Deck 4: Origins of Criminal Behavior: Learning and Situational Factors

Question 1

Which of the following is a basic assumption of classical conditioning?

A) Humans are automatons.
B) Humans are active learners.
C) Humans are good.
D) Humans are evil.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The belief that all behavior is at the mercy of stimuli in the environment is called

A) the ecological fallacy.
B) situationism.
C) fundamental attribution error.
D) empiricism.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Milgram's obedience studies found that ________ of people are willing to shock a victim with high s of electric shock primarily on the basis of request from an experimenter.

A) a majority (or about two-thirds)
B) a small portion (less than 10%)
C) about 25 percent
D) about half

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Milgram's famous studies on obedience to authority indicate that

A) people pay little attention to authority figures once they become adults.
B) in general, Americans are not obedient or conforming.
C) most people are obedient to authority even if it causes pain to others.
D) children are less obedient to authority than adults.

Question 5

The process whereby people lose their identities and feel less responsible in a crowd is called

A) deindividuation.
B) mob reaction.
C) reciprocation.
D) crowd masking.

Question 6

Which of the following conclusions is supported by Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment?

A) Situational variables are powerful determinants of behavior.
B) An individual's personality is more important than situational factors in determining behavior.
C) Most people remain true to their principles, even when put into psychologically compelling situations.
D) People do not easily become deindividuated.

Question 7

Which individual is a well-known social learning theorist?

A) B. F. Skinner
B) Hans Eysenck
C) John Watson
D) Julian Rotter

Question 8

Which term refers to the idea that all complex behavior can be broken down into simple stimulus-response behavior?

A) Interactionism
B) Deindividuation
C) Reductionism
D) Extinction

Question 9

According to Sutherland's differential association theory

A) criminal behavior can be learned only by associating with others who are criminal.
B) violent behavior is biologically determined.
C) criminal behavior is learned like any other behavior.
D) criminal behavior is learned primarily through classical conditioning.

Question 10

All of the following are examples of frustration-induced aggression except

A) the 2015 protests in Ferguson, Missouri.
B) the 2014 demonstrations in Baltimore Maryland.
C) the 1993 riots in Los Angeles, California.
D) the 2011 occupy Wall Street movement.

Question 11

If Bandura's position is essentially correct,then aggressive and violent behavior can be substantially reduced by

A) providing appropriate models.
B) physically punishing children for aggressive behavior.
C) controlling the sale of guns and weapons in our society.
D) reducing high school truancy.

Question 12

An essential difference between the behavior theory of Watson and Skinner is

A) Watson recognized the existence of private mental events, whereas Skinner did not.
B) Skinner recognized the existence of private mental events, whereas Watson did not.
C) Skinner believed that the primary goal of psychology is the control of behavior, whereas Watson did not.
D) Watson believed that the goal of psychology is the prediction of behavior, whereas Watson did not.

Question 13

Akers' differential association reinforcement theory is based largely on the criminological theory of

A) Edwin Sutherland.
B) Albert Bandura.
C) B.F. Skinner.
D) Walter Miller.

Question 14

Behaviorism is to ________ as social learning is to ________.

A) biological drives; socialization
B) objectivity; subjectivity
C) reinforcement; environmental stimuli
D) environmental stimuli; cognition

Question 15

Operant and social learning originated from a school of psychological thought called

A) psychoanalysis.
B) determinism.
C) social learning.
D) behaviorism.

Question 16

Which behavioral scientist maintains that human behavior,including criminal behavior,is acquired primarily through observational learning or modeling?

A) Julian Rotter
B) Albert Bandura
C) Ronald Akers
D) John Watson

Question 17

The common human tendency to discount the influence of a situation and explain behavior by referring to the personality of an actor is called

A) type II error.
B) type I error.
C) ecological error.
D) fundamental attribution error.

Question 18

According to Julian Rotter,whether a particular pattern of behavior will occur depends on

A) operant conditioning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) our ability to control biological drives.
D) our expectancies and how much we value the outcome.

Question 19

According to Akers' differential association reinforcement theory,criminal behavior develops primarily as the result of

A) frustration.
B) heightened expectancies that are innate in the individual.
C) social reinforcements given by significant others.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 20

According to Berkowitz,in order for frustration to occur,the person must have

A) some hope for goal attainment.
B) a specific frustration gene.
C) a history of academic failure.
D) an idea where to direct his or her aggression.

Question 21

Studies conducted by Stanley Milgram and Philip Zimbardo both found that one's situation strongly influences behavior.

Question 22

Which individual is associated with the bystander effect?

A) Rodney King
B) Freddie Gray
C) Susan Darley
D) Kitty Genovese

Question 23

John B.Watson believed that a rigid scientific approach was crucial to understanding human behavior.

Question 24

According to the text,in order to fully understand criminal behavior,it is important to regard all individuals as passive participants in their environment.

Question 25

Berkowitz's two criminal personality classifications are

A) psychopathic/nonpsychopathic.
B) violent/nonviolent.
C) greedy/altruistic.
D) socialized/individual.

Question 26

For most people,becoming part of a group promotes feelings of anonymity.

Question 27

Increasing behavior by avoiding an unpleasant stimulus is referred to as punishment.

Question 28

According to the frustration-induced theory of criminality,individuals who commit larceny during riots are motivated by revenge.

Question 29

B.F.Skinner is considered the father of behaviorism.

Question 30

In which situation is bystander apathy LEAST likely to occur?

A) A thief steals tires from a car parked on a busy street
B) An assailant snatches a purse on a crowded sidewalk
C) An assailant stabs someone in front of a lone jogger in a residential neighborhood
D) A thief steals a muffin from a bakery during the morning rush

Question 31

In his recent theory,Bandura states that before people can engage in behavior that violates their moral principles they must

A) learn the techniques of that behavior.
B) believe that the reward outweighs the punishment.
C) reject their moral principles.
D) disengage from their moral principles.

Question 32

When we specifically attribute good aspects about ourselves to dispositional factors,and bad things to the environment,we are demonstrating

A) fundamental attribution error.
B) self-serving bias.
C) wrongful attribution.
D) self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 33

Increasing desired behavior by distributing rewards is known as

A) extinction.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) punishment.
D) positive reinforcement.

Question 34

Studies of moral disengagement among adolescents indicate that it often declines with ________,and this finding is associated with an accompanying decline in ________.

A) academic performance; cognitive processes
B) age; antisocial behavior
C) socialization; parental monitoring
D) intelligence; moral aptitude

Question 35

According to Akers' theory,groups tend to adopt certain rules of conduct concerning what is bad,right or wrong,justified or unjustified.These group attitudes are called

A) discriminative stimuli.
B) ecological norms.
C) normative definitions.
D) neutralizing stimuli.

Question 36

Skinner argued that the most effective way to eliminate behavior was through extinction.

Question 37

Which theorist is most closely associated with stimulus-response psychology?

A) Watson
B) Bandura
C) Pavlov
D) Wundt

Question 38

Acts performed in response to orders from authority considered illegal or immoral by the larger community are called

A) bystander apathy.
B) reductionism.
C) crimes of obedience.
D) fundamental attribution error.

Question 39

Dehumanization is a type of disengagement.

Question 40

The September 11,2001 attack on the Pentagon is an example of a frustration-induced riot.

Question 41

Frustration-induced criminality posits that when behavior directed at a specific goal is ________,arousal increases,and the individual experiences a drive to reduce it.

Question 42

Watson frequently declared that psychology was the ________ of behavior.

Question 43

According to social learning theorists,internal processes such as thinking and remembering are known as ________ processes.

Question 44

When classical conditioning is applied to people,it suggests that they can ________ if they have been rewarded or punished for behavior.

Question 45

Explain the concept of deindividuation and illustrate by describing any one experiment in social psychology.

Question 46

Discuss the situational factors that can influence criminal behavior.In addition to those mentioned in this chapter,what others might be identified?

Question 47

Explain the process of operant conditioning and describe an example of how criminal behavior is acquired.

Question 48

According to Bandura,the more significant and respected the ________,the greater their impact on our behavior.

Question 49

Compare and contrast Sutherland's differential association theory and Akers' differential association-reinforcement theory.

Question 50

In order to understand criminal behavior in some depth,it is crucial that we regard all individuals-whether or not they violate the rules of society-as ________ problem solvers who perceive,process,interpret,and respond uniquely to their environments.

Question 51

Early learning theorists worked in the laboratory,using ________ as their primary subjects.

Question 52

Social learning theorists believe that the ________ of behavior depends on reinforcement.

Question 53

Learning the consequences of one's behavior is the basis of ________ learning.

Question 54

Edwin Sutherland was a(n)________ who believed that criminal or deviant behavior is learned the same way that all behavior is learned.

Question 55

Briefly explain Bandura's theory of moral disengagement.