Deck 6: Neo-Freudian Theories: Relevant Research

Question 1

Researchers find that avoidance coping strategies

A)with only a few exceptions tend to be less effective than active strategies.
B)are particularly effective with severe trauma.
C)are about as effective as emotion-focused strategies.
D)are most effective with long-term problems.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The psychologists who developed the frustration-aggression hypothesis borrowed which of the following concepts from Freudian theory?

A)Projection
B)Death instinct
C)Reaction formation
D)Catharsis

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is predicted from the original frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A)Aggression is always caused by frustration.
B)Aggression is sometimes caused by frustration.
C)Frustration is the only one of many causes of aggression.
D)Catharsis always leads to frustration.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Sam is facing a difficult midterm exam and is feeling stressed out about it. As the exam date approaches and his anxiety increases,Sam starts thinking about ways to study more effectively. He schedules a large portion of time for active study of the material on the test so that he is prepared. In terms of coping,which of the following is Sam's strategy?

A)Avoidance strategy
B)Emotion-focused strategy
C)Problem-focused strategy
D)Repression strategy

Question 5

According to Freud,guilt is most closely associated with

A)reality anxiety.
B)neurotic anxiety.
C)moral anxiety.
D)performance anxiety.

Question 6

Although he changed his mind during his career,which of the following did Freud eventually decide was the cause of human aggression?

A)A death instinct
B)Frustration
C)Projection
D)Unresolved Oedipal conflicts

Question 7

Research has found that one gender difference in coping strategies is that

A)women take steps to solve problems directly more than men.
B)men use emotion-focused strategies more than women.
C)women use emotion-focused strategies more than men.
D)none of these

Question 8

Under which circumstances might an emotion-focused strategy be more effective in reducing anxiety than a problem-focused strategy?

A)When the source of the anxiety is likely to last for a long time.
B)When the person does not possess the tools to correct the situation.
C)When the anxiety level is not particularly high.
D)When the person is very emotional.

Question 9

Which of the following is true about neurotic anxiety,as conceived by Freud?

A)It is experienced when id impulses are close to breaking into consciousness.
B)It prevents the ego from utilizing defense mechanisms.
C)It is created when id impulses violate society's moral code.
D)People experiencing neurotic anxiety usually are aware of what is making them anxious.

Question 10

One team of researchers found that medical students who relied on _________ had better physical heath during the first year of med school.

A)Active coping
B)Self-centered coping strategies
C)Defensive coping
D)Avoidance strategies

Question 11

Participants in one experiment were either frustrated or not frustrated.They then were given what they thought was an opportunity to administer electric shocks to either the person who had frustrated them or a stranger.This experiment was designed to test which part of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A)Catharsis
B)Displacement
C)Sublimation
D)Reinforcement

Question 12

Freud gave which of the following names to the death instinct in his theory?

A)The shadow
B)Libido
C)Thanatos
D)Catharsis

Question 13

In contrast to the concerns of traditional psychoanalytic writers,most of the research on coping with anxiety conducted by researchers today

A)is concerned with what Freud called reality anxiety.
B)deals with unconscious efforts to reduce anxiety.
C)is limited to studying people with phobias.
D)is based on the writings of Carl Jung.

Question 14

The psychologists who developed the frustration-aggression hypothesis used or adapted each of the following concepts from Freudian theory except one. Which one?

A)Displacement
B)Sublimation
C)Catharsis
D)Reinforcement

Question 15

A friend comes to you with a problem. You determine that there is nothing she can do to solve the problem but also that it is not going to go away any time soon. According to research,which type of coping strategy should you recommend?

A)Emotion-focused strategy
B)Problem-focused strategy
C)Avoidant strategy
D)Defensive strategy

Question 16

Research on reactions to stressful stimuli finds that people typically use coping strategies to reduce anxiety

A)when trained to do so by the experimenter.
B)when reminded to do so by the experimenter.
C)when given no instructions about coping strategies by the experimenter.
D)very rarely, unless the stimulus is extremely anxiety-provoking.

Question 17

Freud wrote about all of the following types of anxiety except one.Which one?

A)Reality anxiety
B)Neurotic anxiety
C)Moral anxiety
D)Performance anxiety

Question 18

Researchers often organize the many kinds of coping strategies into categories. One of the most useful distinctions drawn by these researchers is between _____ and _____ strategies.

A)conscious; unconscious
B)childish; adult
C)active; avoidance
D)primary; secondary

Question 19

Researchers find that men are more likely to use ______ coping strategies than women and women are more likely to use ______ coping strategies than men.

A)emotion-focused; problem-focused
B)active; avoidant
C)avoidant; active
D)problem-focused; emotion-focused

Question 20

Suppose you have a shy friend who gets anxious whenever there are popular people nearby.The anxiety is so bad that your friend cannot speak around others. Which form of anxiety is your friend most likely experiencing?

A)Reality anxiety
B)Neurotic anxiety
C)Moral anxiety
D)Superego anxiety

Question 21

Which of the following appears to happen when a frustrated person is allowed to act aggressively?

A)His or her need to aggress against others is decreased.
B)He or she gets more aroused, thus increasing future aggression.
C)The tension release reinforces the aggression.
D)He or she becomes more inhibited about aggressing against people in the future.

Question 22

Research on catharsis finds people ______ experience catharsis following aggression and that this typically leads to a(n)______ in the likelihood of future aggression.

A)often; decrease
B)often; increase
C)rarely; decrease
D)rarely; increase

Question 23

Securely attached adults reported in a newspaper survey that they had been in their current relationship

A)for more than 10 years.
B)for less than six years.
C)since puberty.
D)for more than 30 years.

Question 24

In contrast to Freud's theory,object relations theorists

A)focus on internal drives and conflicts.
B)are interested in the intellectual and emotional development of the infant.
C)are interested in an infant's relationship with his or her parents.
D)do not believe that children develop unconscious representations of significant objects in their environment.

Question 25

According to research on the frustration-aggression hypothesis,we would expect a frustrated man who is allowed to act aggressively to experience

A)catharsis and reduce his aggression.
B)catharsis and increase his aggression.
C)no catharsis and reduce his aggression.
D)no catharsis and increase his aggression.

Question 26

Researchers have identified attachment styles that affect how people relate to romantic partners. According to attachment theory,these adult styles are primarily determined by

A)differences in self-esteem.
B)adolescent relationships.
C)relationships with parents when the person was an infant.
D)inherited temperament.

Question 27

Studies with aggressive children find that these children have a lot of

A)violent relatives.
B)stress and frustration in their lives.
C)independence at home.
D)friends.

Question 28

A woman is frustrated by a person at work.Instead of attacking the co-worker who is frustrating her,she yells at her best friend.According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis,the woman is

A)not really frustrated.
B)more likely to act aggressively after yelling at her friend.
C)demonstrating displacement.
D)demonstrating projection.

Question 29

Participants in one study were either frustrated or not frustrated.They then were given what they thought was an opportunity to administer electric shocks to another person.Sometimes this other person was the one who had frustrated them,and sometimes it was a stranger.The researchers found that

A)frustration increased aggression, but only against the person who frustrated the participants.
B)frustration increased aggression against both the person who had frustrated the participants and the stranger.
C)frustration led to an increase in aggression against the person who had frustrated the participants, but a decrease in aggression against the stranger.
D)frustration did not affect aggression levels in this experiment.

Question 30

Researchers find that acting aggressively often increases the likelihood of acting aggressively in the future.Researchers have used all of the following concepts except _________ to explain this finding.

A)disinhibition
B)cues for aggression
C)reinforcement
D)catharsis

Question 31

In one longitudinal study spanning over 20 years,12 month-old infants with a secure attachment style

A)were no more secure in adult romantic relationships than avoidant infants.
B)had fewer close friends and many acquaintances.
C)were more socially competent in elementary school.
D)experienced one deep romance after another.

Question 32

To explain why aggression sometimes decreases,many researchers have adopted the Freudian concept of

A)the Oedipus complex.
B)repression.
C)the superego.
D)catharsis.

Question 33

Which of the following is true about the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A)Frustration is one cause of aggression.
B)Frustrated people act more aggressively than nonfrustrated people.
C)Aggressive responses are more likely when a frustrated person is close to their goal.
D)All of these

Question 34

Which of the following concepts did some of the developers of the original frustration-aggression hypothesis use to explain why frustrated people sometimes fail to show signs of aggression?

A)Reaction formation and displacement
B)Displacement and sublimation
C)Sublimation and denial
D)Repression and denial

Question 35

Researchers in one study compared the responses of people when someone cut in front of them in line. The researchers expected more aggressive reactions when the people were near the front of the line than near the back of the line. The researchers were testing the effects of _______ on aggression.

A)crowd influence
B)modeling
C)arousal level
D)frustration

Question 36

Research on frustration and aggression generally has found that

A)frustration always leads to aggression.
B)frustration sometimes leads to aggression.
C)frustration rarely leads to aggression.
D)frustration always leads to aggression, but sometimes in indirect or displaced forms.

Question 37

According to object relations theory,a child's relationship with his or her parents

A)is not as important as the child's relationship with peers.
B)affects the way the child thinks of others in future relationships.
C)is more important as the child grows older, especially in the adolescent years.
D)is not as important as neo-Freudian theorists originally claimed.

Question 38

Frustrated research participants are sometimes given an opportunity to administer an electric shock to another person.Experimenters conducting this research generally find that

A)contrary to prediction, participants do not experience a change in their arousal levels following the administration of the shocks.
B)participants experience an increase in arousal following the administration of the shocks.
C)participants experience a decrease in arousal following the administration of the shocks.
D)participants experience a rapid increase followed by a rapid decrease in arousal following the administration of the shocks.

Question 39

According to research on attachment theory,a mother who is attentive and responsive to her infant is most likely to develop a ______ relationship with the child.

A)secure
B)anxious-ambivalent
C)avoidant
D)dependent

Question 40

According to the original frustration-aggression hypothesis,what is needed to reduce the likelihood of aggression in a frustrated person?

A)Removal of the frustrating agent
B)Reduced awareness of the frustrating agent
C)Catharsis
D)Repression

Question 41

State the early version of the distinction between active and avoidant coping strategies. Give some examples of a person's response to stress from each end of the dimension. Distinguish coping strategies that are problem-focused from emotion-focused strategies. State the relative effectiveness of these different strategies.

Question 42

In general,avoidance coping strategies are more effective in helping people with a wide variety of stressors than active strategies.

Question 43

A four-category model of adult attachment styles divides people along which two dimensions?

A)Anxiety and avoidance
B)Feelings about one's mother and feelings about one's father
C)Fear of closeness and fear of sex
D)Images of one's self-worth and belief in one's abilities

Question 44

In terms of the four-category model of adult attachment,preoccupied people

A)see themselves as unworthy of love and doubt a romantic relationship would be satisfying.
B)have feelings that they are unworthy while they tend to see others as trustworthy.
C)shy away from close relationships.
D)seek out intimate relationships because of curiosity.

Question 45

One explanation for why aggression leads to more aggression is that it is reinforced by the cathartic release of tension.

Question 46

A woman is uncomfortable getting close to others and has difficulty trusting potential romantic partners. She probably has which kind of adult attachment style?

A)Secure
B)Anxious-ambivalent
C)Avoidant
D)Dependent

Question 47

People with which kind of adult attachment style are least likely to fall in love?

A)Secure
B)Anxious-ambivalent
C)Avoidant
D)Dependent

Question 48

Karen Horney agreed with Freud that unconscious conflicts often trigger anxiety.

Question 49

Francisco has fallen in love many times,but has difficulty finding long-term happiness in any of his relationships. He desperately wants to find a romantic partner. Francisco probably has which kind of adult attachment style?

A)Secure
B)Anxious-ambivalent
C)Avoidant
D)Dependent

Question 50

In terms of the four-category model of adult attachment,dismissing people have feelings that they are unworthy while they tend to see others as trustworthy.

Question 51

Carol is having difficulty with her romantic relationship. She is afraid of losing her partner,so she gives in to her partner's wishes to keep him happy. Carol probably has which kind of attachment style?

A)Secure
B)Anxious-ambivalent
C)Avoidant
D)Dependent

Question 52

Describe three kinds of parent-child attachment relationships. Contrast with examples of each of the four categories of adult attachment styles.What are the implications for children in each of the three relationships when they are adults?

Question 53

A person who describes his or her relationships with family members as distrustful and emotionally distant most probably has an avoidant style of attachment.

Question 54

Fears of abandonment and being left alone characterize which of the following categories of adult attachment?

A)Secure
B)Avoidant
C)Dismissing
D)Fearful

Question 55

Although she is involved in a steady romantic relationship,Jackie has an avoidant attachment style. This week she is stressed about an upcoming medical operation. Studies suggest the stress will cause Jackie to

A)seek comfort from her partner.
B)pull away from her partner.
C)seek comfort from many people.
D)become excessively dependent on her partner.

Question 56

Discuss how Freud's original frustration-aggression hypothesis influenced research by behavioral psychologists on the topic. Give evidence that frustration is one cause of aggression. Define displacement and catharsis and specify their roles in aggressive behavior.

Question 57

A man worries that his romantic partner does not really love him. He becomes demanding and sometimes overwhelming in his effort to secure his partner's love. The man probably has which kind of attachment style?

A)Secure
B)Anxious-ambivalent
C)Avoidant
D)Dependent