Deck 14: Nonessential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals

Question 1

What foods are rich sources of silicon?

A)whole grains and root vegetables
B)coffee and beer
C)milk and milk products
D)meats, poultry, and fish

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which categories of food provide the most nickel?

A)red meats
B)nuts, legumes, and grains
C)fish
D)milk and milk products

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which ultratrace element was used as a preservative for meat,fish,and dairy products in the early 1900s,considered dangerous for humans in the 1920s,and  today,is considered beneficial for humans?

A)cobalt
B)arsenic
C)boron
D)vanadium

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which ultratrace element effects the composition,structure,and strength of bones as well as cell membrane stability and inflammation?

A)vanadium
B)cobalt
C)arsenic
D)boron

Question 5

Which element is second only to oxygen in abundance on earth?

A)nickel
B)vanadium
C)silicon
D)cobalt

Question 6

Which of the following groups of foods are richest in boron,providing 1.0-4.5 mg/100 g?

A)raisins, legumes, nuts, and avocados
B)pork, beef, and poultry
C)milk, butter, cheese, and yogurt
D)fish and shellfish

Question 7

In animals,a deficiency of which element is associated with diminished growth,abnormal reproduction,reduced conception rate,and increased neonatal mortality?

A)arsenic
B)vanadium
C)boron
D)silicon

Question 8

Which of the following interacts with fluoride in such a way as to inhibit absorption?

A)aluminum
B)phosphate
C)calcium
D)sodium

Question 9

Which mineral has beneficial effects on the brain,bones,and the immune system?

A)boron
B)cobalt
C)silicon
D)nickel

Question 10

Nickel decreases the absorption of which mineral?

A)sodium
B)chloride
C)iodine
D)iron

Question 11

Boron is associated with which of the following functions?

A)metabolism of methionine and methylation of DNA
B)bone development and mediation of the inflammatory response
C)synthesis of glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and collagen
D)insulin action

Question 12

S-adenosylmethionine most likely provides most of the methyl groups needed for methylation of which element?

A)silicon
B)vanadium
C)arsenic
D)boron

Question 13

Human toxicity has been shown as black foot disease,a peripheral vascular condition,in individuals drinking water contaminated with ____.

A)boron
B)arsenic
C)silicon
D)vanadium

Question 14

A derivative of which element is approved for treatment of promyelocytic leukemia?

A)boron
B)cobalt
C)nickel
D)arsenic

Question 15

In humans,signs of nickel ____ include nausea,vomiting,and difficulty breathing.

A)toxicity
B)deficiency
C)subclinical deficiency
D)carcinogenesis

Question 16

Which ultratrace element may be absorbed through inhalation and via the skin?

A)boron
B)arsenic
C)vanadium
D)nickel

Question 17

Because of its anti-inflammatory actions,which element may reduce the severity of inflammation associated with injury or infection?

A)cobalt
B)boron
C)silicon
D)arsenic

Question 18

No federal limits in foods or juices have been established for which ultratrace element,which is well known for its toxicity?

A)arsenic
B)cobalt
C)boron
D)vanadium

Question 19

Which ultratrace element is normally consumed at <100 µg/day,mainly from nuts,legumes,grains,and chocolate,and has been assigned a Tolerable Upper Intake Level of 1 mg/day?

A)nickel
B)silicon
C)cobalt
D)boron

Question 20

Which micromineral plays a contributing role in the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals that are more resistant to acid erosion?

A)arsenic
B)selenium
C)fluoride
D)nickel

Question 21

Which mineral is contained in a preformed metallovitamin essential for humans that cannot be synthesized from dietary sources?

A)cobalt
B)silicon
C)nickel
D)boron

Question 22

Fish,sardines with bones,clams,lobster,crab,and shrimp are good sources of ____.

A)cobalt
B)fluoride
C)vanadium
D)silicon

Question 23

Before it is absorbed,fluoride in foods,often bound to proteins,must be hydrolyzed by ____.

A)pepsin
B)amylase
C)lipase
D)ATPase

Question 24

What ultratrace element has been shown to inhibit Na+/K+-ATPase function and the absorption of amino acids at higher concentrations?

A)vanadium
B)arsenic
C)cobalt
D)boron

Question 25

The major detrimental effect of a long-term excess of dietary silicon,usually in the form of antacids,is ____.

A)cancer
B)asthma
C)diabetes
D)kidney stones

Question 26

Dietary ____ inhibits absorption of silicon.

A)iron
B)lactose
C)fiber
D)alkalinity

Question 27

Which ultratrace element,in pharmacological quantities,mimics the action of insulin?

A)boron
B)silicon
C)nickel
D)vanadium

Question 28

An ultratrace element that can inhibit many systems that require phosphate,such as phosphotransferases,is ____.

A)nickel
B)arsenic
C)vanadium
D)boron

Question 29

The richest dietary sources of vanadium are ____.

A)fats and oils
B)cereal and grain products
C)sweeteners
D)milk products

Question 30

One of the pathways of arsenic metabolism involves conjugation with ____.

A)glutathione
B)choline
C)phospholipids
D)SAM

Question 31

The form of fluoride in toothpaste is ____.

A)hydrofluoric acid
B)calcium fluoride
C)potassium fluoride
D)sodium fluoride

Question 32

Arsenic exists mostly in which forms?

A)monovalent and trivalent
B)bivalent and pentavalent
C)monovalent and bivalent
D)trivalent and pentavalent

Question 33

Which ultratrace element is not required by humans in its ionic form,but is a necessary component of the coenzyme form of a vitamin?

A)iron
B)boron
C)cobalt
D)vanadium

Question 34

Which ultratrace element enters the cell through transport systems for phosphate,with which it competes?

A)nickel
B)boron
C)vanadium
D)cobalt

Question 35

Arsenic's toxicity is directly related to its interaction with which part of proteins?

A)amino groups
B)carboxyl groups
C)sulfhydryl groups
D)side chains on amino acids

Question 36

Which ultratrace element is a constituent of vitamin B₁₂?

A)arsenic
B)vanadium
C)boron
D)cobalt

Question 37

Toxicity of which element results in green tongue,diarrhea,and GI cramps?

A)vanadium
B)silicon
C)arsenic
D)boron

Question 38

Which mineral replaces some of the hydroxide ions in hydroxyapatite to help protect against cavities in teeth?

A)cobalt
B)vanadium
C)boron
D)silicon

Question 39

Where might one expect to find a higher incidence of arsenic toxicity?

A)Europe
B)Asia
C)United States
D)Africa

Question 40

Which element has a positive influence on collagen synthesis and bone mineralization?

A)silicon
B)vanadium
C)arsenic
D)nickel

Question 41

Antacids,antidiarrheal agents and analgesics often have which element added?

A)cobalt
B)nickel
C)vanadium
D)silicon

Question 42

Nausea,vomiting,diarrhea,acidosis,and cardiac arrhythmias are associated with acute toxicity from ____.

A)arsenic
B)vanadium
C)nickel
D)fluoride

Question 43

Which element is found as a contaminant in lipsticks,soap,some antibiotics,and gastric antacids?

A)cobalt
B)arsenic
C)silicon
D)boron

Question 44

Boron may alter the ability of some hormones to exert their effects on target cells.

Question 45

Cobalt was used to preserve foods such as fish,meat cream and butter for over 50 years.

Question 46

Boron deficiency may affect attention,mental alertness,and memory.

Question 47

The weathering of rocks and volcanic emissions release which element into the environment that eventually ends up in the food supply?

A)arsenic
B)nickel
C)vanadium
D)cobalt

Question 48

Which element is thought to work by its interactions with SAM and NAD+?

A)vanadium
B)silicon
C)boron
D)nickel

Question 49

Black-foot disease is associated with high nickel exposure.

Question 50

It has been suggested that which element modulates osteoblast and/or osteoclast activity in bones?

A)boron
B)arsenic
C)fluoride
D)nickel

Question 51

Nickel is considered an essential element and is crucial for several body functions.

Question 52

Acute toxicity with which element causes nausea,vomiting,diarrhea,dermatitis,and lethargy?

A)arsenic
B)boron
C)cadmium
D)vanadium

Question 53

Even though fluoride is a gaseous chemical,it is usually found bound to a metal,nonmetal,or organic compound.

Question 54

Abdominal pain,vomiting,diarrhea,muscle cramping numbness and tingling in the extremities,and liver damage are associated with acute toxicity from ____.

A)arsenic
B)vanadium
C)silicon
D)boron

Question 55

More than 85% of ingested boron is absorbed as boric acid by passive diffusion.

Question 56

There is little evidence that cobalt plays a role in human nutrition.However,it is part of a metallovitamin that is crucial for human survival.That vitamin is ____.

A)vitamin B₆
B)vitamin B₃
C)vitamin B₁₂
D)vitamin B₁

Question 57

Although fluoride is used to strengthen teeth and bones,fluoride toxicity (fluorosis)is associated with an increased bone fracture risk.

Question 58

Toxicity levels of arsenic are best detected by ____.

A)serum testing
B)hair analysis
C)skin biopsy
D)saliva analysis

Question 59

The highest concentrations of nickel in the body are found in the skin and skeletal muscles.

Question 60

In the United States,there are strict federal limits controlling the acceptable levels of arsenic in foods.

Question 61

Match each ultratrace mineral with its associated deficiency symptoms.
a.decreased collagen,long bone,and skull abnormalities
b.paired fertility,reduced survival,growth,and development
c.impaired growth and reproduction
d.impaired bone health,cognitive/brain function,and immune response
e.depressed reproduction and growth; impaired hematopoiesis
nickel

Question 62

Match each ultratrace mineral with its associated functions.
a.reduction in dental caries
b.methyl group use
c.bone development,immune system function,and brain function
d.connective tissue and bone formation
e.mimicking insulin
silicon

Question 63

Match each ultratrace mineral with its associated functions.
a.reduction in dental caries
b.methyl group use
c.bone development,immune system function,and brain function
d.connective tissue and bone formation
e.mimicking insulin
arsenic

Question 64

Match each ultratrace mineral with its associated deficiency symptoms.
a.decreased collagen,long bone,and skull abnormalities
b.paired fertility,reduced survival,growth,and development
c.impaired growth and reproduction
d.impaired bone health,cognitive/brain function,and immune response
e.depressed reproduction and growth; impaired hematopoiesis
boron

Question 65

Explain the physiological role of silicon in normal growth and bone development.

Question 66

Quartz is possibly the most well-known form of silicon in nature.

Question 67

Match each ultratrace mineral with its associated deficiency symptoms.
a.decreased collagen,long bone,and skull abnormalities
b.paired fertility,reduced survival,growth,and development
c.impaired growth and reproduction
d.impaired bone health,cognitive/brain function,and immune response
e.depressed reproduction and growth; impaired hematopoiesis
vanadium

Question 68

Although all produce symptoms of toxicity,not all of the important trace elements have a Tolerable Upper Intake Level established.Give the UL and/or the toxicity symptoms of arsenic,boron,nickel,silicon,and vanadium.

Question 69

Vanadium should be a useful supplement to aid in glucose management by diabetics.

Question 70

Match each ultratrace mineral with its associated functions.
a.reduction in dental caries
b.methyl group use
c.bone development,immune system function,and brain function
d.connective tissue and bone formation
e.mimicking insulin
fluoride

Question 71

Table salt may contain silicon to prevent caking in damp weather.

Question 72

Discuss the paradox between the benefits versus the toxic effects of arsenic.

Question 73

Describe the pharmacological effects of vanadium.

Question 74

Match each ultratrace mineral with its associated deficiency symptoms.
a.decreased collagen,long bone,and skull abnormalities
b.paired fertility,reduced survival,growth,and development
c.impaired growth and reproduction
d.impaired bone health,cognitive/brain function,and immune response
e.depressed reproduction and growth; impaired hematopoiesis
arsenic

Question 75

Match each ultratrace mineral with its associated functions.
a.reduction in dental caries
b.methyl group use
c.bone development,immune system function,and brain function
d.connective tissue and bone formation
e.mimicking insulin
vanadium

Question 76

Match each ultratrace mineral with its associated functions.
a.reduction in dental caries
b.methyl group use
c.bone development,immune system function,and brain function
d.connective tissue and bone formation
e.mimicking insulin
boron

Question 77

Describe the mechanism by which boron is thought to bring about the beneficial effects of inhibiting inflammation and positively influencing bone composition,structure and strength.

Question 78

Generally,silicon concentrates in the body's connective tissue,such as bone,tendons,and cartilage.

Question 79

Match each ultratrace mineral with its associated deficiency symptoms.
a.decreased collagen,long bone,and skull abnormalities
b.paired fertility,reduced survival,growth,and development
c.impaired growth and reproduction
d.impaired bone health,cognitive/brain function,and immune response
e.depressed reproduction and growth; impaired hematopoiesis
silicon

Question 80

No Tolerable Upper Level for nickel has been established in humans.