Deck 10: Emotional Development

Question 1

The __________ emphasizes that the broad function of __________ is to energize behavior aimed at attaining personal goals.

A) ethological theory of attachment; reasoning
B) synchronist approach; language
C) goodness-of-fit model; cognition
D) functionalist approach; emotions

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In the years since her mother's death from breast cancer, Jeannine has participated in the local 5K run for cancer. When thinking about the run, Jeannine vacillates between pride and sadness. For Jeannine, this event has become

A) personally relevant.
B) a threat to her attachment security.
C) an internal working model of anxiety and stress.
D) a secure base.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

As Toshio approaches any situation, he rapidly appraises its personal significance, which prepares him for action. What does Toshio's appraisal represent?

A) emotion
B) theory
C) attitude
D) temperament

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Three-month-old Tara displays excitement when she first reaches for and grabs a rattle. This excitement shows that Tara is developing

A) fine-motor skills.
B) self-conscious emotions.
C) a sense of self-efficacy.
D) basic emotions.

Question 5

In a study of children reared in extremely depleted Romanian orphanages, the longer they remained in the orphanages, the

A) higher their IQ scores.
B) more resilient they became to environmental stressors.
C) higher their cortisol levels.
D) lower their cortisol levels.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true regarding paternal depression?

A) At younger ages, paternal depression is linked to frequent father-child conflict.
B) Children of depressed fathers tend to become overprotective parents.
C) Persistent paternal depression is a strong predictor of child behavior problems.
D) Over time, children exposed to paternal depression develop a positive worldview.

Question 7

Which of the following four babies who went to the doctor for the same vaccination will most likely remember it better?

A) Juan, who remained alert throughout the appointment
B) Mari, who smiled and cooed at the doctor
C) Wyatt, who was startled by the injection, but did not cry
D) Bina, who was highly upset by the injection

Question 8

Cross-cultural evidence reveals that people around the world

A) associate photographs of different facial expressions with emotions in the same way.
B) use the same responses to express a particular emotion.
C) become freer and more open about emotional expression with age.
D) exhibit similar levels of stranger anxiety in infancy.

Question 9

By the end of the first year, babies become increasingly skilled at

A) establishing an internal working model.
B) joint attention.
C) social smiling.
D) labeling their feelings.

Question 10

Infants of depressed mothers

A) often turn to their fathers for caretaking needs.
B) have abnormally low cortisol levels.
C) quickly learn to sooth themselves.
D) are less attentive to their surroundings.

Question 11

The dynamic interplay between emotion and cognition begins

A) in early infancy.
B) in toddlerhood.
C) during the preschool years.
D) during the elementary school years.

Question 12

About _____ percent of women experience mild to severe feelings of sadness, distress, and withdrawal that continue for months or years.

A) 1 to 3
B) 4 to 7
C) 8 to 10
D) 11 to 15

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true about emotions?

A) Emotions are learned behaviors.
B) Young children are unable to experience more than one emotion at a time.
C) Authoritative parents tend to discourage emotional expression in their children.
D) Emotional reactions can lead to learning that is essential for survival.

Question 14

A baby coos and pats his mother's face, but she does not respond. The baby makes repeated attempts through facial expressions, vocalizations, and body movements to gain her attention, all to no avail. The baby is now likely to

A) coo at a toy.
B) adopt a still-faced expression.
C) engage in self-comfort strategies.
D) turn away and cry.

Question 15

When her newborn brother cried, two-year-old Melly watched her mother's reactions. On a later occasion when her brother cried, Melly patted him and spoke softly to him. This is an example of

A) joint attention.
B) self-efficacy.
C) social referencing.
D) emotional self-regulation.

Question 16

In a study, researchers taught 2- to 8-month-olds to pull a string to activate pleasurable sights and sounds, to which the infants responded with interest, happiness, and surprise. Then, for a short period, pulling the string no longer turned on the attractive stimuli, and the babies' emotional reactions changed to anger and sadness. Once the contingency was restored, the sad babies

A) showed renewed interest.
B) showed renewed enjoyment.
C) turned away.
D) reacted with high anxiety.

Question 17

Elevated heart rate and blood pressure, a depressed immune response, and reduced digestive activity are all outcomes of

A) social referencing.
B) an avoidant attachment.
C) joint attention.
D) psychological stress.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of a basic emotion?

A) shame
B) fear
C) embarrassment
D) guilt

Question 19

The still-face reaction

A) occurs when communication is between an infant and a still-faced doll.
B) does not occur in nonindustrialized countries.
C) occurs only when natural human communication is disrupted.
D) is a learned response to a caregiver's ambiguous communication.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true about postpartum depression?

A) About 3 to 5 percent of fathers report symptoms after the birth of a child.
B) It subsides as the new mother adjusts to hormonal changes in her body.
C) It subsides as the new mother gains confidence in caring for her baby.
D) It is common and does not interfere with children's development.

Question 21

Which of the following is an example of a self-conscious emotion?

A) pride
B) happiness
C) sadness
D) anger

Question 22

Self-conscious emotions

A) appear in the middle of the first year.
B) are universal in humans and other primates.
C) involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self.
D) predict academic achievement during adolescence.

Question 23

Common fears during the school years include

A) monsters and ghosts.
B) acts of nature, such as thunder and lightning.
C) family finances and college selection.
D) poor academic performance and the possibility of personal harm.

Question 24

At the park, 13-month-old Felix wanders toward other toddlers, returns to his father, interacts briefly with a preschooler, and then returns to his father. Felix is demonstrating the concept of

A) stranger anxiety.
B) secure base.
C) self-efficacy.
D) emotional self-regulation.

Question 25

Which of the following children is likely to display the most intense anger reaction?

A) a hungry newborn
B) a bored 6-month-old
C) a 12-month-old who has just had a toy taken away by a playmate
D) an 18-month-old who has been put down for an unwanted nap

Question 26

Emotional self-regulation requires

A) an understanding of basic emotions.
B) voluntary, effortful management of emotions.
C) a sense of self-efficacy.
D) an easygoing temperament.

Question 27

Temper tantrums tend to occur because toddlers

A) frequently compete with siblings for desired toys.
B) are easily overwhelmed and often have a difficult temperament.
C) recall that crying as an infant got them immediate adult attention.
D) cannot control the intense anger that often arises when an adult rejects their demands.

Question 28

As a preschooler, Virgil experiences negative emotion intensely and has great difficulty inhibiting his feelings. When frustrated, Virgil is likely to

A) react angrily or aggressively.
B) withdraw into a make-believe world.
C) stand by helplessly and watch classmates participate in activities without him.
D) cry inconsolably and blame others for his situation.

Question 29

Three-year-old Kaylee wet her bed one night. In the morning, her mother said, "Wetting the bed is bad. I thought you were a good girl." Kaylee's self-evaluation is most strongly influenced by her

A) mother's feedback.
B) maturity level.
C) culture.
D) gender.

Question 30

Donna's young daughter, Cali, is terribly afraid of cats. Donna can help Cali manage her fear by

A) encouraging daily contact with kittens to alleviate her fear.
B) showing Cali how small a cat is compared to humans, and tell her she should not be afraid of something so small.
C) letting Cali approach cats at her own pace, showing her that cats can be friendly when treated gently.
D) accepting her fear and helping her to avoid cats whenever possible.

Question 31

__________ reflects faster processing of information than smiling.

A) Anger
B) Withdrawal
C) Crying
D) Laughter

Question 32

According to the dynamic systems perspective,

A) children coordinate separate skills into more effective, emotionally expressive systems as the central nervous system develops.
B) children's goals and experiences have only a minimal impact on emotional development.
C) emotions become clear, well-organized signals by adolescence.
D) infants come into the world with a repertoire of basic and self-conscious emotions.

Question 33

You wonder if your son's fear of birds has become a phobia. One indication that it has would be if

A) his fear has persisted for over a week.
B) his fear interferes with daily activities.
C) he has begun to make jokes about birds in an attempt to overcome his fear.
D) he is only afraid of birds in specific situations, such as when playing soccer outside.

Question 34

Baby Hugo readily turns away from a highly stimulating novel event and engages in self-soothing. Hugo is probably

A) more likely to feel shame after failure.
B) more likely to feel pride after success.
C) less prone to distress.
D) highly distractible.

Question 35

Seven-week-old LaDonna breaks into a broad grin at the sight of her father's face. LaDonna is displaying

A) a social smile.
B) a sense of humor.
C) subtle laughter.
D) a self-conscious emotion.

Question 36

The most frequent expression of fear is

A) stranger anxiety.
B) the fear of falling.
C) the fear of unfamiliar objects and toys.
D) separation anxiety.

Question 37

Baby Brenda is an anxious, emotionally reactive child with a reduced capacity for regulating emotion. Brenda's inability to learn to calm herself may be a result of parents who

A) do not intervene when she is agitated, but rather let her "tough it out" on her own.
B) wait to intervene until she has become extremely agitated.
C) read and respond contingently and sympathetically to her emotional cues.
D) attempt to intervene before she becomes agitated in any way.

Question 38

Bao, a 10-year-old growing up in China, is more likely to list __________ as a fear than children of a similar age in the United States.

A) adult criticism
B) the possibility of war
C) the possibility of natural disasters
D) threats to parental health

Question 39

Ten-month-old Annette is displaying a "mouth-open" smile. This reaction is probably a response to

A) stimulating play.
B) a parent's greeting.
C) a friendly stranger.
D) a startling sound.

Question 40

Gains in __________ during the second year lead to new ways of regulating emotion.

A) social skills
B) motor development
C) language
D) visual acuity

Question 41

Which of the following situations would be considered an excellent context for early learning about emotions?

A) parallel play with a peer
B) make-believe play with siblings
C) solitary play
D) functional play with a new playmate

Question 42

When emotional self-regulation has developed well, young people acquire a sense of

A) entitlement.
B) regulated self-expression.
C) emotional self-efficacy.
D) attachment.

Question 43

Four-year-old Clarissa realizes that when the class talks about fish during circle time, her friend Amy feels sad because her fish died recently. Clarissa puts her arm around Amy's shoulders and pats her. Clarissa has reached a stage of cognitive development where

A) she uses social referencing to comfort Amy.
B) she realizes that thinking and feeling are interconnected.
C) she becomes overwhelmed by others' distress.
D) internal explanations for emotional reactions are emphasized more than external explanations.

Question 44

Obert shows a sharp increase in EEG brain-wave activity in the right hemisphere after seeing a classmate crying. Obert is displaying

A) a lack of empathy for another's emotional needs.
B) a strong sense of sympathy.
C) an ability to self-regulate his own emotions.
D) delayed social-referencing skills.

Question 45

Which of the following children would be upset upon hearing her parents argue, but would most likely try to hide her emotions from them?

A) Mira, who is a Buddhist
B) Suddhira, who is a Hindu
C) Christina, who is a Catholic
D) Pearl, who is an atheist

Question 46

By age 3, capacity for self-regulation predicts

A) children's skill at portraying an emotion they do not feel.
B) empathy.
C) anger and hostility toward peers.
D) gender differences in make-believe play.

Question 47

To manage her emotion, 12-year-old Britney appraises the situation as changeable, identifies the difficulty, and decides what to do about it. Britney is using

A) a secure base.
B) problem-centered coping.
C) emotional self-efficacy.
D) emotion-centered coping.

Question 48

Which of the following describes the probable reaction of a 3-month-old who hears another infant crying?

A) cries in response to the infant's crying
B) attempts to pat and comfort the other infant
C) watches the other infant with a sense of curiosity
D) cries louder than the other infant to gain a caregiver's attention

Question 49

When responding to a peer's distress, children __________ rarely express concern and frequently display fear, anger, or engage in physical attacks.

A) of permissive parents
B) of divorced parents
C) who have been physically abused
D) of authoritative parents

Question 50

At what age do children begin to engage in social referencing?

A) 1 to 6 months
B) 7 to 12 months
C) 1 to 2 years
D) 3 to 6 years

Question 51

An appreciation of mixed emotions helps school-age children realize that

A) people's expressions may not reflect their true feelings.
B) pride elicits the same emotion as happiness and surprise.
C) basic emotions are more complex than self-conscious emotions.
D) two emotions cannot really occur at once.

Question 52

Miss Kennelly shows 14- and 18-month-olds broccoli and crackers. She acts delighted with the taste of the broccoli but disgusted with the taste of the crackers. When asked to share the food, which of the following is the most likely to occur?

A) Fourteen-month-old Reese, who prefers crackers to broccoli, will offer Miss Kennelly broccoli.
B) Fourteen-month-old Jake, who prefers broccoli to crackers, will offer Miss Kennelly crackers.
C) Eighteen-month-old Gina, who prefers crackers to broccoli, will offer Miss Kennelly broccoli.
D) Eighteen-month-old Samuel, who prefers crackers to broccoli, will offer Miss Kennelly crackers.

Question 53

Beginning in the preschool years, __________ is an important motivator of prosocial, or altruistic, behavior.

A) fear
B) empathy
C) social referencing
D) emotional contagion

Question 54

Mr. and Mrs. Yoto want to know how they can support the development of sympathetic concern in their 5-year-old son, Raj. Based on research, which of the following suggestions would you give the Yoto's?

A) Provide opportunities for community service activities.
B) Avoid having disagreements in front of Raj.
C) Allow Raj to independently work through conflicts with peers.
D) Limit unstructured social activities until Raj is older.

Question 55

Twin studies reveal that empathy is __________ heritable.

A) rarely
B) slightly
C) moderately
D) highly

Question 56

Which of the following is the most effective method for a caregiver to encourage a wary 18-month old child to play with an unfamiliar toy?

A) Quietly place the toy near the child.
B) Engage the child in eye contact, smile, and point to the toy.
C) Carry the child to the toy and silently put the child down.
D) Use vocal encouragement, either alone or with a positive facial expression.

Question 57

During __________, advances in perspective taking permit an empathic response not just to people's immediate distress, but also to their general life condition.

A) infancy and toddlerhood
B) early childhood
C) middle childhood
D) late childhood and adolescence

Question 58

Some researchers claim that young babies respond in kind to others' emotions through a built-in, automatic process of

A) emotional contagion.
B) habituation and recovery.
C) operant conditioning.
D) social referencing.

Question 59

Which of the following mothers is more likely to have a child who is better at understanding emotions?

A) Beth, who has four children and works full-time
B) Betty, who has a secure attachment bond with her child
C) Bev, who does not frequently talk about feelings or emotions with her child
D) Bettina, who refuses to disagree with her husband in front of her children

Question 60

As an unfamiliar adult starts to talk to three-year-old Rose, she becomes anxious and looks at her father, who smiles calmly at her. Reassured, Rose relaxes and responds to the new adult. Rose is demonstrating the use of

A) sympathy.
B) social referencing.
C) empathy.
D) emotional display rules.

Question 61

Jerome Kagan's longitudinal research on several hundred Caucasian infants found that about 40 percent of 4-month-old babies

A) were easily upset by novelty.
B) retained their temperamental styles as they got older.
C) were comfortable, even delighted, with new experiences.
D) became more extreme in disposition over time.

Question 62

One criticism of home research observations of temperament is that

A) the results are often too subjective.
B) observers find it hard to capture all relevant information.
C) fearful children may be unwilling to be observed.
D) the researchers are often biased.

Question 63

Alexandar Thomas and Stella Chess discovered that __________ can modify children's temperament considerably.

A) diet and exercise
B) operant conditioning
C) parenting practices
D) sibling relationships

Question 64

Benny is a shy baby. What can his parents do to help Benny from becoming a fearful child?

A) Protect him from minor stresses and teach him to retreat from unfamiliar situations.
B) Expose him to fear-inducing situations so he can learn to regulate his anxiety.
C) Avoid authoritative child-rearing practices and encourage independence.
D) Provide warm, supportive care and make appropriate demands when approaching new experiences.

Question 65

Preschoolers who were highly fearful as 2-year-olds score slightly __________ their agemates in __________ as 4-year-olds.

A) better than; effortful control
B) below; effortful control
C) better than; positive affect
D) below; fearful distress

Question 66

Thirty-five percent of children do not fit into any of the Thomas and Chess temperament categories. Instead, they

A) show temperamental characteristics that researchers have not yet classified.
B) have temperamental characteristics that change frequently, depending on social and family influences.
C) show unique blends of temperamental characteristics.
D) display no identifiable temperamental characteristics.

Question 67

The powerful effects of __________ on temperament indicate that __________ is/are linked to maladaptive emotional reactivity in children.

A) the environment; persistent nutritional and emotional deprivation
B) heredity; large family size
C) SES; limited resources
D) birth order and gender; having four or more children

Question 68

Between ages 3 and 6,

A) anger and fear increase in frequency and intensity.
B) children begin to use language to assist with emotional self-regulation.
C) self-conscious emotions are integrated with inner standards of excellence and good behavior.
D) self-conscious emotions are clearly linked to self-evaluation.

Question 69

Most neurobiological research has focused on children who fall at opposite extremes of the __________ and __________ dimensions of temperament.

A) positive-affect; fearful-distress
B) activity-level; attention-span
C) attention-span; irritable-distress
D) activity-level; fearful-distress

Question 70

The overall stability of temperament is __________ in infancy and toddlerhood and __________ from the preschool years on.

A) moderate; high
B) low; moderate
C) low; high
D) high; moderate

Question 71

Compared with North American Caucasian infants, Chinese and Japanese babies

A) take longer to soothe themselves when upset.
B) display less anxiety when interacting with a stranger.
C) smile, laugh, and cry more frequently.
D) tend to be less active, irritable, and vocal, and better at quieting themselves.

Question 72

Accordingly to Thomas and Chess, which dimension of temperament reflects the amount of friendly, joyful behavior as opposed to unpleasant, unfriendly behavior?

A) intensity of reaction
B) quality of mood
C) adaptability
D) rhythmicity

Question 73

According to Mary Rothbart's model of temperament, which dimension measures an individual's distress level when desires are frustrated?

A) rhythmicity
B) attention span/persistence
C) fearful distress
D) irritable distress

Question 74

Heritability estimates are __________ for expressions of __________ than for __________.

A) lower; negative emotion; positive emotion
B) higher; negative emotion; positive emotion
C) lower; irritability; agreeability
D) higher; positive emotion; negative emotion

Question 75

Jorge is slow to accept new experiences, tends to react negatively and intensely, and has irregular daily routines. Jorge's temperament is classified as

A) a combination of easy, difficult, and slow to warm up.
B) difficult.
C) easy.
D) slow to warm up.

Question 76

The psychological traits that make up temperament are believed to form the cornerstone of

A) adult maturity.
B) the adult personality.
C) relationship stability.
D) attachment security.

Question 77

Dr. Padin refers to one of his patients in terms of early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation. Dr. Padin is referring to his patient's

A) temperament.
B) maturity level.
C) personality.
D) attachment.

Question 78

One criticism of parental reports of temperament is that

A) most parents do not understand the measures used in temperament research.
B) they are inconvenient for researchers to administer.
C) depressed mothers perceive their babies as less difficult than they really are.
D) information from parents is biased.

Question 79

Long-term prediction from early temperament is best achieved

A) during early infancy.
B) before the first birthday.
C) during the second year of life.
D) after age 3.

Question 80

Dr. Petty is researching preschoolers' capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response. She is focusing on variations in how effectively a child can focus and shift attention, inhibit impulses, and manage negative emotions. Dr. Petty is studying

A) attention span and persistence.
B) positive affect.
C) effortful control.
D) threshold of responsiveness.