acidic enough.What is the most likely outcome?

A)lack of carbohydrate digestion
B)decreased protein digestion
C)destruction of bacteria in the stomach
D)gastric ulcer

Question 14

Gastrin stimulates which cells?

A)oxyntic cells
B)parietal and chief cells
C)pancreatic exocrine cells
D)alpha cells

Question 15

Which substance is not a component of saliva?

A)mucus
B)enzymes
C)water
D)proteases

Question 16

Which cells,found in oxyntic glands in the body of the stomach,secrete pepsinogens?

A)neck cells
B)parietal cells
C)chief cells
D)enteroendocrine cells

Question 17

Which glycoproteins bind water and are gel-forming?

A)mucins
B)proteoglycans
C)prostaglandins
D)zymogens

Question 18

What is the name of the digestive enzyme in saliva that digests starch?

A)lipase
B)synthetase
C)amylase
D)lactase

Question 19

Within the lamina propria,lying just below the epithelium,is the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT),which ____.

A)controls secretions from the mucosal glands
B)contains white blood cells and protects against ingested microorganisms
C)initiates peristalsis
D)secretes mucus, hormones, and digestive juices into the lumen

Question 20

Which specialized cell of the gastric epithelium secretes a hormone?

A)neck
B)parietal
C)chief
D)G-cell

Question 21

Dumping syndrome may be caused by ____.

A)bacterial infections
B)viral infections
C)partial removal of the stomach to treat obesity
D)gall stones

Question 22

In which part of the brain is the swallowing center located?

A)the hypothalamus
B)the medulla oblongata
C)the thalamus
D)the pons

Question 23

Which phrase best describes the function of the crypt of Lieberkühn?

A)mucus secretion
B)glucose oxidation
C)cellular differentiation
D)amylase secretion

Question 24

A common cause of peptic ulcer disease (PUD)is the bacterium ____.

A)Escherichia coli
B)Helicobacter pylori
C)Staphylococcus aureus
D)Enterobacter aerogenes

Question 25

The surface coat of microvilli is known as ____.

A)the glycocalyx
B)the crypts of Lieberkühn
C)motilin
D)proteases

Question 26

Pancreatic juice that enters the duodenum through the sphincter of Oddi contains all of the following EXCEPT ____.

A)digestive enzymes
B)intrinsic factor
C)anions such as bicarbonate and chloride
D)cations such as sodium, potassium, and calcium

Question 27

The hormone primarily responsible for contraction of the gallbladder and release of bile into the duodenum is ____.

A)gastrin
B)secretin
C)cholecystokinin
D)GRP

Question 28

Which substance is enterohepatically circulated?

A)pancreatic enzymes
B)bile
C)glucose
D)CCK

Question 29

Bile salts are synthesized from cholesterol in the ____.

A)canaliculi
B)common bile duct
C)hepatocytes
D)gallbladder

Question 30

Which process allows gastric expansion with food intake with minimal impact on intragastric pressure?

A)peristalsis
B)receptive relaxation
C)segmentation
D)pendular movement

Question 31

Which hormone's major action is to alkalize intestinal contents by stimulating secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas and by inhibiting gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying?

A)gastrin
B)secretin
C)cholecystokinin
D)GRP

Question 32

Which medication inhibits hydrogen release into the gastric juice,which reduces GI mucosal irritation?

A)Pepcid
B)Nexium
C)Tums
D)Tagamet

Question 33

Which hormone(s)is/are responsible for decreasing sodium absorption in the colon?

A)glucocorticoids
B)mineralocorticoids
C)vasopressin
D)glucagon

Question 34

The total bile acid pool in the human body is 2.5 to 5 g.What percentage of bile is reabsorbed in the distal ileum?

A)10 percent
B)30 percent
C)65 percent
D)90 percent

Question 35

In general,in which portion of the gastrointestinal tract does most absorption occur?

A)esophagus
B)stomach
C)small intestine
D)colon

Question 36

The pancreas is a digestive system accessory organ with two types of active tissue-the ductless endocrine cells that secrete insulin and glucagon and the ____.

A)liver-like cells that produce bile
B)ductless absorptive tissue that controls bicarbonate
C)acinar exocrine cells that produce digestive enzymes
D)erythropoietic cells that produce red blood cells

Question 37

In which organ are enzymes produced that are responsible for digestion of 50 percent of carbohydrate and protein and 90 percent of fat?

A)liver
B)esophagus
C)pancreas
D)gallbladder

Question 38

Which structure helps to prevent the migration of bacteria from the large intestine back into the small intestine?

A)the cecum
B)the appendix
C)the ileocecal valve
D)the ileum

Question 39

Pyloric glands are located predominantly ____.

A)at the juncture of the esophagus and the stomach
B)in the fundus and the body of the stomach
C)in the antrum of the stomach
D)in the cardiac portion of the stomach

Question 40

A large gall stone blocking the cystic duct might result in ____.

A)a reduction in the production of bile by the liver
B)an increase in bile production by the liver
C)enhancement of fat digestion
D)interference with fat digestion

Question 41

Eating a meal stimulates ghrelin secretion.

Question 42

GIP stimulates the release of a hormone from the pancreatic β-cells.

Question 43

Peptide YY stimulates gastric acid secretion.

Question 44

When diagnosing lactose intolerance,____ is measured in the breath following oral consumption of 50 g lactose.

A)methane
B)hydrogen
C)carbon dioxide
D)sulfur

Question 45

CCK stimulates pancreatic zymogen release.

Question 46

Gastrin stimulates gastric acid secretion.

Question 47

Ghrelin increases satiety.

Question 48

CCK stimulates the release of bile.

Question 49

Lactose intolerance is least common in _____.

A)European Americans
B)African Americans
C)American Indians
D)Asian Americans

Question 50

Secretin stimulates HCl release.

Question 51

Which hormone decreases appetite?

A)peptide YY
B)motilin
C)secretin
D)pancreatic polypeptide

Question 52

Secretin stimulates gastric emptying.

Question 53

Which hormone stimulates gall bladder contraction?

A)motilin
B)gastrin
C)cholecystokinin
D)secretin

Question 54

Among the regulatory peptide molecules,some are recognized as true hormones.Which substance is a paracrine rather than a hormone?

A)somatostatin
B)secretin
C)cholecystokinin
D)gastrin

Question 55

Which hormone diminishes gastric acid secretion?

A)somatostatin
B)gastrin
C)cholecystokinin
D)pancreatic polypeptide

Question 56

A deficiency in secretion of cholecystokinin might lead to which problem?

A)a reduction in gastric acid production
B)difficulty digesting fats
C)difficulty digesting proteins
D)a buildup of intestinal gas

Question 57

Which division of the nervous system decreases digestive tract motility and secretions?

A)parasympathetic
B)somatic
C)adrenergic
D)sympathetic

Question 58

Leptin secretion stimulates the desire to eat.

Question 59

Secretin is released from the enteroendocrine S-cell in the ____.

A)proximal small intestine
B)gastric mucosa
C)esophagus
D)colon

Question 60

Taking antihistamines might lead to a(n)____.

A)increase in stomach acid production
B)increase in bile release
C)decrease in stomach acid secretion
D)reduction in pancreatic enzyme production

Question 61

Match the corresponding action to the hormone.  Each choice is used only once.
a.stimulates insulin secretion
b.stimulates pancreas juice secretion
c.inhibits gall bladder contraction
d.stimulates pepsinogen secretion
e.decreases gastric emptying
glucagon-like peptides

Question 62

Pancreatitis occurs when zymogens become activated within the pancreas.

Question 63

What happens to reabsorbed bile acids after transported back to the liver?

Question 64

Match the substance important for digestion with its site of production.
A.hepatocytes
b.gastric chief cells
c.pancreatic exocrine tissue
d.salivary glands
e.small intestine
ptyalin

Question 65

Short-chain fatty acids secreted by intestinal bacteria improve colonic and splanchnic blood flow.

Question 66

Match the substance important for digestion with its site of production.
A.hepatocytes
b.gastric chief cells
c.pancreatic exocrine tissue
d.salivary glands
e.small intestine
collagenase

Question 67

The fundus of the stomach lies below the gastroesophageal sphincter.

Question 68

Describe the mechanisms by which resin-type drugs and functional foods containing phytostanols lower high blood cholesterol levels.

Question 69

Describe the beneficial effects of secretions released by colonic bacteria.

Question 70

The predominant component of saliva is amylase.

Question 71

Discuss the role of drug therapies such as Tagamet,Zantac,and Pepcid in the treatment of peptic ulcers.

Question 72

Match the substance important for digestion with its site of production.
A.hepatocytes
b.gastric chief cells
c.pancreatic exocrine tissue
d.salivary glands
e.small intestine
trypsinogen

Question 73

Match the corresponding action to the hormone.  Each choice is used only once.
a.stimulates insulin secretion
b.stimulates pancreas juice secretion
c.inhibits gall bladder contraction
d.stimulates pepsinogen secretion
e.decreases gastric emptying
gastrin

Question 74

Match the corresponding action to the hormone.  Each choice is used only once.
a.stimulates insulin secretion
b.stimulates pancreas juice secretion
c.inhibits gall bladder contraction
d.stimulates pepsinogen secretion
e.decreases gastric emptying
pancreatic polypeptide

Question 75

Match the corresponding action to the hormone.  Each choice is used only once.
a.stimulates insulin secretion
b.stimulates pancreas juice secretion
c.inhibits gall bladder contraction
d.stimulates pepsinogen secretion
e.decreases gastric emptying
secretin

Question 76

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are capable of killing many different bacteria,including many of those that naturally live in the intestines.Develop a hypothesis regarding the effects of broad-spectrum antibiotics on the beneficial effects of gut flora.

Question 77

Match the corresponding action to the hormone.  Each choice is used only once.
a.stimulates insulin secretion
b.stimulates pancreas juice secretion
c.inhibits gall bladder contraction
d.stimulates pepsinogen secretion
e.decreases gastric emptying
somatostatin

Question 78

Villi are s-designed to increase the absorptive surface area of the small

Question 79

Match the substance important for digestion with its site of production.
A.hepatocytes
b.gastric chief cells
c.pancreatic exocrine tissue
d.salivary glands
e.small intestine
cholic acid

Question 80

Match the substance important for digestion with its site of production.
A.hepatocytes
b.gastric chief cells
c.pancreatic exocrine tissue
d.salivary glands
e.small intestine
pepsinogen