Deck 2: Origins of Criminal Behavior: Developmental Risk Factors

Question 1

According to the research,which two factors increase the probability that a child will become a serious delinquent?

A) Poverty and high emotionality
B) School failure and a single-parent home
C) Physical aggression and peer rejection
D) Mental disorder and birth order

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The three central behaviors of ADHD are

A) poor language development, hyperactivity, and irritability.
B) inattention, impulsivity, and excessive motor activity.
C) lack of empathy, inattention, and hostility.
D) impulsivity, defiance, and violation of others' rights.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Rudy rarely cries when his mother leaves the room and shows no reaction when his mother picks him up.Rudy is displaying signs of ________ attachment.

A) avoidant
B) secure
C) ambivalent
D) enmeshed

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Sam and Alex are parents who see an unusually large number of minor problems in their children as problematic,and then resort to authoritarian strategies to deal with the problems.Sam and Alex are examples of the

A) authoritarian approach.
B) authoritative style.
C) enmeshed style.
D) permissive approach.

Question 5

Which diagnostic term represents a cluster of behaviors in children characterized by repetitive and persistent misbehavior?

A) Conduct disorder
B) ADHD
C) Antisocial personality disorder
D) Psychopathy

Question 6

Research suggests that poor quality preschool daycare places children at risk for

A) enhanced language ability.
B) inadequate social skills.
C) psychopathy.
D) oppositional defiant disorder.

Question 7

The ability to control one's own behavior,especially in children,is known as

A) self-modeling.
B) self-regulation.
C) impulse modulation.
D) impulse restriction.

Question 8

A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates the basic rights of others is the hallmark of

A) aggression.
B) juvenile delinquency.
C) ADHD.
D) conduct disorder.

Question 9

According to researcher Virginia Douglas (2004),which problem is central to children with ADHD?

A) Lead toxicity
B) Lack of understanding
C) Self-regulation
D) Impaired intellectual functioning

Question 10

Compared to the cumulative risk model,the developmental cascade model

A) considers risk factors only.
B) emphasizes the interaction among risk factors.
C) focuses heavily on a child's developmental trajectory.
D) addresses parental discipline strategies.

Question 11

The developmental perspective on crime and antisocial behavior views the life course of all humans as following a

A) series of distinct age-related stages of development.
B) developmental pathway littered with risk factors.
C) vertical line dependent upon physiological milestones.
D) sequence of stages that enhance empathy.

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of a protective factor?

A) Exposure to chemical toxins
B) Parental substance abuse
C) Supportive caregivers
D) Poverty

Question 13

Poverty is an example of a(n)________ risk factor.

A) social
B) familial
C) economic
D) psychological

Question 14

Which statement is consistent with the research on language impairment and antisocial behavior?

A) Poor language development during the second year of life is a significant predictor of adult criminal behavior.
B) Poor language development increases the risk of antisocial behavior in girls only.
C) can lead to peer rejection and poor academic performance.
D) Poor language development typically begins in adolescence and results in lifelong patterns of antisocial behavior.

Question 15

Which of the following is central to the cumulative risk model?

A) Socioeconomic status
B) The past criminal behavior of the primary caregiver
C) Family size
D) The number of risk factors

Question 16

Those influences in a person's life that are believed to increase the probability that an individual will engage in criminal behavior are called

A) self-regulatory assumptions.
B) criminogenic needs.
C) risk factors.
D) impulsive drives.

Question 17

Research on sibling influence on delinquency indicates

A) the risk of delinquency is lower when the delinquent sibling is closer in age.
B) older siblings reinforce antisocial behavior regardless of the relationship between the siblings.
C) older siblings reinforce antisocial behavior only when the siblings have a close relationship.
D) the delinquent sibling reinforces antisocial behavior when siblings are of the same gender.

Question 18

According to Goldstein et al.(2001),aggressive tendencies at age ________ predict later
Aggressive behavior.

A) three
B) seven
C) twelve
D) eighteen

Question 19

Parents' awareness of their child's peer associations,free time activities,and physical whereabouts when outside the home is known as parental

A) participation.
B) mindfulness.
C) neurosis.
D) monitoring.

Question 20

Strategies employed by parents to achieve specific academic,social,or athletic goals are called parental ________; whereas parental attitude toward the child and the emotional climate of the parent-child relationship refers to parental ________.

A) styles; practices
B) practices; styles
C) authority; tactics
D) tactics; authority

Question 21

Which disorder is characterized by a persistent pattern of angry outbursts,arguments,vindictiveness,resentment,and disobedience?

A) Oppositional defiant disorder
B) Cognitive dissonance
C) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
D) Conduct disorder

Question 22

ADHD is currently the leading psychological diagnosis for American children.

Question 23

According to attachment theory,infants who cling anxiously to their mother without much exploration when placed in new environments are displaying

A) intimacy avoidance.
B) minimal exploration.
C) clinging reaction.
D) anxious/ambivalent attachment.

Question 24

Affective empathy usually develops in middle adulthood.

Question 25

One of the strongest predictors of later antisocial behavior is

A) peer rejection.
B) lack of interests or hobbies.
C) dysfunctional family dynamics.
D) excessive television viewing.

Question 26

IQ refers to a broad,all-encompassing ability.

Question 27

Parental alcoholism and depression elevate a child's risk of engaging in antisocial behavior.

Question 28

Which factor is associated with a high probability of delinquent behavior in high school?

A) Parental divorce
B) Lower socioeconomic class
C) Rejection by peers in elementary school
D) Below average intelligence

Question 29

The cause of ADHD is unknown.

Question 30

Several studies have found a strong association between animal cruelty and violent behavior.

Question 31

Compared to children from higher socioeconomic status,children from lower socioeconomic status are more likely to be represented in crime statistics.

Question 32

ADHD frequently co-occurs with which diagnostic category?

A) Mental disorder
B) Conduct disorder
C) Status offenses
D) Psychopathy

Question 33

It is rare for an individual to possess both affective and cognitive empathy.

Question 34

The ability to understand another's emotions is called

A) cognitive empathy.
B) learned helplessness.
C) affective empathy.
D) personal efficacy.

Question 35

A mother who feels helpless that her 12-year-old son is using marijuana and therefore allows the behavior to continue is exhibiting

A) intermittent punishment.
B) an authoritative parenting style.
C) internal locust of control.
D) a lax style of parenting.

Question 36

All criminal behavior has its origins in childhood.

Question 37

Research on IQ and delinquency has not supported the relationship between the two.

Question 38

Which statement accurately reflects research findings on intelligence and delinquency?

A) The little variability among average IQ scores of racial and ethnic groups suggests no relationship between intelligence and delinquency.
B) There is no evidence that, as a group, delinquents score lower on standard intelligence tests than nondelinquents.
C) As a group, delinquents are less intelligent than nondelinquents.
D) There is an inverse relationship between IQ scores and the tendency toward delinquency.

Question 39

Research indicates that parental monitoring is especially important during

A) preschool.
B) the elementary school years.
C) infancy.
D) the middle school years.

Question 40

Which statement is correct?

A) The exact nature of the relationship between poverty and violence is not well understood.
B) It is quite clear that poverty is the major cause of crime and delinquency.
C) Poverty does not appear to be a risk factor in the development of crime.
D) The current research suggests that there is no relationship between poverty and crime.

Question 41

Most of the research and theoretical work examining the effects of peer rejection,aggression,and delinquent behavior has focused on ________.

Question 42

The use of ________ in the form of private and self-directed speech helps children develop and maintain self-control and self-regulation.

Question 43

Recent research suggests that ________ childcare arrangements have negative impacts on children's social adjustment.

Question 44

Children and youth living under dire economic conditions are at high risk of becoming ________ and offenders.

Question 45

Both the cumulative risk and developmental cascade models emphasize that antisocial behavior can be attributed to the single risk factor of peer rejection.

Question 46

Studies examining the education of inmates in correctional facilities found that many inmates had attained a(n)________ of education or less.

Question 47

The developmental perspective views the life course of all humans as following a ________ that may be littered with risk factors.

Question 48

Children tend to reject those peers who frequently use forms of ________ as their preferred way of dealing with others.

Question 49

The social,family,and psychological experiences that are believed to increase the probability that an individual will engage in persistent criminal behavior are known as ________ factors.

Question 50

The dynamic cascade model is distinct from the cumulative risk model in that it emphasizes the ________ among risk factors and their effect on outcomes over the course of development.

Question 51

According to the cumulative risk model,an accumulation of risk factors in the absence of sufficient ________ factors results in negative behavioral,emotional,and cognitive outcomes.

Question 52

The typical medication prescribed for ADHD is in the form of stimulants.

Question 53

Diana Baumrind's four parental styles include authoritarian,permissive,authoritative,and ________.

Question 54

Problem behaviors,such as substance use and delinquent behavior,during the middle school years occur within the ________ context.

Question 55

The permissive style of parenting is highly correlated with delinquent behavior.

Question 56

One of the strongest predictors of later involvement in antisocial behavior is early ________ by peers.

Question 57

Experts generally agree that the most common problem associated with ADHD is violent,aggressive behavior.

Question 58

Language-impaired children are often rejected by peers and are frequently viewed negatively by their teachers.

Question 59

Discrimination,racism,unsafe living conditions,and poor nutrition or examples of poverty ________.

Question 60

The leading psychological diagnosis for American children is ________.

Question 61

Compare and contrast the cumulative risk and developmental cascade model.

Question 62

Imagine you are a child with a language impairment.Examine how your developmental trajectory would be influenced by this impairment.Include detailed descriptions of your academic experiences and peer relationships.

Question 63

Define conduct disorder,ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder.What are the similarities and differences? Why are the three often used interchangeably in the school system?

Question 64

Why must we be cautious when interpreting the relationship between poverty and violence? Explain the role that poverty cofactors play in this relationship.

Question 65

Discuss the influence of peer groups on delinquent behavior.