Deck 12: Water and Electrolytes

Question 1

What is the major filtration force in the capillaries that is responsible for controlling movement of water from plasma to interstitial fluid and from interstitial fluid into plasma?

A)colloid osmotic pressure
B)theoretic osmotic pressure
C)hydrostatic pressure
D)effective osmotic pressure

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A food may be labeled "low sodium" if each serving provides less than ____.

A)5 mg
B)35 mg
C)140 mg
D)240 mg

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which hormone,stimulated by increased blood pressure stretching the heart,functions to inhibit sodium reabsorption to promote sodium excretion?

A)vasopressin
B)atrial natriuretic peptide
C)aldosterone
D)angiotensin II

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A good predictor of hypertension is a measurement of ____.

A)serum sodium concentration
B)urinary sodium excretion
C)average daily sodium intake
D)sodium filtration rate by the kidney

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a cationic electrolyte of extracellular fluid?

A)sodium
B)potassium
C)calcium
D)bicarbonate

Question 6

Which process gives the body the capacity to maintain constancy in the internal environment? 

A)osmotic pressure
B)osmolality
C)homeostasis
D)acid-base balance

Question 7

The most abundant cation in blood plasma is ____.

A)potassium
B)magnesium
C)manganese
D)sodium

Question 8

Water accounts for what percentage of the body weight in a normal adult?

A)20%
B)40%
C)60%
D)80%

Question 9

Which is the chief cation of intracellular fluid for which maintenance of normal levels is essential to life of the cells?

A)calcium
B)sodium
C)potassium
D)bicarbonate

Question 10

Which of the components comprising the nephron includes the capillary network called the glomerulus?

A)collecting duct
B)distal convoluted tubule
C)loop of Henle
D)Bowman's capsule

Question 11

Dietary intake of which mineral correlates positively with blood pressure?

A)magnesium
B)calcium
C)potassium
D)sodium

Question 12

Which organs are responsible for regulation of extracellular water osmolarity and volume?

A)hypothalamus and kidney
B)liver and pancreas
C)pancreas and kidney
D)spleen and bone marrow

Question 13

Which hormone,mediated by the enzyme renin,is primarily responsible for active reabsorption of sodium ions in the distal and collecting tubules?

A)antidiuretic hormone
B)aldosterone
C)androsterone
D)adrenocortical

Question 14

Which body water reservoir is made up of plasma and interstitial fluid?

A)intracellular
B)extracellular
C)total body water
D)glomerular filtrate

Question 15

Significant loss of what mineral occurs when one exercises vigorously while the temperature is high?

A)sulphur
B)phosphorus
C)sodium
D)potassium

Question 16

What percentage of the glomerular filtrate volume is excreted as urine each day?

A)100%
B)50%
C)25%
D)1%

Question 17

Which mineral serves as the major intracellular fluid cation?

A)calcium
B)chloride
C)sodium
D)potassium

Question 18

Which hormone hydrolyzes angiotensinogen,thus generating angiotensin I?

A)renin
B)aldosterone
C)angiotensin-converting enzyme
D)atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 19

Bone contains what percentage of water?

A)25%
B)31%
C)43%
D)51%

Question 20

Colloid osmotic pressure attracts water into the plasma and is mainly due to ____.

A)large protein molecules
B)the pumping of the heart
C)sodium ions
D)chloride ions

Question 21

Which enzyme facilitates formation of carbonic acid?

A)renin
B)angiotensinogen
C)angiotensin
D)carbonic anhydrase

Question 22

Which characteristic of water gives it the ability to regulate body temperature?

A)high solubility coefficient
B)hydrogen bonding between molecules
C)high specific heat
D)polar covalent bonding of the water molecules

Question 23

Water is lost from the body each day primarily through ____.

A)feces
B)sweat
C)urine
D)evaporation from respiration

Question 24

When a person hyperventilates and "blows off" CO₂,what effect does this have on pH?

A)lowers it
B)raises it
C)does not alter it significantly
D)delays any changes in it

Question 25

Interstitial fluid ____.

A)directly bathes the cells
B)is the fluid portion of the blood
C)is fluid that is redirected to the blood plasma from interstitial spaces
D)is a water-containing and sometimes viscous fluid

Question 26

Sodium,potassium,calcium,and magnesium are considered ____.

A)organic acids
B)inorganic acids
C)buffers
D)cationic electrolytes

Question 27

Which of the physiological buffers is able to neutralize both acids and bases?

A)bicarbonate-carbonic acid system
B)hydrochloric acid system
C)phosphates
D)proteins

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT one of the principal regulatory mechanisms for guarding against fluctuation in pH?

A)temperature variation
B)buffer systems
C)respiratory center
D)renal regulation

Question 29

Acidosis occurs when ____.

A)the plasma concentration of H ions falls below the normal range
B)the plasma concentration of H ions exceeds the normal range
C)chloride ion concentration exceeds hydrogen ion concentration
D)sodium ion concentration exceeds chloride ion concentration

Question 30

What is the condition that occurs in starvation or diabetes in which there is an increase in the urinary excretion of ammonia?

A)metabolic alkalosis
B)metabolic acidosis
C)respiratory alkalosis
D)respiratory acidosis

Question 31

Which fluid makes up the highest percentage of body weight?

A)intracellular water
B)total body water
C)extracellular water
D)interstitial fluid

Question 32

Which mineral is the most abundant anion found in extracellular fluid?

A)sodium
B)chloride
C)phosphorus
D)magnesium

Question 33

What is a major function of chloride?

A)protein synthesis in cells
B)the principal intracellular electrolyte
C)wound healing
D)maintenance of gastric acidity

Question 34

When hyperventilation occurs there is a(n)____.

A)increased loss of CO₂ and a decreased production of carbonic acid
B)decreased loss of CO₂ and an increased production of carbonic acid
C)decrease in both CO₂ and carbonic acid levels
D)increase in both CO₂ and carbonic acid levels

Question 35

What is the condition that may result in cardiac arrhythmias when extracellular potassium is increased?

A)hypernatremia
B)hypokalemia
C)hyperkalemia
D)hyponatremia

Question 36

Of these blood proteins,which one contributes most to buffering?

A)albumin
B)gamma globulins
C)hemoglobin
D)transthyretin

Question 37

Maintenance of blood volume is directly related to control of ____.

A)appetite
B)thyroid hormone level
C)respiratory rate
D)blood pressure

Question 38

Which buffer is controlled by the kidneys?

A)bicarbonate
B)carbonic acid
C)protein
D)ammonium

Question 39

The reaction H?O + CO? ? H?CO₃ ? HCO₃^-  + H⁺ represents water's role in ____.

A)protein transport
B)ammonium ion excretion
C)acid-base balance
D)temperature regulation

Question 40

Acid-base balance refers to ____.

A)the ratio of acidic and basic foods consumed each day
B)the concentration of the bicarbonate ion in the red blood cells
C)the control of the hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids
D)homeostasis

Question 41

Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by angiotensin and ____.

A)decreased plasma potassium
B)increased plasma sodium
C)decreased concentrations of natriuretic peptides
D)renin

Question 42

In the body,water moves ____.

A)from where solute concentrations are low to where solute concentrations are high
B)from where solute concentrations are high to where solute concentrations are low
C)across membranes regardless of solute concentrations
D)from where water concentrations are low to where water concentrations are high

Question 43

Factors that determine the Adequate Intake (AI)of water include age,gender,environment,level of physical activity and rate of metabolism.

Question 44

The major source of water to the body is ____.

A)beverages and foods
B)water as a byproduct of metabolism
C)inhaled water vapor from the atmosphere
D)subcutaneous fluid absorption

Question 45

The major filtration force in capillaries is ____.

A)diffusion
B)hydrostatic pressure
C)facilitated diffusion
D)Brownian movement

Question 46

Hydrostatic pressure affects water movement between the interstitial fluid and the plasma.

Question 47

Not including physically active adults,the recommended fluid intake for the average adult is approximately ____ of water per kg of body weight.
 

A)15-35 mL
B)20-50 mL
C)25-40 mL
D)40-60 mL

Question 48

Urinary loss of water averages approximately 1-2 L/day.

Question 49

The movement of water among the various body compartments is regulated by the presence of ____.

A)potassium in the extracellular fluid compartment
B)sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment
C)potassium in the intracellular fluid compartment
D)chloride in the intracellular fluid compartment

Question 50

The concentration of proteins is much higher in the plasma than in the interstitial fluid because proteins are too large to pass through the capillary endothelium.

Question 51

The anions in extracellular fluid (ECF)are ____.

A)chloride and ammonium
B)bicarbonate and ammonium
C)chloride and phosphate
D)chloride and bicarbonate

Question 52

Stimulation of reabsorption of water in the kidneys is mediated by angiotensin I.

Question 53

The majority of water in the gastrointestinal tract is absorbed in the ____.

A)duodenum
B)jejunum and ileum
C)ascending colon
D)transverse colon

Question 54

In the kidneys,80% of plasma that does not enter the glomerulus flows through the afferent arterioles.

Question 55

Water moves among the various body compartments in a regulated manner strongly affected by sodium in the intracellular fluid compartment.

Question 56

Diffusion refers to the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane based on differences in solute concentrations.

Question 57

Approximately how much water is released into the gastrointestinal tract daily as part of secretions?

A)9 L
B)7 L
C)4 L
D)3 L

Question 58

Electrolytes in the fluid compartments are distributed in such a way that within the compartment,electrical neutrality is always maintained.

Question 59

The major regulatory factor controlling sodium and chloride balance in the body is the bicarbonate-carbonic acid system.

Question 60

Which cation is most abundant in plasma?

A)magnesium
B)calcium
C)sodium
D)potassium

Question 61

Match the deficiency symptom with the hormone or electrolyte.
a.muscular weakness,paralysis
b.anorexia,muscle atrophy
c.decreased BP,reduced GFR
d.sodium loss,dehydration
e.weakness,lethargy
sodium

Question 62

Describe three mechanisms by which the kidneys conserve/excrete potassium or maintain potassium balance.

Question 63

Match each hormone or enzyme with its site of production and function in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance.
a.hormone produced in atrial cells of the heart; functions to inhibit sodium reabsorption in the kidney,thereby promoting fluid loss
b.hormone produced in hypothalamus; functions to conserve water by increasing reabsorption of water by the kidneys
c.hormone produced in adrenal cortex; functions to stimulate active reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys,thereby promoting fluid retention
d.enzyme produced by kidney; functions to hydrolyze angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
e.active hormone produced by angiotensin-converting enzyme in the lungs; functions as vasoconstrictor,as stimulator for release of aldosterone,and as stimulator of hypothalamus to release vasopressin
aldosterone

Question 64

Match each hormone or enzyme with its site of production and function in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance.
a.hormone produced in atrial cells of the heart; functions to inhibit sodium reabsorption in the kidney,thereby promoting fluid loss
b.hormone produced in hypothalamus; functions to conserve water by increasing reabsorption of water by the kidneys
c.hormone produced in adrenal cortex; functions to stimulate active reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys,thereby promoting fluid retention
d.enzyme produced by kidney; functions to hydrolyze angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
e.active hormone produced by angiotensin-converting enzyme in the lungs; functions as vasoconstrictor,as stimulator for release of aldosterone,and as stimulator of hypothalamus to release vasopressin
renin

Question 65

Match the deficiency symptom with the hormone or electrolyte.
a.muscular weakness,paralysis
b.anorexia,muscle atrophy
c.decreased BP,reduced GFR
d.sodium loss,dehydration
e.weakness,lethargy
chloride

Question 66

An acid,as it relates to fluid acid-base regulation,is a substance that accepts protons.

Question 67

Explain the relationship between dietary sodium intake and essential hypertension.

Question 68

Most sodium absorption occurs in the small intestine and the proximal portion of the colon.

Question 69

Nearly all chloride consumed in the diet comes from consumed sodium chloride (salt).

Question 70

Explain how ACE inhibitors work to treat hypertension.

Question 71

Match each hormone or enzyme with its site of production and function in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance.
a.hormone produced in atrial cells of the heart; functions to inhibit sodium reabsorption in the kidney,thereby promoting fluid loss
b.hormone produced in hypothalamus; functions to conserve water by increasing reabsorption of water by the kidneys
c.hormone produced in adrenal cortex; functions to stimulate active reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys,thereby promoting fluid retention
d.enzyme produced by kidney; functions to hydrolyze angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
e.active hormone produced by angiotensin-converting enzyme in the lungs; functions as vasoconstrictor,as stimulator for release of aldosterone,and as stimulator of hypothalamus to release vasopressin
vasopressin

Question 72

Match each hormone or enzyme with its site of production and function in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance.
a.hormone produced in atrial cells of the heart; functions to inhibit sodium reabsorption in the kidney,thereby promoting fluid loss
b.hormone produced in hypothalamus; functions to conserve water by increasing reabsorption of water by the kidneys
c.hormone produced in adrenal cortex; functions to stimulate active reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys,thereby promoting fluid retention
d.enzyme produced by kidney; functions to hydrolyze angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
e.active hormone produced by angiotensin-converting enzyme in the lungs; functions as vasoconstrictor,as stimulator for release of aldosterone,and as stimulator of hypothalamus to release vasopressin
angiotensin II

Question 73

To maintain the cell's resting membrane potential,potassium's intracellular to extracellular ratio is important.

Question 74

Buffers exist individually as either acids or bases.

Question 75

Match the deficiency symptom with the hormone or electrolyte.
a.muscular weakness,paralysis
b.anorexia,muscle atrophy
c.decreased BP,reduced GFR
d.sodium loss,dehydration
e.weakness,lethargy
potassium

Question 76

Match each hormone or enzyme with its site of production and function in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance.
a.hormone produced in atrial cells of the heart; functions to inhibit sodium reabsorption in the kidney,thereby promoting fluid loss
b.hormone produced in hypothalamus; functions to conserve water by increasing reabsorption of water by the kidneys
c.hormone produced in adrenal cortex; functions to stimulate active reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys,thereby promoting fluid retention
d.enzyme produced by kidney; functions to hydrolyze angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
e.active hormone produced by angiotensin-converting enzyme in the lungs; functions as vasoconstrictor,as stimulator for release of aldosterone,and as stimulator of hypothalamus to release vasopressin
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 77

What are the recommended Adequate Intake (AI)values of water for adults? What factors will cause modifications in these values?

Question 78

Discuss the sequence of events of the maintenance of fluid homeostasis by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Question 79

Match the deficiency symptom with the hormone or electrolyte.
a.muscular weakness,paralysis
b.anorexia,muscle atrophy
c.decreased BP,reduced GFR
d.sodium loss,dehydration
e.weakness,lethargy
angiotensin II

Question 80

Match the deficiency symptom with the hormone or electrolyte.
a.muscular weakness,paralysis
b.anorexia,muscle atrophy
c.decreased BP,reduced GFR
d.sodium loss,dehydration
e.weakness,lethargy
aldosterone