Deck 9: Water-Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

The B vitamin that is involved in hematopoiesis (production of blood cells)is ____.

A)vitamin B₁₂
B)vitamin B?
C)biotin
D)vitamin B₂

Answer 1

vitamin B₁₂

Question 2

When ascorbic acid becomes dehydroascorbic acid,it has ____.

A)lost two electrons
B)lost one electron
C)gained two electrons
D)gained one electron

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Most animals synthesize their own ascorbic acid from ____.

A)glucose
B)glutamine
C)glycogen
D)alanine

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A consequence of thiamin deficiency is ____.

A)pellagra
B)megaloblastic anemia
C)beriberi
D)rickets

Question 5

Erythrocyte transketolase activity is an assay to assess the status of ____.

A)thiamin
B)B₆
C)riboflavin
D)B₁₂

Question 6

Vitamin C's actual participation in biochemical reactions usually involves its antioxidant ability.Choose the description of this activity.

A)donates an electron or electrons to oxidize a mineral cofactor
B)accepts an electron or electrons to reduce a mineral cofactor
C)donates an electron or electrons to reduce a mineral cofactor
D)accepts an electron from the quinone form of vitamin E

Question 7

Without enough vitamin C,collagen would ____.

A)be too tightly coiled
B)be overhydroxylated
C)be underhydroxylated
D)too strong and less flexible

Question 8

A major role for thiamin is ____.

A)energy production
B)blood coagulation
C)collagen formation
D)erythrocyte synthesis

Question 9

In what way are water-soluble vitamins absorbed?

A)directly into the lymphatic system
B)into the portal blood
C)attached to proteins in the large intestine
D)through the stomach wall into capillaries

Question 10

Beriberi is a deficiency syndrome associated with ____.

A)vitamin B₁₂
B)vitamin B₁
C)vitamin B₂
D)vitamin B₆

Question 11

Vitamin C acts as a cofactor by maintaining iron in a reduced state in ____.

A)collagen synthesis
B)methylation of homocysteine
C)release of energy from nutrients
D)red blood cell synthesis

Question 12

Riboflavin is found most often in ____.

A)meats
B)green leafy vegetables
C)seafood
D)milk and milk products

Question 13

Thiamin is important to fatty acid synthesis due to its requirement as a coenzyme for the pentose phosphate pathway enzyme ____.

A)dopamine monooxygenase
B)transketolase
C)alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
D)phenylalanine hydroxylase

Question 14

Which water-soluble vitamin contributes to "intracellular cement" in the formation of scar tissue and wound healing?

A)thiamin
B)riboflavin
C)vitamin C
D)vitamin B₁₂

Question 15

The RDA for vitamin C for adult men is ____ and the UL is ____.

A)75 mg; 500 mg
B)100 mg; 500 mg
C)90 mg; 2,000 mg
D)200 mg; 2,000 mg

Question 16

A major function of B vitamins is to serve as ____.

A)antibodies
B)a source of energy
C)a part of a coenzyme
D)electrolytes

Question 17

When water-soluble vitamins are consumed in excess of body needs,generally the excess is ____.

A)excreted in the feces
B)stored in liver, bone, and adipose tissue
C)excreted in the urine
D)not absorbed

Question 18

The necessity of ascorbic acid for its role in ____ is believed to be the reason that people with scurvy have no energy and are very tired.

A)collagen synthesis
B)creatine synthesis
C)hormone activation
D)carnitine synthesis

Question 19

A primary function of vitamin C is to act as an ____.

A)antiviral agent
B)antioxidant
C)antirachitic agent
D)acyl transferase

Question 20

The organ that is most commonly used as a storage site for B vitamins is the ____.

A)kidney
B)heart
C)brain
D)liver

Question 21

The best sources of niacin are ____.

A)fish and meats
B)beans
C)green leafy vegetables
D)yellow vegetables

Question 22

Burning foot syndrome may be caused by a deficiency of ____.

A)pantothenic acid
B)ascorbic acid
C)folate
D)biotin

Question 23

Folate and ____ participate in the regeneration of methionine from homocysteine.

A)niacin
B)riboflavin
C)vitamin B₆
D)vitamin B₁₂

Question 24

Synthesis of coenzyme A starts with the phosphorylation of which vitamin?

A)pyridoxal phosphate
B)pantothenic acid
C)vitamin E
D)folic acid

Question 25

Methylation of DNA influences gene expression.Which vitamin is important in this process?

A)niacin
B)folate
C)pantothenic acid
D)riboflavin

Question 26

5-methyl THF requires the action of which vitamin in order to form THF?

A)B₁₂
B)B₂
C)niacin
D)C

Question 27

FMN and FAD act as prosthetic groups for enzymes called ____.

A)apoenzymes
B)flavokinases
C)bound enzymes
D)flavoproteins

Question 28

Methionine is used to synthesize S-adenosylmethionine (SAM).This is important so that ____.

A)5-methyl THF is formed
B)dUMP is catalyzed to dTMP
C)fatty acids with an odd-numbered chain can be metabolized
D)methyl groups are available

Question 29

Cheilosis is a symptom of a dietary deficiency of which vitamin?

A)niacin
B)ascorbic acid
C)riboflavin
D)biotin

Question 30

A deficiency of which vitamin is associated with these symptoms: hallucinations,lethargy,skin rash,alopecia,and muscle pain?

A)biotin
B)thiamin
C)vitamin C
D)vitamin B₁₂

Question 31

When the diet is adequate in protein,the body can synthesize niacin from which amino acid?

A)phenylalanine
B)valine
C)tyrosine
D)tryptophan

Question 32

Hair loss associated with eating raw eggs may be reversed by treatment with ____.

A)niacin
B)thiamin
C)biotin
D)ascorbic acid

Question 33

Which of the following reflects long-term folate status?

A)serum folate
B)red blood cell folate
C)homocysteine concentration in blood
D)serum methylmalonic acid

Question 34

Which classical vitamin deficiency is known for the four Ds: dermatitis,dementia,diarrhea,and death?

A)thiamin
B)niacin
C)biotin
D)folic acid

Question 35

The degradation of ____ provides the majority of one-carbon groups for pyrimidine synthesis.In this process,____ is formed.

A)methionine; tetrahydrofolate
B)serine; 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate
C)uridine; tetrahydrofolate
D)homocysteine; 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate

Question 36

Folate in foods can only be absorbed in the monoglutamate form; therefore,digestive enzymes called ____ are important for folate nutriture.

A)hydrolases
B)lipases
C)carboxypeptidases
D)legumes

Question 37

Which of the water-soluble vitamins is found widely distributed in all plant and animal foods,which makes a deficiency unlikely?

A)riboflavin
B)folic acid
C)pantothenic acid
D)pyridoxine

Question 38

Decarboxylation of pyruvate is achieved by the interaction of pantothenic acid with thiamin,riboflavin,and ____.

A)ascorbic acid
B)vitamin B₁₂
C)folate
D)niacin

Question 39

Folate's discovery resulted from the search to cure ____.

A)aplastic anemia
B)hemolytic anemia
C)Fanconi's anemia
D)megaloblastic anemia

Question 40

Consumption of raw eggs causes a biotin deficiency due to the binding of ____ to the biotin,thus preventing its absorption.

A)heparin
B)carnitine
C)avidin
D)pyruvate

Question 41

Which vitamin is most involved in amino acid metabolism?

A)biotin
B)vitamin E
C)vitamin A
D)vitamin B₆

Question 42

Tetrahydrofolate is vitally important for dividing cells during growth and cancer and knowledge of this need is used in cancer treatment by giving the drug methotrexate to inhibit the enzyme ____.

A)folylpolyglutamate synthetase
B)dihydrofolate reductase
C)formimino glutamate
D)conjugase

Question 43

Increases in plasma holotranscobalamin TCII concentrations provide an indication of vitamin B₁₂ absorption.

Question 44

Pyridoxine is found almost exclusively in ____.

A)seafood
B)beef and pork
C)plant foods
D)chicken and turkey

Question 45

Vitamin B₁₂ is absorbed in the ____.

A)duodenum
B)jejunum
C)ileum
D)colon

Question 46

Pernicious anemia can be due to folate or B₁₂ deficiency.

Question 47

Abnormally high urinary excretion of xanthurenic acid may be an indication of niacin deficiency.

Question 48

The primary role of vitamin C is as a reducing agent,particularly for the mineral component of a number of enzymes that becomes oxidized following catalysis of a reaction.

Question 49

Impaired folding and secretion of proteins have been observed with thiamin deficiency.

Question 50

Fish are a major source of thiamin.

Question 51

A cobalt deficiency may lead to ____.

A)pellagra
B)megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
C)beriberi
D)neurologic symptoms

Question 52

Water-soluble vitamins are not stored,but readily excreted-the one exception is that we can store folate in the liver.

Question 53

Biotin appears to be a very safe vitamin supplement as there has been no toxicity reported from oral biotin ingestion nor is there a Tolerable Upper Intake Level established.

Question 54

Folate is vitally important for dividing cells during growth and cancer because of its essential role in the synthesis of ____.

A)lipid bilayers
B)mitochondria
C)lysosomes and peroxisomes
D)purines and pyrimidines

Question 55

The last vitamin to be discovered was ____.

A)pantothenic acid
B)folate
C)vitamin B₆
D)vitamin B₁₂

Question 56

Intrinsic factor is required for the majority of absorption of which vitamin?

A)C
B)B?
C)B₁₂
D)B₂

Question 57

High circulating levels of homocysteine (i.e.,hyperhomocysteinemia)have been implicated in a number of pathologies including cardiovascular disease.

Question 58

Large amounts of folic acid can mask a vitamin B₁₂ deficiency and prevent ____ from resulting.Over time,the symptoms unique to a vitamin B₁₂ deficiency will occur,and these are related to the ____.

A)microcytic anemia; muscular system
B)DNA and RNA synthesis; vascular system
C)one-carbon transfer; nervous system
D)macrocytic anemia; nervous system

Question 59

Pellagra symptoms may appear during B₆ deficiency because this vitamin is required in the process of obtaining niacin from tryptophan.

Question 60

Free pyridoxine is yielded by the action of ____.

A)acid phosphatase
B)creatine phosphokinase
C)lactate dehydrogenase
D)alkaline phosphatase

Question 61

Match the nutrient listed to the phrase or word given.Nutrient choices may be used more than once.
a.vitamin B₁₂
b.vitamin B₆
c.folate or folic acid
d.vitamin C
prolyl hydroxylase

Question 62

Vitamin C's antioxidant abilities may inhibit high-density lipoprotein (HDL)oxidation,which may diminish plaque formation associated with heart disease.

Question 63

One method to assess vitamin status is using a "load test." Explain how this works-first in a conceptual way,and then specifically using one example.Your specific example can be chosen from either tryptophan or histidine (pick one).Do you think this is a good assessment method? Why or why not?

Question 64

Match the coenzyme form of a vitamin with an enzyme and significant function.
a.proline and hydroxyproline; provide rigidity to newly formed collagen
b.pyruvate dehydrogenase; important for decarboxylations in carbohydrate catabolism
c.glutathione reductase; important for red blood cell antioxidant integrity and a sensitive measure of riboflavin nutriture
d.aldehyde dehydrogenase; important for catabolism of vitamin B₆ (pyridoxal to pyridoxic acid)
e.acetyl-CoA carboxylase; important to form malonyl-CoA and commit acetyl-CoA to fatty acid synthesis
prolyl-4-hydroxylase

Question 65

Most thiamin in the American diet comes from products that have been enriched.

Question 66

Match the coenzyme form of a vitamin with an enzyme and significant function.
a.proline and hydroxyproline; provide rigidity to newly formed collagen
b.pyruvate dehydrogenase; important for decarboxylations in carbohydrate catabolism
c.glutathione reductase; important for red blood cell antioxidant integrity and a sensitive measure of riboflavin nutriture
d.aldehyde dehydrogenase; important for catabolism of vitamin B₆ (pyridoxal to pyridoxic acid)
e.acetyl-CoA carboxylase; important to form malonyl-CoA and commit acetyl-CoA to fatty acid synthesis
flavin adenine dinucleotide

Question 67

Match the coenzyme form of a vitamin with an enzyme and significant function.
a.proline and hydroxyproline; provide rigidity to newly formed collagen
b.pyruvate dehydrogenase; important for decarboxylations in carbohydrate catabolism
c.glutathione reductase; important for red blood cell antioxidant integrity and a sensitive measure of riboflavin nutriture
d.aldehyde dehydrogenase; important for catabolism of vitamin B₆ (pyridoxal to pyridoxic acid)
e.acetyl-CoA carboxylase; important to form malonyl-CoA and commit acetyl-CoA to fatty acid synthesis
thiamin diphosphate

Question 68

Match the nutrient listed to the phrase or word given.Nutrient choices may be used more than once.
a.vitamin B₁₂
b.vitamin B₆
c.folate or folic acid
d.vitamin C
pernicious anemia is a lack of absorption of this

Question 69

Match the coenzyme form of a vitamin with an enzyme and significant function.
a.proline and hydroxyproline; provide rigidity to newly formed collagen
b.pyruvate dehydrogenase; important for decarboxylations in carbohydrate catabolism
c.glutathione reductase; important for red blood cell antioxidant integrity and a sensitive measure of riboflavin nutriture
d.aldehyde dehydrogenase; important for catabolism of vitamin B₆ (pyridoxal to pyridoxic acid)
e.acetyl-CoA carboxylase; important to form malonyl-CoA and commit acetyl-CoA to fatty acid synthesis
biotin

Question 70

Large doses of nicotinic acid are used to treat certain types of hyperlipidemias.

Question 71

Match the nutrient listed to the phrase or word given.Nutrient choices may be used more than once.
a.vitamin B₁₂
b.vitamin B₆
c.folate or folic acid
d.vitamin C
gulonolactone oxidase

Question 72

Vitamins and Energy Metabolism: Vitamins play a big role in our ability to acquire energy from macronutrients.Pick one macronutrient and discuss how vitamins are involved in procuring energy; choose from: (1)carbohydrates (glycolysis/TCA); (2)lipids (lipolysis/β-oxidation); or (3)protein/amino acids (gluconeogenesis).Your answer should be as specific as possible: names of vitamins and what they do with respect to the macronutrient you've chosen to help generate energy.A diagram may be especially useful.
Hint: There are four vitamins for (1),three to five vitamins for (2),and two to four vitamins for (3)-the range for (2)and (3)is because it depends on the FA or AA you start with.

Question 73

Vitamins - One-sentence Descriptions: For each vitamin listed below,indicate: (1)the active form of the vitamin, (2)the general function of the vitamin,and (3)an example of the general function (this could be a specific reaction or simply indicate a pathway/ process where it occurs).An example is provided; as you can see,your answers do not need to be long!??Vitamins: Biotin,pantothenate,riboflavin,vitamin B₆,thiamin,vitamin C,folate
Example: Niacin
(1)NAD(H)or NADP(H)
(2)Oxidation-reduction reactions
(3)TCA cycle reaction or…

Question 74

An example of a cleavage reaction requiring PLP is the degradation of thiamin into its pyrimidine and thiazole moieties.

Question 75

Match the coenzyme form of a vitamin with an enzyme and significant function.
a.proline and hydroxyproline; provide rigidity to newly formed collagen
b.pyruvate dehydrogenase; important for decarboxylations in carbohydrate catabolism
c.glutathione reductase; important for red blood cell antioxidant integrity and a sensitive measure of riboflavin nutriture
d.aldehyde dehydrogenase; important for catabolism of vitamin B₆ (pyridoxal to pyridoxic acid)
e.acetyl-CoA carboxylase; important to form malonyl-CoA and commit acetyl-CoA to fatty acid synthesis
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Question 76

Match the nutrient listed to the phrase or word given.Nutrient choices may be used more than once.
a.vitamin B₁₂
b.vitamin B₆
c.folate or folic acid
d.vitamin C
hypochromic,microcytic anemia

Question 77

Match the nutrient listed to the phrase or word given.Nutrient choices may be used more than once.
a.vitamin B₁₂
b.vitamin B₆
c.folate or folic acid
d.vitamin C
Latin word means "leaf"; Italian word means "foliage"

Question 78

Vitamins and Hematology: Folate and B₁₂ have an important role in hematology ("blood-related" processes)such that a deficiency of either of these vitamins can result in anemia.Discuss the interrelationship between these vitamins and why a deficiency of either of them results in megaloblastic anemia.Your answer will likely need to talk to some extent about the methyl-folate trap hypothesis.Make sure to relate any metabolic description of folate and B₁₂ to the basis for anemia resulting from a deficiency.

Question 79

Initial research on vitamin B₆ was aimed at correcting dermatitis in rats.

Question 80

One method to assess nutrient status is to measure the activity of an enzyme that requires the vitamin as a cofactor.Explain how this works-first in a conceptual way,and then specifically using an example.Your specific example choices are thiamin,riboflavin,or folate (pick one).Do you think this is a good assessment method? Why or why not?