Deck 13: Essential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals

Question 1

Which statement is false?

A)Hemosiderin as a storehouse of iron predominates when iron concentrations in the liver are low.
B)Iron is stored mainly in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen.
C)Iron is released more slowly from hemosiderin than from ferritin.
D)Ferritin is an unstable compound that is constantly being degraded and resynthesized.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which vitamins/minerals are required for heme synthesis?

A)vitamin E, vitamin C, and iron
B)folate, B₁₂, and iron
C)B₆, zinc, and iron
D)copper, zinc, and folate

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In the presence of low intracellular iron,the binding of iron regulatory protein (IRP)to iron response elements (IREs)present on the ferritin mRNA ____.

A)results in a decrease in ferritin abundance
B)results in an increase in ferritin abundance
C)occurs only when intracellular iron concentrations are high
D)does not occur

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The enzyme that converts retinol to retinal and ethanol to acetylaldehyde contains four ____ atoms.

A)copper
B)iodine
C)zinc
D)iron

Question 5

Which mineral is critical for oxidizing iron to be bound by transferrin for delivery to the tissues from the gut and liver?

A)zinc
B)manganese
C)copper
D)chromium

Question 6

Which of the following dietary substances inhibits uptake of nonheme iron?

A)ascorbic acid
B)lactic acid
C)tea
D)MFP

Question 7

Hemoglobin and hematocrit are common measurements for assessment of nutriture for which mineral?

A)iodine
B)zinc
C)chromium
D)iron

Question 8

The binding of iron by proteins defends the cells against ____.

A)iron deposition in kidneys and other organs
B)oxidative damage from free radicals
C)tissue hypoxia
D)stellate cells

Question 9

Which of the microminerals is considered essential for normal brain function?

A)chromium
B)fluorine
C)vanadium
D)manganese

Question 10

Which amino acid may enhance copper absorption?

A)alanine
B)serine
C)cysteine
D)lysine

Question 11

Iron content of the average American diet is estimated to be about ____.

A)1-4 mg iron per 1,000 kcal
B)5-7 mg iron per 1,000 kcal
C)8-15 mg/day
D)18 g /day

Question 12

Which trace mineral participates in the greatest number of enzyme systems?

A)zinc
B)iron
C)selenium
D)copper

Question 13

At the cellular level,which mineral interacts with vitamin A by promoting growth and helping to synthesize retinol-binding protein?

A)cobalt​
B)zinc
C)silicon
D)chromium

Question 14

Absorption of dietary iron is regulated by ____,produced by the liver when iron stores are high and released to the blood to act at the surface of enterocytes and macrophages.

A)hepcidin
B)hephaestin
C)ferroportin
D)hemoglobin

Question 15

Which mineral facilitates transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain?

A)calcium
B)nickel
C)zinc
D)iron

Question 16

Zinc is important for taste perception as a component of ____.

A)carbonic anhydrase
B)alcohol dehydrogenase
C)gustin
D)metallothionein

Question 17

Excessive intake of nonheme iron interferes with absorption of which mineral by an unknown mechanism?

A)manganese
B)zinc
C)chromium
D)selenium

Question 18

Where would you find iron regulatory protein (IRPs)?

A)cytosol
B)nucleus
C)mitochondria
D)Golgi apparatus

Question 19

Which of the following dietary components impedes copper absorption?

A)gluconate
B)phosphate
C)citric acid
D)phytic acid

Question 20

ZIP4 ____.

A)mutations result in zinc toxicity due to acrodermatitis enteropathica
B)is the primary transporter of zinc into enterocytes
C)is expressed only in the liver
D)degrades more rapidly when zinc intakes are low

Question 21

Which trace mineral is important for activating a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis?

A)iron
B)copper
C)iodine
D)manganese

Question 22

Arginase,a key enzyme in liver urea production,requires four ____ atoms per molecule.

A)iron
B)copper
C)zinc
D)manganese

Question 23

What genetic disorder causes copper toxicity?

A)hemochromatosis
B)Keshan disease
C)Menkes disease
D)Wilson's disease

Question 24

Selenium deficiency is linked to which disease?

A)Menkes
B)Wilson's
C)Kashin-Beck
D)Keshan

Question 25

When superoxide radicals accumulate,superoxide dismutase catalyzes the formation of hydrogen peroxide.What happens to the hydrogen peroxide?

A)It freely dissociates to water.
B)It is excreted in the urine and through the lungs.
C)It is converted to water and oxygen via catalase or glutathione peroxidase.
D)It is used in the synthesis of DNA and RNA.

Question 26

People living in regions that contain high soil molybdenum levels may develop ____.

A)gout
B)heart disease
C)reduced urea production
D)cretinism

Question 27

Which micromineral is necessary for iodine metabolism?

A)fluorine
B)manganese
C)chromium
D)selenium

Question 28

The primary physiological role of which mineral is to act as a constituent in the thyroid hormones?

A)fluorine
B)iodine
C)selenium
D)chromium

Question 29

Chromium absorption is inhibited by ____ and enhanced by ____.

A)antacids; picolinate
B)methionine; phytic acid
C)picolinic acid; vitamin C
D)phenylalanine; histidine

Question 30

Which mineral serves as a cofactor in xanthine oxidase in the metabolism of purines,pyrimidines,and pteridines?

A)manganese
B)molybdenum
C)copper
D)chromium

Question 31

The protein that plays a dual function in both iron and copper homeostasis is ____.

A)ferritin
B)transferrin
C)metallothionein
D)ceruloplasmin

Question 32

Which mineral is an essential factor in the action of glutathione peroxidase (GPX)in the reduction of organic peroxides and hydrogen peroxide?
Vanadium

A)molybdenum
B)selenium
C)silicon
D)vanadium

Question 33

Zinc is found in foods complexed with amino acids in which family?

A)eicosanoids
B)steroids
C)peptides and proteins
D)amines

Question 34

Which two minerals are readily oxidized within tissues?

A)iron and copper
B)zinc and molybdenum
C)iodine and manganese
D)zinc and copper

Question 35

Which nonmetal nutrient deficiency is associated with Keshan disease,characterized by cardiomyopathy?

A)iodine
B)zinc
C)selenium
D)molybdenum

Question 36

Iodine deficiency associated with neurological problems in infants results in ____.

A)cretinism
B)Keshan disease
C)goitrin
D)goiter

Question 37

Peroxynitrite is synthesized by activated white blood cells from which radicals?

A)superoxide
B)glutathione
C)nitrogen monoxide
D)iodothyronine

Question 38

Which statement about selenium metabolism is true?

A)Free selenide can be converted into selenophosphate.
B)Selenocysteine is degraded to yield selenomethionine.
C)Dietary selenocysteine can be utilized directly to produce selenium-dependent enzymes.
D)Significant cellular damage occurs only with complete cessation of selenoprotein synthesis.

Question 39

Which mineral is thought to potentiate the action of insulin?

A)chromium
B)manganese
C)copper
D)cobalt

Question 40

The addition to the diet of which food will alleviate the problem of endemic goiter?

A)cabbage
B)broccoli
C)cassava
D)iodized salt

Question 41

Overall,assessing the status of zinc is difficult and requires multiple measures.

Question 42

Hypochromic,microcytic anemia is associated with a deficiency of ____.

A)selenium
B)iron
C)copper
D)molybdenum

Question 43

Metallothionein is a storage protein for excess zinc,copper,and iron.

Question 44

The chemistry of selenium is similar to that of ____.

A)phosphorus
B)sulfur
C)chloride
D)bromine

Question 45

Iron regulatory protein (IRE-BP)is activated (i.e.,to bind IREs)by iron.

Question 46

Iron-deficiency anemia related to copper deficiency occurs due to the reduced activity of ____.

A)cytochrome c oxidase
B)lysyl oxidase
C)pteridines
D)ceruloplasmin

Question 47

Zinc deficiency could result in a secondary deficiency of folate,because polyglutamate hydrolase is a zinc-containing enzyme.

Question 48

Copper deficiency can result in iron-deficiency anemia.

Question 49

Endocytosis is the mechanism for a transferrin receptor transporting iron into a cell.

Question 50

Which element,if present in high concentrations in the body,disrupts normal zinc functions?

A)cadmium
B)chromium
C)selenium
D)molybdenum

Question 51

Zinc used intranasally has been shown to cause ____.

A)an eroded septum
B)nosebleeds
C)anosmia
D)chronic congestion

Question 52

In addition to an actual deficiency of iron,iron-deficiency anemia may develop when normal iron levels are present,when there is a deficiency of ____.

A)copper
B)zinc
C)selenium
D)iodine

Question 53

Trace minerals are required by the body in amounts of less than 1 mg/day.

Question 54

Lithium carbonate is one of the medications used to treat bipolar disorder.A condition that might develop in patients using this medication is ____.

A)iron-deficiency anemia
B)glucose intolerance
C)Keshan disease
D)hypothyroidism

Question 55

Heme is readily absorbed intact in the ____.

A)colon
B)distal jejunum and ileum
C)duodenum and proximal jejunum
D)stomach and duodenum

Question 56

Calcium compounds have the ability to enhance the absorption of iron.

Question 57

Hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder that ultimately results in the excessive accumulation of iron in certain tissues.

Question 58

Excessive chronic intake of zinc results in a deficiency of ____.

A)iron
B)copper
C)selenium
D)molybdenum

Question 59

Albumin carries zinc and copper in the portal circulation to all tissues in the body.

Question 60

Acute iron toxicity is observed mostly with ____.

A)excess ferroxidase levels
B)accidental iron overload
C)hemochromatosis
D)excess plasma ferritin

Question 61

Discuss the following measurements of red blood cells,telling what they are and how they are used in assessment of iron nutriture: hemoglobin,hematocrit,MCV,MCH,MCHC.

Question 62

Match each mineral with a representative enzyme and the physiological roles for which that mineral is important.
a.superoxide dismutase and brain and CNS function
b.myeloperoxidase and amino acid metabolism
c.carbonic anhydrase and sexual maturation
d.dopamine monooxygenase and synthesis of neurotransmitters
e.glutathione peroxidase and protection from oxidant damage
manganese

Question 63

Match each mineral with a representative enzyme and the physiological roles for which that mineral is important.
a.superoxide dismutase and brain and CNS function
b.myeloperoxidase and amino acid metabolism
c.carbonic anhydrase and sexual maturation
d.dopamine monooxygenase and synthesis of neurotransmitters
e.glutathione peroxidase and protection from oxidant damage
iron

Question 64

Match each mineral with the symptoms of its deficiency.
a.urinary sulfate and urate excretion
b.poor wound healing,anorexia,subnormal growth
c.goiter
d.glucose intolerance
e.anemia,neutropenia,bone abnormalities
molybdenum

Question 65

Match each mineral with the symptoms of its deficiency.
a.urinary sulfate and urate excretion
b.poor wound healing,anorexia,subnormal growth
c.goiter
d.glucose intolerance
e.anemia,neutropenia,bone abnormalities
zinc

Question 66

Match each mineral with the symptoms of its deficiency.
a.urinary sulfate and urate excretion
b.poor wound healing,anorexia,subnormal growth
c.goiter
d.glucose intolerance
e.anemia,neutropenia,bone abnormalities
chromium

Question 67

Explain the influences of zinc on carbohydrate metabolism,BMR,and taste.

Question 68

Match each mineral with a representative enzyme and the physiological roles for which that mineral is important.
a.superoxide dismutase and brain and CNS function
b.myeloperoxidase and amino acid metabolism
c.carbonic anhydrase and sexual maturation
d.dopamine monooxygenase and synthesis of neurotransmitters
e.glutathione peroxidase and protection from oxidant damage
zinc

Question 69

Zinc supplementation,if started within the first 24 hours of the onset of cold symptoms,may reduce the duration and severity of the symptoms.

Question 70

Match each mineral with a representative enzyme and the physiological roles for which that mineral is important.
a.superoxide dismutase and brain and CNS function
b.myeloperoxidase and amino acid metabolism
c.carbonic anhydrase and sexual maturation
d.dopamine monooxygenase and synthesis of neurotransmitters
e.glutathione peroxidase and protection from oxidant damage
selenium

Question 71

Most copper circulating in the blood is in the form of hCtr1.

Question 72

Match each mineral with the symptoms of its deficiency.
a.urinary sulfate and urate excretion
b.poor wound healing,anorexia,subnormal growth
c.goiter
d.glucose intolerance
e.anemia,neutropenia,bone abnormalities
iodine

Question 73

Studies have shown that a combination of zinc,vitamins C and E,and beta-carotene may protect against age-related macular degeneration.

Question 74

Manganese functions both as an enzyme activator and as a constituent of metalloenzymes.

Question 75

Certain foods have been classified as containing goitrogens.List three of these foods and tell how they affect iodide uptake in the thyroid.

Question 76

Protein Regulation by Minerals: Zinc,copper,and iron regulate the expression of specific proteins,particularly those that are involved in ensuring cells receive these minerals,and those involved in preventing any toxicity associated with too much of a given mineral.Describe how excess zinc (or copper,but not both)and iron regulate the expression of a protein involved in their storage.Be specific-name any proteins and define all abbreviations.

Question 77

Milk and dairy products are excellent sources of copper.

Question 78

List five dietary factors that influence iron absorption and indicate what each factor does.

Question 79

Match each mineral with a representative enzyme and the physiological roles for which that mineral is important.
a.superoxide dismutase and brain and CNS function
b.myeloperoxidase and amino acid metabolism
c.carbonic anhydrase and sexual maturation
d.dopamine monooxygenase and synthesis of neurotransmitters
e.glutathione peroxidase and protection from oxidant damage
copper

Question 80

Match each mineral with the symptoms of its deficiency.
a.urinary sulfate and urate excretion
b.poor wound healing,anorexia,subnormal growth
c.goiter
d.glucose intolerance
e.anemia,neutropenia,bone abnormalities
copper