Deck 11: Major Minerals

Question 1

____ is secreted in response to low plasma calcium concentrations and acts on the kidney to increase synthesis of ____,which promotes renal reabsorption of calcium.

A)Parathyroid hormone; calcitonin
B)Parathyroid hormone; calcitriol
C)Calcitonin; calcitriol
D)Calcitriol; calmodulin

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The most abundant divalent cation in the body is ____.

A)iron
B)calcium
C)selenium
D)iodine

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In the renal system,which mineral regulates body fluid pH by reacting with secreted hydrogen ions,releasing sodium ions in the process?

A)sulphur
B)magnesium
C)calcium
D)phosphorus

Answer 3

D

Question 4

During which period of the life cycle does peak bone mass occur?

A)childhood
B)puberty
C)early adulthood
D)middle age

Question 5

Phosphate balance is achieved largely by ____.

A)renal excretion
B)fecal excretion
C)control of absorption by vitamin D
D)control of absorption by phytates

Question 6

Paracellular absorption of calcium ____.

A)occurs by diffusion mainly in the jejunum and ileum
B)requires a membrane channel protein called TRPV6
C)requires energy and is saturable
D)increases with low dietary calcium intakes

Question 7

Malnourished individuals being refed who exhibit the "refeeding syndrome" may have low serum concentrations of ____.

A)calcium
B)sodium
C)phosphorus
D)chloride

Question 8

Which mineral,when combined with unabsorbed dietary fat,forms soaps that cannot be absorbed and are excreted in the feces?

A)calcium
B)sulphur
C)potassium
D)chloride

Question 9

Major calcium loss from the body occurs via feces and urine.Which other process is associated with large losses of calcium?

A)hyperventilation
B)extreme sweating
C)letting hair grow very long
D)allowing nails to grow very long

Question 10

Which mineral makes up about 40% of the body's mineral mass?

A)phosphorus
B)magnesium
C)calcium
D)potassium

Question 11

Which hormone both increases release of bone phosphorus into the blood and promotes urinary excretion of phosphorus?

A)calcitonin
B)calcitriol
C)parathyroid hormone
D)insulin

Question 12

Major minerals include calcium,phosphorus,magnesium,sodium,potassium,and ____.

A)chloride
B)manganese
C)sulfur
D)nitrogen

Question 13

The binding protein that regulates many of the calcium-dependent enzymes is ____.

A)calcitonin
B)calmodulin
C)albumin
D)globulin

Question 14

The majority of phosphorus not bound to protein that is filtered by the glomerulus is actively reabsorbed by the ____.

A)distal tubule
B)collecting duct
C)loop of Henle
D)proximal tubule

Question 15

Which two minerals are the major part of the crystal,hydroxyapatite,formed in ossification of bone?

A)sodium, chloride
B)sulphur, magnesium
C)calcium, phosphorus
D)calcium, potassium

Question 16

One health claim for calcium states that levels above ____ are unlikely to provide additional benefit.

A)800 mg/day
B)1000 mg/day
C)1200 mg/day
D)2000 mg/day

Question 17

Which cells are considered the bone-building cells?

A)osteonectins
B)osteopontins
C)osteoclasts
D)osteoblasts

Question 18

Which substance can improve calcium absorption?

A)lactose
B)unabsorbed fatty acids
C)phytic acid
D)magnesium

Question 19

Which mineral is LEAST likely to be deficient in anyone's diet?

A)calcium
B)phosphorus
C)iodine
D)zinc

Question 20

Calcitriol can stimulate the absorption of calcium from the intestines by enhancing synthesis of ____and related proteins.

A)calsequestrin
B)calcitonin
C)calmodulin
D)calbindin

Question 21

Most phosphorus,regardless of its dietary form,is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract ____.

A)bound to proteins
B)as free inorganic phosphate ions
C)bound to carbohydrates
D)bound to fats

Question 22

One of the two mechanisms involved in calcium absorption in the small intestine is ____.

A)diffusion
B)osmosis
C)facilitated diffusion
D)Brownian movement

Question 23

Deficiency of which major mineral is usually associated with muscular weakness,neuromuscular hyperexcitability,and tetany?

A)magnesium
B)calcium
C)sulphur
D)chloride

Question 24

Which of the following statements is true?

A)In smooth muscle contraction, the roles of calcium and magnesium are antagonistic, with calcium promoting the process and magnesium being the inhibitor if bound to sites that are normally occupied by calcium.
B)Magnesium promotes phosphorus absorption.
C)Calcium and magnesium promote each other's reabsorption in the kidney.
D)Calcium may cause an alteration in magnesium distribution by changing the flux of magnesium across the cell membrane or displacing it on its binding sites.

Question 25

The Tolerable Upper Limit for phosphorus drops after age 70 due to ____.

A)a slower metabolic rate in the elderly
B)a reduced need for phosphorus
C)a greater need for calcium
D)a greater likelihood of impaired renal function

Question 26

Magnesium deficiency may develop due to mutations in ____.

A)PTH
B)phytic acid
C)claudin-16
D)FGF23

Question 27

Ionized calcium is removed from the blood via each of the following except ____.

A)secretion into the digestive tract
B)excretion in the urine
C)mixed into perspiration
D)uptake by tissues

Question 28

Choose which one of the following statements is not correct.

A)About half of magnesium in the body is associated with the bones.
B)Intracellular and serum magnesium levels are rigidly maintained.
C)Magnesium in cells is associated with phospholipids and proteins.
D)Magnesium metabolism is regulated by several hormones.

Question 29

A factor that enhances calcium absorption is ____.

A)fat intake
B)carbohydrate intake
C)protein intake
D)fruit juice intake

Question 30

A deficiency of magnesium may lead to hypocalcemia due to ____.

A)a reduction in PTH levels
B)inhibition of calcium absorption
C)stimulation of calcium release from cells
D)an increase in PTH levels

Question 31

Calcium is transported in the blood in three ways with the exception of ____.

A)bound to proteins
B)complexed with anions
C)ionized in the free form
D)bound to hemoglobin

Question 32

Premature infants are at risk for phosphorus deficiency due to ____.

A)their poor absorption from the intestines
B)their higher need for the mineral and the insufficient amount in human milk
C)their highly active cytochrome P450 system
D)their poorly developed intestines

Question 33

About 99% of the body's calcium is found in ____.

A)blood plasma
B)liver and kidneys
C)bones and teeth
D)extracellular fluid

Question 34

Rickets is caused by a deficiency in ____.

A)magnesium
B)calcium
C)iron
D)zinc

Question 35

The active form of vitamin D in the body is ____.

A)calsequestrin
B)calcitriol
C)calcitonin
D)calbindin

Question 36

Which mineral has as its primary function to bind phosphate groups in ATP and ATP-dependent enzyme reactions?

A)calcium
B)magnesium
C)potassium
D)sodium

Question 37

Per serving,the best source of phosphorus would be ____.

A)milk and yogurt
B)dry roasted pecans
C)an egg
D)cheeses

Question 38

Food sources of calcium include ____.

A)fish and eggs
B)nuts
C)leafy green vegetables
D)canned sardines

Question 39

Which mineral is part of the green chlorophyll pigment in green leafy vegetables?

A)magnesium
B)sodium
C)potassium
D)sulfur

Question 40

Which mineral participates in all aspects of energy metabolism including glycolysis,beta-oxidation,and the TCA cycle?

A)calcium
B)iron
C)magnesium
D)sulphur

Question 41

What role does magnesium play in maintaining calcium homeostasis?

Question 42

The element that serves as an intracellular buffer is ____.

A)phosphorus
B)calcium
C)magnesium
D)sodium

Question 43

Match each macromineral with one of its major functions or characteristics.
a.forms a complex with ATP for use in glycolysis
b.required for blood clotting
c.forms part of the linear backbone of DNA
d.found as part of structures of vitamins and some amino acids
e.absorption inhibited by excessive calcium
magnesium

Question 44

Match each macromineral with one of its major functions or characteristics.
a.forms a complex with ATP for use in glycolysis
b.required for blood clotting
c.forms part of the linear backbone of DNA
d.found as part of structures of vitamins and some amino acids
e.absorption inhibited by excessive calcium
phosphorus

Question 45

Explain the rationale for a common treatment of hyperphosphatemia associated with chronic kidney failure.

Question 46

Compare calcium,phosphorus and magnesium as to their physiological functions,symptoms of a deficiency and some of their food sources.You may write out your response or set it up in table form.

Question 47

A dietary mineral that is an important component of DNA and RNA is ____.

A)calcium
B)magnesium
C)sulfur
D)phosphate

Question 48

Choose one of the following choices that is not one of calcium's nonosseous functions.

A)skeletal muscle contraction
B)hair growth
C)generating action potentials in nerves
D)changes in membrane permeability

Question 49

The majority of magnesium in the plasma/serum is ____.

A)bound to albumin
B)complexed with citrate
C)complexed with phosphate
D)found free in its ionic form

Question 50

Match each macromineral with one of its major functions or characteristics.
a.forms a complex with ATP for use in glycolysis
b.required for blood clotting
c.forms part of the linear backbone of DNA
d.found as part of structures of vitamins and some amino acids
e.absorption inhibited by excessive calcium
iron

Question 51

Match each macromineral with one of its major functions or characteristics.
a.forms a complex with ATP for use in glycolysis
b.required for blood clotting
c.forms part of the linear backbone of DNA
d.found as part of structures of vitamins and some amino acids
e.absorption inhibited by excessive calcium
calcium

Question 52

Phosphorus is absorbed primarily in the ____.

A)duodenum
B)stomach
C)ileum
D)jejunum

Question 53

Magnesium is absorbed in the small intestine through diffusion and ____.

A)carrier-mediated active transport
B)osmosis
C)facilitated diffusion
D)peristalsis

Question 54

Uptake of phosphorus into cells is thought to occur via ____.

A)active transport
B)facilitated diffusion
C)passively, driven by the chemical gradient
D)Brownian movement

Question 55

Describe the mechanism for paracellular absorption of calcium.

Question 56

Calcium-sensing receptors (CaSR)are located on the ____.

A)thyroid gland
B)hypothalamus
C)parathyroid glands
D)liver

Question 57

Match each macromineral with one of its major functions or characteristics.
a.forms a complex with ATP for use in glycolysis
b.required for blood clotting
c.forms part of the linear backbone of DNA
d.found as part of structures of vitamins and some amino acids
e.absorption inhibited by excessive calcium
sulfur

Question 58

Most phosphorus is found in the blood as ____.

A)HPO₄²-
B)H₂PO₄-
C)PO₄³-
D)H₃PO₄²-

Question 59

Resorption of phosphate from bone may take place through ____.

A)enhanced acid phosphatase activity
B)enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity
C)diminished acid phosphatase activity
D)diminished alkaline phosphatase activity

Question 60

What effect does taking a calcium supplement have on iron absorption,and what advice would you give to maximize the benefit from both minerals?

Question 61

Phosphorous absorption takes place in the small intestine but predominantly in the jejunum.

Question 62

A chronic phosphorous deficiency in children will cause the development of osteomalacia. 

Question 63

Dietary protein promotes bone growth by providing amino acids needed for bone protein and by ____.

A)stimulating insulin-like growth hormone 1
B)interacting with calcium to form spongy bone
C)attaching to cartilage that precedes bone growth
D)inhibiting PTH

Question 64

Kyphosis as a result of osteoporosis leads to shortness of breath and abdominal pain due to ____.

A)biochemical changes in the respiratory and digestive systems
B)a reduction in blood circulation to the chest and abdomen
C)compression of the aorta and superior vena cava
D)reduction in the spaces of the chest and abdominal cavities

Question 65

What conditions may lead to a phosphorus deficiency?  How is a deficiency manifested in the individual?

Question 66

By what mechanism is vitamin C thought to protect bone health?

A)buffering for acid-base balance
B)diminishing bone resorption
C)carboxylation of osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein
D)contributing to the integrity of bone collagen

Question 67

How is calcium status assessed?

Question 68

Describe the process by which serum calcium concentrations increase in response to the removal of ionized calcium from the blood.

Question 69

Calcitriol enhances calcium reabsorption in the kidneys.

Question 70

Absorption of magnesium decreases with increased intracellular magnesium concentrations.

Question 71

How does phosphate regulate acid-base balance?

Question 72

Calcium is the most abundant divalent cation in the body.

Question 73

How is magnesium associated with bone mineralization?

Question 74

By what mechanism is vitamin K thought to protect bone health?

A)buffering for acid-base balance
B)diminishing bone resorption
C)used for the formation of Gla protein in bone
D)contributing to the integrity of bone collagen

Question 75

Aluminum and magnesium hydroxides and calcium carbonates and acetates are used today for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in individuals with renal failure.

Question 76

Thyroid hormone increases serum calcium concentrations.

Question 77

Meats and grains are poor sources of calcium.

Question 78

The condition associated with decreased bone strength accompanied by the deterioration of the microarchitecture of bone tissue and low mineral density is ____.

A)osteopetrosis
B)osteoporosis
C)osteomalacia
D)osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 79

Calcium absorption occurs in the large intestine.

Question 80

Phosphorous is second to calcium in abundance in the body.